International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 10 Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2022

A comprehensive study of AI/ML in intelligent agriculture

Saumya Awasthi [1], Ajeet Singh [2], Nikita gupta [3]
[1], [2],[3]
computer science & Engineering department, Kanpur institute of technology - Kanpur

ABSTRACT
This study explores the equipment and technologies utilized in intelligent agriculture. Artificial Intelligence and system gaining
knowledge of strategies, consisting of basic block models which are used to do clever agriculture. How are we able to use fuzzy
logic and artificial Neural network, is likewise protected on this paper. We have explored a number of the IOT primarily based
irrigation systems including crop prediction structures. The vital hardware, software program and sensors that can be used to
make precision agriculture also are covered. The principle motto of this paper is to get an in depth literature assessment that is
required for clever agriculture.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, fuzzy logic, Artificial Neural Network, IOT, Precision Farming

I. INTRODUCTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Techniques which might be used for agricultural paintings
traditionally are no longer a good deal powerful and
accessible. It calls for masses of workforces and everyday
tracking. So, to reduce the exertions and increase
productiveness, we want to change TO smart agriculture over
traditional farming techniques .A farmer in conventional
techniques of agriculture wants to recognition at the
parameters which includes soil moisture, temperature tracking,
humidity, and so forth. So glaringly hard paintings fee is extra
and non-stop monitoring isn't feasible all of the time .We can
use the internet of factors to restriction the cost. IOT is the
mixing of diverse such things as sensors, community devices,
and devices that we use to automate statistics recording.
Through the use of IOT gear we're able to advocate
movements required .Artificial Intelligence has also been
extensively utilized in masses of fields, be it scientific
technological expertise, schooling, finance ,agriculture,
industry, protection, and so forth. AI trains machines a terrific
manner to take choices inside the same way people
take .Device getting to know is the sub area of AI. The
primary venture involved in the approach of system gaining
knowledge of is that we positioned the information in the tool
that has come from beyond outcomes and this facts, is used by
the device to make similarly picks. In fields like voice
reputation, photograph identity, weather forecasting ,and
many others, professional information is analyzed ML is a
mathematical approach to construct intelligent machines. With
the improvements in AI, numerous extraordinary ideas and
strategies have been invented and discovered which simplified
the trouble-solving assignment .Few methods are:
1. Fuzzy logic
2. Artificial neural networks (ANN)
3. Neuro-fuzzy logic4. Expert systems
Plenty of things have been evolved within the field of AI
during the last many years due to its soundness in the software
and on account that it's miles ubiquitous in almost every
subject. An instance of it's far agriculture which we've got
explored in this paper. Agriculture is the spine of India and it
additionally faces a variety of demanding situations every day.
Elements that save you the crop from developing are-
• negative water availability
• hot temperature
• opposition among flora for sunlight, nutrients, water
or area
• out of control use of chemical substances
• Fungal, bacterial or viral contamination
• attack from insects or other organisms above or
below floor
• So our objective is to-
• Automate tracking and analysis assignment off
armers
• identify plant disorder
• Forecasting plants
• Detection of larva activities
• Maximizing yield using minimum resources
2.1 Simple block models for smart agriculture
2.1.1
An event driven WSN for monitoring plant health and Larva
actives [1]
ARM Cortex A4 processor-based WSN for facts collection
(inclusive of Larva sports) from sensors has been used. This
has been awoke by the bottom station. Sensing nodes transmit
statistics only in case when there's a whole lot difference in
values that is going to automatically lessen the power
consumption. Extracted statistics from a set of sensing nodes

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 International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 10 Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2022
is transmitted to the base station with the aid of the usage of
wireless Zig bee protocol.The bottom station is attached to the
CPU through USB Liaison between CPU and Base station,
and right here we can see all of the gathered statistics which
we obtained from the sensors in the form of an ACI evaluation
and this evaluation is carried out the use of Matlab.
2.1.2
UAV Routing protocol for crop health management [18]
Fig 1. UAV routing protocol
• All sensors hubs are heterogeneous and might be
exceptional long. Among those hubs, one hub is chosen
as a group head (CH).
• To choose CH, an arrangement of rules is characterized
and the chance of each and every hub teaming up in CH
is determined through the Bayesian classifier set of
rules.
