CIV332

INDUSTRIAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT

Presented by :
Akshat Mahajan
 Types of Industries and Industrial Pollution

What is INDUSRTY?
The production side of a business activity is called as
Industry

It is a business activity which is related to raising,

producing, processing and manufacturing of goods

The products made by the industry are consumer goods as

well as Producer goods.
Food grains,
Tools, Equipment's,
cosmetics, shoes
machines etc. mainly
etc. many other
used by the
things used finally by
manufacturers for
the consumer
producing
 Classifications of Industries
Primary Industry

• It is concerned with the Production of goods with the help of

nature.

• It is a nature Oriented Industry

• Example : Agriculture , farming, Fishing etc.

Agriculture Fishing Industry

 Types of Industry

Genetic Industry
• Industries which are engaged in Re production and
multiplication of certain species of plants and
Animals
• Their main aim is to earn profit or make Money.

• Example: Plant nurseries, Poultry, cattle breeding etc.

 Types of Industry
Extractive Industry

• Industry which is Concerned with the extraction and

drawing out goods from the soil , air or water.
• Products of these industries come in Raw Form.

• Example : Mining Industry, Coal industry ,Iron ore

Industry etc.

Mining Industry Coal Mining

Taking out of Rubber from the Tree falls
Under Which type of industry?

A. Primary Industry
B. Genetic industry
C. Extractive industry
D. None of these
 Type of Industry

Manufacturing Industry
• Industries which are engaged in Transforming the Raw
materials into Finished Products with the help of machines
and manpower.

• Finished goods can be either Consumer goods or

Producer goods.

• Examples: Textiles, Chemicals Industry ,Sugar Industry,

paper Industry.
 Type of Industry

Service Industry
• Service sector plays an important role in the
development of nation and hence it is called as
Service Industry.
• Examples of such Industries Include Hotel Industry,
Tourism Industry, Entertainment Industry etc.
 Type of Industry
Construction Industry

• It includes the work of Construction of buildings, bridges,

roads , dams etc.
• Goods produced by this Industry are produced and Sold
at same place as in other types of Industry case may be
different.

Construction Industry
 Type of Industry
Secondary Industries

• Involve the manufacture of raw materials.

• Such industries normally used assembly lines
such as car factory.

Car factory assembly line

 Type of Industry
Tertiary industries
• Such industries neither produces a raw material nor
a product .

• Such industries provide service to other people and

Industries.

• Example they include doctors, dentists ,refuse

collection and banks.
 Type of Industry

Quaternary Industries

• Such industries involve the use of High tech industries.

• People who work for such companies are often highly

qualified in their work of field.

• Research and development companies are the most

common types of industries which fall under such
industries.
 INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

• With the industrial revolution humans are able to advance

into the 21 century.

• Technologies developed rapidly and science became

advanced and due to introduction of manufacturing age
INDUSTRAIL POLLUTION increased.

• In earlier times smoke was the main pollutant from the

industries and now with the increase in the number of
industries Pollution increased significantly in various forms.

• Now any form of pollution that can trace its immediate

source to Industry Practice ids called as INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION.
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

• Industrial pollution takes on many faces.

• Industrial pollution contaminates many sources of

water, releases unwanted toxins into air and degrades
the quality of soil.
 Causes of Industrial Pollution
Lack of Policies to Control pollution

• Due to the lack of Effective policies for controlling the

pollution, causes the increase in pollution.

• Due to poor enforcement of the framed policies and

many industries bypass the laws made by the
Pollution Control Board.

• This results in the mass scale pollution thus effecting

many lives.
 Causes of Industrial Pollution

Unplanned Industrial Growth

• In most of the Industrial townships unplanned growth

take and numerous mushrooming Industries flouted
(go against) the norms and polluted the
Environment
 Causes of Industrial Pollution

Use of Outdated Technologies

• Most of the Industries still rely on the old

technologies to produce the products that generate
large amount of waste, thus causing pollution.

