A model for the holographic reconstruction of sound fields disturbed with

temperature gradients
Martín Gutiérrez V., and Jorge P. Arenas B.

Citation: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, 3263 (1994); doi: 10.1121/1.410982
View online: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.410982
View Table of Contents: http://asa.scitation.org/toc/jas/96/5
Published by the Acoustical Society of America
in signal-to-noise
ratio up to 12 dB, but dueto falseestimationof magni-
tude short time spectrathe processedspeechsignal containsdistortion
knownas "musicaltones."Differentstructures for adaptivepostprocess-
ing of microphone arraysignalsbasedon bothenhancement techniquesare
presentedand discussed. Their performancein stationaryand nonstation-
ary environments is characterizedby meansof improvement of thesignal-
to-noiseratio and subjectivespeechquality.
properselectionof thesepre-filtersis often problematic.The proposed
algorithmadaptsthe filters duringan initial trainingsessionto directly
minimizethe numberof locationestimationerrors.The only information
providedis the signalDOA, no explicitknowledgeof the signalor noise
spectraare required.It is assumedhoweverthat the overallsignal/noise
statistics
arelongtermstationary overthetrainingandsubsequent testing.
Examplesof both linear and nonlinearfilter designare presentedfor a
talker location identification task.

3:45
4:15
2pSP9. Crosscouplingeffectson large wideband arrays. RichardK.
Johnson(Siemens
Med. Systems,
22010SE 51 St.,Issaquah,
WA 98027) 2pSPll. A model for the holographic reconstructionof sound fields
disturbedwith temperaturegradients. Martin Guti6rrezV. (Inst. of
The effectsof crosscoupling on array performancecan be well de- Acoust., Univ. Austral de Chile, Casilla 1130, Valdivia, Chile) and
scribedby spatiotemporalor spatiofrequency correlationmatrices.The JorgeP. ArenasB. (Inst. of Acoust.,Univ. Austral de Chile, Valdivia,
dataacquisitionandanalysisrequiredfor thisapproach,however,arevery Chile)
demandingtasksfor largewidebandarrays.The mostimportanteffectsof
crosscouplingwithin an array are latentin singleelementbeampatterns Holographictechniquesare used to detect noise sourcesin a wide
which are relativelysimpleto measure.This paperdescribesthe use of rangeof devices.Someof thesetechniques
arecommonlyemployedin the
thesesingleelementbeampatternsto predictarrayperformance
and to reconstruction
of soundfieldsproducedby automobileor motorcycleen-
establishcrosscoupling
requirements. gines.
These
sound
fieldsarecharacterized
byh•vingseveral,
rather
than
single,temperatures; in fact,temperaturegradientsarefrequentlyfoundin
regionsneartheengine.Thesegradients producechanges in everypointof
4:00
the soundwavevelocity.The mathematical modelpresented in thispaper
2pSP10.Minimum error soundsourcelocalization. D. Rainton (ATR wasdesigned to minimizetheeffectof assuming a constant soundvelocity
Human Information ProcessingRes. Labs., 2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, in the entire spacein reconstructionof the soundfield. It is basedon the
Soraku-gun,Kyoto 619-02, Japan) spacetransformation of soundfield(STSF)technique [Hald,J•rgen,B&K
Tech.Rev. 1, 1-50 (1989)], whichusesa microphone arrayto measure
A novelapproachto the problemof computingthe directionof arrival pressureor determinethe principalcomponentof crossspectraover a
(DOA) of a soundsourceusinga two-element microphone arrayis pre- hologramplane.The modelscansthe soundfield in two planes.The first
sented.Typically,the DOA is computed
by peakpickingfromtheresulting planeis usedasanSTSFinitialcondition(hologram plane),andthesecond
cross-correlation
function.In orderto improvesuchestimatesit is usually planeis considered the boundaryconditionto Rayleighintegral'spropa-
desirableto pre-filter the signalsprior to cross correlation.However, gation.

TUESDAY AFTERNOON, 29 NOVEMBER 1994 BALLROOM B, 1:00 TO 5'00 P.M.

Session2pUW

Underwater Acoustics'Moderate-to-High FrequencyBottom Interacting AcousticsII

Kevin L. Williams, Chair

AppliedPhysicsLaboratory,Universityof Washington,
1013 NE 40th Street,Seattle,Washington
98105-6698

Chair's Introduction--l:00

Invited Papers

1:05

2pUW1. Propagationin range-dependentporo-elasticmedia. MichaelD. Collins (NavalRes.Lab.,Washington,

DC 20375),
W.A. Kuperman(Scripps Inst.of Oceanogr.,
La Jolla,CA 92093),and WilliamL. Siegmann(Rensselaer
Polytech.
Inst.,Troy,NY
12180)

Biot'stheoryof poro-elasticity is derivedfor heterogeneous

mediaandreducedto a systemof threecoupledequations. Previous
formulations of this problemincludea redundant fourthequation.The reducedsystemfactorsinto incomingand outgoingwave
equations andmaytherefore be solvedwith theparabolic equation(PE) method,whichis usefulfor range-dependent problems.The
operatorsquareroot is approximated usingratiønal-l'inear
functionsthat were originallydesignedfor the elasticPE and provide
accuracy andstability. An initialconditionfortheporo-elastic
PEisobtained withtheself-starter,whichhasbeengeneralized to handle
compressional and shearsourcesin poro-elasticmedia.Qualitativetestsinvolvingthe propagationand reflectionof slow and fast
compressional wavebeamsandshearwavebeamsdemonstrate thatthe poro-elasticPE handlesall wavetypes.A solutionbasedon
the wave-number spectrumhasbeendevelopedto testthe poro-elastic PE quantitatively.The PE andspectralsolutionsare nearly
identicalfor problems involvinga watercolumnoverlyinga poro-elastic sediment.
A nonlinear relationship
involvingthecoefficients
of thewaveequation andtheBiotmodulihasbeenworkedoutsothatthenaturalparameters (i.e.,porosity,
density,wavespeeds, and
attenuations) maybe usedas inputsto propagation models.

3263 J. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 96, No. 5, Pt. 2, November1994 128thMeeting:AcousticalSocietyof America 3263