• all of the part hubs convey realities to CH the utilization
of TDMA (Time division more than one access)
conspire.
• CH will supply data to UAV (automated ethereal
vehicle) (drone).
• Reenactment is completed in OMNET ++ and the way
of a robot is given ahead of time.
2.1.3
Accuracy agribusiness checking framework utilizing
Green IOT [2]
a) Requirement comparison - all the purposeful and non-
functional necessities are gathered.
b) Specification stage specifies the required gadgets in
particular primarily based on necessities gathered and
solely these sensors will get activated, this will saves
value automatically.
c) Architectural degree become aware of slave node and
hold close node. All the slave nodes are accountable to
furnish the statistics to the corresponding grasp node.
d) Component level- its duty is to operate all the
elements in the architectural stage. Hardware
components- gadgets and sensors Software components-
BBB Debian, cloud9 IDE for programming editing,
debugging python code
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e) Integration level- this degree is in charge to be a part
of all the elements to shape the required architecture.
f) Application-level- consequences will be displayed on
the application.
2.2 Irrigation System using Internet of Things:
In 2014, GPRS characteristic of a phone cellular
telephone used to be used to raise an irrigation machine
via Ali, T. A. A. et al. In this microcontroller-based rain
gun irrigation system, water furnish will be there
completely when there is an acute water shortage. The
sole intent is to hold water, alternatively, this laptop is
no longer financially affordable.
Internet of Things In 2017, Arif Gory et al. [3] proposed
a mesh-based approach for putting sensor nodes in
agricultural areas. The statistics from these sensors are
accumulated with the aid of the base station (which is
stationary) (they are mobile). Following the gathering of
all facts base stations, the information is processed. The
pH sensor used to be used to decide whether or no
longer the dirt used to be acidic or antacid in nature. The
discovered attributes from the pH sensor had been
relayed to the Android application, and as appropriate,
picks had been made.
Bea, J. G., & Palaoag et al. [4] used formal good
judgment in 2017 to classify rice and maize soil wetness
system readings inside the lessons as "too wet," "wet,"
"normal," "warm and "to heat." Such readings are
frequently accustomed to evaluate the facet charge for
these two plants which would possibly be accustomed
flip the motor pump on / off.
In 2018, Chaudhry, S., & Garg, S. et al. [5]
deliberate a device that used to be divided into three
sections-sensing a section of humidness, area of
management and part of the production. Soil humidness
is evaluated by means of using a YL-69 sensing element,
and also the management unit is that the Arduino
platform is primarily based on the whole ATMega328
microcontroller. The sensing factor sends the perceived
expertise to the small controller, which then works with
the aid of flipping the motor pump on and off
consequently.
2.3 Fuzzy logic in smart agriculture
Fuzzy operators carry out like a human driver and
therefore regulate the interaction among entering and
output similar to the formerly described collection of
club functions and guidelines. A fuzzy skeleton is a
linguistic-based control tool, which tries to imitate a
human professional’s moves. Six inputs And outputs
seem in AGR Says [6]. They have got used the multiple
input to more than one output ( MIMO)type the use of
the fuzzy good judgment library beneath Lab VIEW.
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 International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 10 Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2022
This device is deployed on a web server to permit
faraway get admission to and managed or discovered
thru any smart tool.
• This system uses five inputs, each with its own
minimum and maximum values: humidity, temperature,
PH, soil moisture, and thermocouple.
• The following are the specifications for its function:
• If the sensor value of a Rectangular Humidity
Membership Function is less than 55, it is considered
dry; otherwise, it is considered wet.
• The pH membership function of a trapezoidal shape is
classified as acidic, normal, or alkaline.
• Triangular Situation Cold, Warm, and Hot are the three
temperature membership functions.
• The membership function for triangular soil
temperature is Cold, Warm, and Hot.
• The Unsaturated and Saturated membership functions
for Trapezoidal Soil Moisture (Water Level) are
studied.
