Space Management: 0 To 6 Months 6 To 12 Months 12 To 18 Months

Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale, page 1
0 to 6 Months 6 to 12 Months 12 to 18 Months

Space management
Gross motor: swipes, reaches, plays Gross motor: reaches in prone, crawls, Gross motor: stands unsupported,
with hands and feet, moves to con- sits with balance, able to play with sits down, bends and recovers
tinue pleasant sensations toy while sitting, pulls to stand, balance, walks with wide stance,
cruises broad movements involving
large muscle groups, throws ball
Interest: people, gazes at faces, follows Interest: follows objects as they disap- Interest: practices basic move-
movements, attends to voices and pear, anticipates movement, goal- ment patterns, experiments in
sounds, explores self and objectts directed movement movement, explores various
within reach kinesthetic and proprioceptive
sensations, moving objects (i.e.,
balls, trucks, pull toys)
Material management
Manipulation: handles, mouths toys, Manipulation: pulls, turns, pokes, Manipulation: throws, inserts,
bangs, strokes, hits tears, racks, drops, picks up small pushes, pulls, carries, turns,
object opens, shuts
Construction: brings two objects Construction: combines related Construction: stacks, takes apart,
together objects, puts object in container puts together, little attempt to
make product, relates two objects
appropriately (i.e., lid on pot)
Purpose: sensation—uses materials to Purpose: action to produce effect, Purpose: variety of schemas, pro-
see, touch, hear, smell, mouth cause and effect toys cess important,trial and error,
relational play
Attention: follows moving objects Attention: 15 sec for detailed object, 30 Attention: rapid shifts
with eyes, 3 to 5 sec attention sec for visual and auditory toy
Pretense-symbolic
Imitation: of observed facial expres- Imitation: imitates observed actions, Imitation: of simple actions, pres-
sions and physical movement emotions, sounds and gestures not ent events and adults, imitates
(i.e., smiling, pat-a-cake), imitates part of repertoire, patterns of famil- novel movements, links simple
vocalizations iar activities schemas (i.e., puts person in car
and pushes it)
Dramatization: not evident Dramatization: not evident Dramatization: beginning pretend
using self (i.e., feed self with
spoon), pretend on animated
and inanimate objects
Participation
Type: solitary, no effort to interact Type: infant to infant interaction, Type: combination of solitary and
with other children, enjoys being responds differently to children and onlooker, beginning interaction
picked up, swung adults with peers
Cooperation: demands personal Cooperation: initiates games rather Cooperation: seeks attention to
attention, simple give and take than follows, shows and gives objects self, demands toys, points,
interaction with caretaker (tickling, shows, offers toys but somewhat
peek-a-boo) possessive, persistent
(Continued)
Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Humor: smiles Humor: smiles, laughs at physical Humor: laughs at incongruous
games and in anticipation events
Language: attends to sounds and voic- Language: gestures intention to Language: jabbers to self during
es, babbles, uses razzing sounds communicate,responds to famil- play, uses gestures and words
iar words and facial expressions, to communicate wants, labels
responds to questions objects, greets others, responds
to simple requests, teases,
exclaims, protests, combines
words and gestures
Space management
Gross motor: runs, squats, climbs on Gross motor: beginning integration Gross motor: runs around ob-
and off chairs, walks up and down of entire body in activities—con- stacles, turns corners, climbs
stairs (step to gait), kicks ball, rides centrates on complex movements, nursery apparatus, walks up
kiddy car jumps off floor, stands on one foot and down stairs (alternating
briefly, throws ball in stance without feet), catches ball by trapping it,
falling stands on tiptoe
Interest: means—end, multipart tasks Interest: explores new movement pat- Interest: rough and tumble play
terns (i.e., jumping), makes messes
Material management
Manipulation: operates mechanical Manipulation: feels, pats, dumps, Manipulation: matches, compares
toy, pulls apart pop beads, strings squeezes, fills
beads
Construction: uses tools Construction: scribbles, strings beads, Construction: multischeme
puzzles 4 to 5 pieces, builds horizon- combinations
tally and vertically
Purpose: foresight before acting Purpose: process important—less Purpose: toys with moving parts
interested in finished product (i.e., (i.e., dump trucks,jointed dolls)
scribbles, squeezes), plans actions
Attention: quiet play 5 to 10 min; Attention: intense interest, quiet play Attention: 15 to 30 min
play with single object 5 min up to 15 min, plays with single ob-
ject or theme 5-10 min
Pretense-symbolic
Imitation: representational, recog- Imitation: of adult routines with toy- Imitation: toys as agents (i.e.,
nizes ways to activate toys in imita- related mimicry (i.e., child feeding doll feeds self), more abstract
tion, deferred imitation doll); imitates peers, representa- representation of objects, multi-
tional play scheme combinations (i.e., feed
doll, pat it, put to bed)
Dramatization: acts on doll (i.e., Dramatization: personifies dolls, Dramatization: evolving episodic
dresses, brushes hair), pretend ac- stuffed animals, imaginary friends, sequences (i.e., mixes cake,
tions on more than one object or portrays single character, elaborates bakes it, serves it)
person, combines two or more ac- daily events with details
tions in pretend, imaginary objects
(Continued)
Participation
Type: onlooker, simple actions and Type: parallel (plays beside others but Type: parallel, beginning associa-
contingent responses between peers play remains independent), enjoys tive, plays with 2 or 3 children,
the presence of others, shy with plays in company 1 to 2 hr
strangers
Cooperation: more complex games Cooperation: possessive, much snatch Cooperation: understands needs