• To avoid the high cost and expenditure many

companies still use traditional technology to make
high end products.
 Causes of Industrial Pollution

Inefficient Waste Disposal

• Water pollution and soil pollution is often caused

directly to inefficiency in disposal of waste

• Long term exposure to polluted air and water

causes health problems.

• It also lowers the air quality in surrounding areas

which causes many respiratory diseases.
 Causes of Industrial Pollution
Leaching of resources from natural World

• Industries do require large amount of raw material to

make them into finished products.

• This requires extraction of materials below the earth.

• Extracted materials can cause soil pollution when

spilled on earth.

• Leakage from the vessels (big ships) may prove

harmful for the marine life.
Types of pollution from Industries
Types of pollution from Industries
 Effect of industrial Waste

On HUMAN HEALTH

• Causes irritation to eye, nose, throat etc.

• Increases the Mortality rate.

• Increases Asthmatic Attacks

• Certain heavy metals like lead may enter the body

through lungs and cause poisoning.
 Effect of industrial Waste

On Animal Health

• Poisoning of animals as they eat contaminated food

or waste.

• In case of animals three pollutants namely flourine,

arsenic and lead are responsible for most of the
livestock damage causing them different type of
diseases.
 Effect of industrial Waste
On Plants
• These have serious adverse effect on plants.

• Studies show that vegetation over a distance of more

than 150 Km away from the source of pollutant have
been affected.

• Major pollutants affecting the plants are SO2, O3,

MO, NO2 etc.

• In the presence of pollutants healthy plants suffer

from chlorosis, epinasty etc.
Control of Industrial Pollution
Control of Industrial Pollution
Environment Legislations Related to Prevention
and Control of Industrial Effluents and
hazardous waste

• Industrial hazardous waste rule 1986 was amended in 2009

adopted United State Environment Protection act (USEPA)
concept of Hazardous waste.

• Basic characteristic of hazardous waste are recognized by the

ministry of environment and forest (MOEF)
a. Ignitibility
b. Corrosively
c. Reactivity
d. Toxicity
Environment legislations Related to Prevention
and Control of Industrial Effluents and
hazardous waste
• The rules that deal with the Characteristic's of hazardous
waste Schedules are
a. S(1) the least of Process of General hazardous waste
b. S(2) concentration limit of hazardous waste.
c. S(3) deals with the hazardous waste.
d. S(4) deals with the manufacture, storage and impact of
rule 1986 deals with the duties of a general responsibility
activity.
 Public Awareness
In India Environment SENSITIVITY can grow
only through Major Public awareness Campaigns
 Public Awareness
• Major tools which we can use

 Electronic media

 Social Media

Is this True ?
 Public Awareness
• Can be done through

 Schools

 Village level

 Community level
Can YOU tell how
we can awareness
among the
People?
 Public Awareness Can YOU
share any other
• Can be done through way of making
aware ? ?
 Seminars for the College students
 Public Awareness
• Green movement can grow out of small local initiative to
become major Players in advocating the environment
Protection to the Govt.

• Orienting the media to project Pro Environment issues as

an important aspect.

• Sending SMS to people to spread awareness regarding this.

• Several advertising companies frequently have messages

regarding environment Preservation.
 Pollution Control board
• Pollution Control to be acquitted by the Pollution Control
board. The main motto of the Pollution Control board is to
control the water and Air Pollution.

• Central pollution control board is an agency under the MOEF

and Climate change which was established in 1974.

• CPCB also deals with the power and function under the Air
(prevention and Control of pollution) act 1981.

• It serves as the technical service to the ministry of

environment and forest and coordinates with the activities of
the state pollution control board by providing technical
assistance and guidance to them.
 Pollution Control Board
• It is an apex organization in the field of pollution
control and the board is lead by the chairman who is
nominated by the central Govt.

• CPCB has its head office in NEW DELHI and having

Seven zonal office and 5 laboratories.