2.4 Artificial neural networks in agriculture
The ANN method was created by recalling a comparable
concept of how the human cerebrum works. ANN is a project-
based method that instructs the framework to work based on
some inbuilterr rather than a standard computational modified
assignment. Three layers make up the ANN engineering:
1 Input layer
2 Hidden (middle) layer
3 Output layer
The ANN model is made up of several neurons, each of which
delivers a grouping of true valued activations. Initial neurons
will be actuated when sensors detect changes in condition, and
different neurons will be activated through weights linkages
from already active neurons. Depending on the specific
challenges and topology used, these procedures may
necessitate some computational work, as each stage affects the
entire actuation of the system. Deep learning allows
computational models made up of numerous handling layers
to communicate with data with varying degrees of reflection.
Many areas of analysis have seen significant improvements in
the strategy. Some DL calculations are driven by the concept
of a Back Propagation Neural Network. Extremely high up
grades have recently been achieved in the DL profession,
thanks to a lot of enthusiasm. Horticulture has gotten a lot of
attention because of DL. Picture recognition is one of its
agribusiness applications, and it has overcome a slew of
roadblocks that have stymied rapid advancement in
mechanical and automated agriculture. Plant illness detection,
weed control, and plant inspection are just a few of the areas
where these advancements have been noticed.
This work summarises BP and normal DL calculations
(Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Recurrent Neural
Networks (RNN), and Generative Adversarial Networks
(GAN))and their applications in horticulture, with an
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emphasis on applications distributed over the most recent
years, in order to provide a comprehensive image of DL to
scientists in agribusiness fields and upgrade current day
shrewd farming turn of events. Song (2005) [8] used a
combined expert system and an artificial neural network to
forecast the level of nutrition in the crop. The entire system is
based on a single chip computer.
Second, Stone and Toman (1989) [9] developed the
COTFLEX framework for cotton. The framework was created
as a stab at the Pyramid 90 PC using UNIX as the operating
system. The architecture combined the field and homestead
databases to provide the rancher with important data on the
cotton yield, making it easier for the cultivator to make
fundamental and strategic decisions. The framework was
developed in Texas, and it included recreation models and
databases in a standard-based master framework to help Texan
ranchers make financially sound decisions. COTFLEX was
then loaded onto an IBM microcomputer and made available
for usage.
In Rajasthan, India, a specialised framework PRITHVI by
Batchelor, W. D. et al. [7](2013) based on fuzzy and
implemented on Matlab was developed for Soybeanscrop. It
gathers information from rural officers, disseminated writing,
and soybean crop professionals. When considering the
complete framework and encouraging the rancher to be an
expert, fuzzy rules were explored. The system was divided
into five modules. The major goal of constructing this master
structure was to assist ranchers in increasing production.
A forecasting technique that advocates using ANN
computations for crop forecasts in smart phones was
successfully tested in 2016 [10]. There were three layers to
this architecture. The model's efficiency was determined by
the number of hidden layers. To determine the number of
shrouded layers, an experimenting technique was used.
Because the precision of the expectation framework is
dependent on the number of hidden layers, this can be a
precise technique to investigating the choice of shrouded
layers. It was also discovered that increasing the number of
shrouded layers will result in a more precise forecast.
Furthermore, using image analysis and neural systems, a
technique was developed to separate weeds from crops with a
precision of over 75% with no prior plant data taken into
account in the framework. Aitkenhead, M. J. et al. (2016) [11]
developed masterframeworks based on a strategic horticulture
framework. The purpose of IoT in this framework was to
transmit information to the server so that field actuators may
make appropriate decisions. For this, the server must be
intelligent enough to make independent decisions.
2.4.1 Neural Network in smart agriculture
When it comes to plant ailment detection, it's time-consuming.
Plant disease recognition can now be cultivated through IP
thanks to the growth of man-made consciousness. The most
reliant on leaf image categorization and pattern recognition
are plant illness recognition systems [13]. A plant disease
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identification structure was constructed using an epic DL
structure. This structure has the ability to recognise plant
leaves based on environmental parameters and can detect 13
different types of plant ailments.
In a study of using Deep Learning to detect plant diseases, the
overall precision was 95.7 percent after 100 minutes of
preparation and 96.4 percent after more tuning. In actuality,
the results are better than manual location. All of this showed
that DL is capable of identifying plant diseases. Yalcin, H [14]
is a pretrained convolutional neural network that is used for
plant classification. According to the results of this model in
2017, CNNengineering outperforms AI algorithms that rely on
available produced highlights for phenological stage
separation.