with a variety of adults (hide and and grab, hoarding, no sharing, re- of others
seek, chasing), commands others to sists toys being taken away, indepen-
carry out actions dent, initiates own play
Humor: laughs at incongruous label- Humor: laughs at simple combinations Humor: laughs at complex combi-
ing of objects or events of incongruous events and use of nations of incongruous events
words and words
Language: comprehends action Language: talkative, very little jabber, Language: asks wh- questions,
words, requests information, refers begins to use words to communicate relates temporal sequences
to persons and objects not present, ideas, information, questions, com-
combines words together ments on activity
Space management
Gross motor: more coordinated body Gross motor: increased activity level, Gross motor: more sedate, good
movement, smoother walking, jump- can concentrate on goal instead of muscle control and balance,
ing, climbing, running, accelerates, movement, ease of gross motor abil- hops on one foot 5+ times, hops
decelerates, hops on one foot, 3 to ity, stunts, tests of strength, exagger- in a straight line, bounces and
5 times, skips on one foot, catches ated movement, clambers, gallops, catches ball, skips, somersaults,
ball, throws ball using shoulder and climbs ladder, catches ball with skates, lifts self off ground
elbow, jumps distances elbows at side
Interest: anything new, fine motor Interest: takes pride in work (i.e., Interest: in reality—manipulation
manipulation of play materials, shows and talks about products, of real-life situations, making
challenges self with difficult takes compares with friends, likes pictures something useful, permanence
displayed), complex ideas, rough of products, toys that “really
and tumble play work”
Material management
Manipulation: small muscle activ- Manipulation: increased fine motor Manipulation: uses tools to make
ity—hammers, sorts, inserts small control, quick movements, force, things, copies, traces, combines
objects, cuts pulling, yanks materials
Construction: makes simple products, Construction: makes products, specific Construction: makes recognizable
combines play material, takes apart, designs evident, builds complex products, likes small construc-
three-dimensional, design evident structures, puzzles 10 pieces tion, attends to detail, uses
products in play
Purpose: beginning to show interest Purpose: product very important and Purpose: replicates reality
in finished product used to express self, exaggerates
Attention: span around 30 min, plays Attention: amuses self up to 1 hr, plays Attention: plays with single object
with single object or theme 10 min with single object or theme 10 to 15 or theme 15+ min
min
(Continued)
Pretense-symbolic
Imitation: more complex imitation of Imitation: pieces together new scripts Imitation: continues to construct
real world, emphasis on domestic of adults (i.e., dress-up), reality new themes with emphasis on
play and animals, symbolic, past important reality— reconstruction of real
experiences world
Dramatization: complex scripts for Dramatization: uses familiar knowl- Dramatization: sequences stories,
pretend sequences in advance, story edge to construct a novel situation costumes important, props,
sequences, pretend with replica (i.e., explaining on theme of a story puppets, direct actions of three
toys, uses one toy to represent or TV show), role playing for or dolls—making them interact,
another, portrays multiple charac- with others, portrays more complex organizes other children and
ters with feelings (mostly anger and emotions, sequences stories, themes props for role play
crying), little interest in costumes, from domestic to magic, enjoys
imaginary characters dress-up, shows off
Participation
Type: associative play, no organiza- Type: cooperative, groups of 2 or 3 Type: cooperative groups of 3 to
tion to reach a common goal, organized to achieve a goal, prefers 6, organization of more com-
more interest in peers than activ- playing with others to alone, group plex games and dramatic play,
ity, enjoys companions, beginning games with simple rules competitive games, understands
cooperative play, group play rules of fair play
Cooperation: limited, some turn Cooperation: takes turns, attempts to Cooperation: compromises to
taking, asks for things rather than control activities of others, bossy, facilitate group play, rivalry in
grabbing, little attempt to control strong sense of family and home, competitive play, games with
others, separates easily, joins others quotes parents as authorities rules, collaborative play where
in play roles are coordinated and
themes are goal directed
Humor: laughs at nonsense words, Humor: distortions of the familiar Humor: laughs at multiple mean-
rhyming ings of words
Language: uses words to commu- Language: plays with words, fabricates, Language: prominent in sociodra-
nicate with peers, interest in new long narratives, questions persis- matic play, uses words as part of
words, sings simple songs, uses tently, communicates with peers to play as well as to organize play,
descriptive vocabulary, changes organize activities, brags, threatens, interest in present, conversa-
speech depending on listener clowns, sings whole songs, uses tion like adults’, uses relational
language to express roles, verbal terms, sings and dances to
reasoning reflect meaning of songs
Modiﬁed from Knox, S. (1974). A play scale. In M. Reilly (Ed.), Play as exploratory learning, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Modiﬁed from Bledsoe, N., & Shepherd, J. (1982). A study of reliability and validity of a preschool play scale. American Journal of
Occupational Therapy, 36, 783-788.

Space Management: 0 To 6 Months 6 To 12 Months 12 To 18 Months

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Space Management: 0 To 6 Months 6 To 12 Months 12 To 18 Months

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale, page 1

0 to 6 Months 6 to 12 Months 12 to 18 Months

You might also like