Self-arranging Kohonen maps (SOMs) were used for optical
image segmentation and the reconstruction of missing
information in a periodarrangement of satellite symbols in
another study. This technique comprised a post-preparation
step that included a few filtering computations based on the
available data as well as geographical analysis. The
classification of major harvests was done with an accuracy of
84.9 percent [12].
In any event, the use of CNN for plant grouping has been
hampered by issues. For yield forecasting, organic product
inspection is critical. Manual tallying or checking with a
handheld camera can't produce satisfactory results and is time
consuming. Blob detection has been shown to be useful [10],
leading to the recommendation of using a full CNN. The
structure's main goal is to build man-made names out of a
large number of organic product images. The fully
convolution network (FCN) approach was ready to do picture
division at that time. The check convolution organizer was
then ready to accept the segmented image and calculate the
number of grapes.
Our final goal is to use a linear regression equation to convert
the number of fruits counted initially to the final number of
fruits counted manually. The accuracy and productivity of
checking were both increased using this Deep Learning with
blobdetection approach. Satellites and unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs) are rarely used to investigate various assets
[15], which rely on deep convolutional neural networks
(DCNN) and transfer learning (DTCLE). To discover
cultivated land data, a characteristic identification technique
based on DCNN was used. Finally, for cultivated land
information extraction, the DTCLE and e-Cognition were
used (ECLE). Although both are approximately 90% accurate,
DTCLE outperforms ECLE in terms of integrity and
consistency. The usage of UAVs provides high-resolution
images.
The detection of any item, or finding any thing, is a rapidly
growing domain in Deep Learning. Detection is also
important for ranchers in the horticultural industry, especially
since that extremely self-ruling equipment are being
increasingly used. These computers should be highly reliable
with automatic real-time risk identification in order to work
these tools securely but without oversight [16]. When picture
classification is done with AlexNet and DCNN, a system with
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99.8% accuracy in crops and 90.7 percent accuracy in grass is
available. It has also enhanced performance and is
significantly superior to existing methods[17].
2.5 Prediction System
Attempted to describe soil based on its nutrient content using
a decision tree algorithm . Crops appropriate for various soil
types were also predicted. Classification and Regression Trees
(CART) and C4.5 are two decision tree techniques that are
commonly utilised. The CART's main disadvantage is that it
makes mistakes when the selected parameter region is larger,
whereas the C4.5 method favours higher value characteristics.
They offered a modified method to the decision tree in order
to solve these drawbacks. Instead of using the CART
algorithm to calculate for each pair, they calculated the Gini
index for several sets of parameter values and then used ratios
of these measured Gini indices to reduce the bias introduced
by knowledge gain in the C4.5 approach. Employed decision
tree induction to investigate the impact of climate variables on
soybean productivity in order to help researchers and farmers
anticipate market dynamics. Agro-climatic data was collected
in the Bhopal district from 1984 to 2003
2.6. Uesing of Hardwares
2.6.1 ESP Units
The ESP Internet of Things network is a low-cost, high-
performance network. It's used to send real-time data from the
field to the internet of things. It has two functions, and it may
be utilised with a self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution to
transport and drive the entire programme. It can also be used
as a Wi-Fi adaptor to power other microcontrollers that can
run more complex applications than ESP. In this project, the
Arduino UNO will be the primary microcontroller, with the
ESP 8266 acting as a Wi-Fi adaptor. Multiple general-purpose
I/O pins of the ESP are utilised to connect sensors to the
microcontroller directly. It has a 32-bit microprocessor on
board that controls communication, power modes, and GPIO.
Within 3.0 to 3.6 volt power range.
2.6.2 Motor Operator
Although the Arduino UNO runs on 5 volts, the engine runs
on 9 volts. In addition, the engine requires more current than
the Arduino provides. For this, a motor driver controller
circuit can be used. The motor driver circuit connects the
Arduino UNO to the motor. It supplies the necessary power to
run the motor.
2.6.3 Odroid XU4
The Odroid XU4 Model B improves on the features of its
predecessors by including a second, faster processor. It also
combines WiFi and low-vitality Bluetooth capabilities to
boost the network and USB port capacity, allowing it to
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control more cell phones. Upgraded micro USB power source
to 2.5A. Odroid XU4 is a single-board computer designed to
support and encourage programming and computing education.
It's also an excellent starting place for ongoing Internet of
Things (IoT) projects. Because of its inexpensive cost and
'plug-and-play' nature, the Odroid XU4 may be used by
anyone and provides a wide range of networking choices.
Whether you want to use it as a workstation, media centre,
server, or monitoring/security device in your house, Pi is the
ideal experimental instrument. There are none. Linux-based
operating systems operate on the XU4, and there is plenty of
free software available.
2.6.4 Relay
A relay is a device that uses electricity to work. To accurately
operate a switch, many relays use an electromagnet, however
alternative working standards, such as strong state relays, are
also used. When a circuit needs to be confined by a different
low-power signal, or if several circuits need to be constrained
by the same signal, relays are used. It's referred to as a
contractor type of transfer since it can handle the tremendous
force needed to control an electric engine with or without
loads.
Relays are commonly used in safety-critical logic because
they are substantially more resistant to radioactive radiation
than transistors. To distinguish over-burden and other defects
in onelectrical lines, electromechanical protection relays are
used to open and shut off circuit breakers.
2.7 Sensors
2.7.1 Sensor for Temperature And Humidity
The DHT-11 temperature and humidity sensor is used. A
thermistor is used to detect the temperature of the surrounding
air. This technology is energy efficient and cost-conscious. A
temperature-proportional output is provided by the DHT 22 IC
temperature sensor. The DHT22 sensor is more precise than
the thermostat in measuring temperature. The temperature
range for operation is -40 to 120 degrees Celsius. Each 0C
rise/fall in ambient temperature causes a 10mV variation in
output voltage.
2.7.2 Sensor for Humidity
Sensors and probes YL-69 The moisture content of the soil is
measured with the YL-38. Two copper strips, coated with
acrylic paint to increase conductivity, make up the YL-69
probes. One of the sensor samples is made of aluminium,
while the other is coated in polyaniline nanoparticles to
improve conductivity.
The humidity sensor consists of a tiny condenser made of a
dielectric substance that is positioned between two electrodes.
0 RH at 100% Every two seconds is the average sensing
interval. 1.3–2.1 mA current 25.1 X 15.1 X 7.7 mm in size.
2.7.3 Sensor of Water Level
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The water level sensor's specifications are as follows: outputs:
4.0-20.0 mA or 0.50 to 2.50 VDC, supply voltage: 3.30 to 5.0
VDC, dimensions: 60.0 x 20.0 mm, contacts 45.0mm, when
the water level is low, the digital output is high, and the
sensitivity is adjustable.
2.7.4 Data collection sensor
Routing of static sinks Data acquisition from mobile sinks by
direct interaction Data collection based on rendezvous
Routing using hash tables.
2.8 Decision Trees
In data mining, decision trees are commonly used for
classification. A decision tree is a flowchart-like tree structure
in which an interior hub represents a trait test, each branch
represents the test's result, and the leaf hub represents the
classes. The root hub is the first node in the network. A
strange example is set up to test its attribute values along the
decision tree, following a path from the root node to a leaf
node that contains the forecasting class label.
Decision trees are of 2 types:
When the expected output is a class name, the Decision tree is
referred to as a characterisation tree.
The decision tree is called a regression tree when the projected
result is a real number.
III. CONCLUSION
An artificial intelligence has been developed to help ranchers
in choosing the best composts for their crops. Field
monitoring is obviously a required lessening of people
intercessions. The machine talks among itself to pick which
yield is sensible forgathering and moreover the composts
which advance the greatest turn of events. DL has a wide
range of applications, and its use in the company has
advanced significantly. It is an even better situation over AI
with the use of DL, and it gives depth to AI. This, in turn, aids
the overall progress of the country, as food is the most basic
demand of each individual. IOT intended for its magnificence
to aid in constant data perception. The Internet of Things is
mostly used in a smart watering system. Because practical use
of open freshwater is significant, and with advancements in
invention and application of innovation, the water emergency
can be addressed. Farmers that use conventional methods
confront problems such as water scarcity and flooding. We
have provided a complete literature evaluation of factors
related to smart agriculture in this research.
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