• The board conducts environment access and is

responsible for monitoring the national laws in
consolidation with the Zonal office , tribal and Local
govt.
ZONAL OFFICE: Bengaluru, Kolkata, Shillong, Bhopal, Lucknow, Vadodara , Agra
 Pollution Control Board
• It advices the municipal authority to control of
municipal solid waste.
• Development of standard and guidance for the Industry
information database and management. These are the
important agencies which help the Ministry of
environment and forest (MOEF) in carrying out the
environment related activities.
 Central pollution control board
 State pollution control board
 State department of environment
 Union territories environment committees
 The Forest Survey of India
 The forest survey of India
 The wildlife institute of India
 The botanical and Zoological Survey of India.
 Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB)
The man function of this board is
 Co ordinates state Pollution control board and provide
technical assistance and Guidance.
 Training Programs for prevention and control of
pollution of pollution by the mass media and other ways.
 Prepare a manual for the treatment and disposal of
sewage and trade effluents.
 Lays standards for the water quality parameters.
 Plans nationwide programs for the prevention, control
and abatement of pollution.
 Laboratories for the analysis of water, sewage and trade
effluents.
 State Pollution Control Board
(SPCB)
It has almost similar functions as governed by the SPCB

 SPCB advice state Govt. w.r.t location of any industry that

might pollute.

 Lays standards for effluents to take sample from streams

or trade effluents.

 Sample taken are analyzed at the laboratories and if the

sample is not conforming the quality standards that unit is
neglected.

 Every industry has to obtain consent from pollution

control Board before commencing an effluent unit.
 Effect of Industrial Effluents on Streams, sewer , land,
Sewage Treatment Plants and human health
1. Industrial effluents are the waste water generated by the
Industrial activities. Industrial waste consist of both organic
and inorganic substances. Organic substances include
pesticides residue, solvents, cleaning fluids. Inorganic waste
like brine salt and metal.

2. One of the major causes of Industrial water pollution is the

carelessness of the industry owner who has absolute no
regards for rule. By using the outdated tech. and lack of strict
policy cause pollution and effect the health of living beings.

3. Water used in various industries comes in contact with the

toxic chemicals, heavy metals, radioactive sludge, when such
polluted water is thrown in to the stream without any
treatment. It leads a no. of various serious problems.
 Effect of Industrial Effluents on Streams, Sewer , Land,
Sewage Treatment Plants and Human health
4. Thermal pollution/Thermal enrichment refers to increase in the
Ambient water temperature that can have adverse effect on the
sensitive Aquatic life.

5.Radioactive sludge from the industrial waste from the nuclear

reactor can cause thermal Pollution when released to the water
bodies.

6. When the Industrial run off ends up in the Stream the nutrient
contents of water increase leading to eutrophication.

7.Drinking of toxic water can cause liver problems due to which the
presence of high level of carbon tetrachloride.

8.Benzene is suspected to be associated with the diseases like

ammonia, low blood pressure and increased risk of cancer.
 Effect of Industrial Effluents on Streams, Sewer , Land,
Sewage Treatment Plants and Human health

9. Toluene is basically a pollutant generated by the oil and petroleum

industries which can affect the liver, kidneys and central Nervous
system.

10. The chemical Chlorobenzene found in insecticides and dyes can

also adversely affect the liver, kidneys and central Nervous system.

11. The most direct effect of such factories are visible on streams and
rivers in abdicant cities.
 Effect of Industrial Effluents on Streams, Sewer , Land,
Sewage Treatment Plants and Human health

12. The industrial chemicals discharges reduce the oxygen level of

water , so that it effects the marine life and it effects the human
health particularly skin, nose, eyes etc. and also destroy the
economic value of fresh water.
13. It also significant that the discharge of inflammable liquid in the
sewer pipes leads to explosion which leads to explosion in the
adjacent streams and lakes.
 Hazardous Waste

A Solid waste that may cause or significantly contribute to the increase

in mortality or increase in serious irreversible illness or pose a potential
hazard to human health and environment when it is improperly treated,
stored and transported or otherwise managed and the Characteristic can
be measured by a Standardized test or reasonably detected by
generation of solid waste through their knowledge of their waste.
• These are considered highly toxic and therefore disposal of such
waste needs proper attention so as to reduce possible environment
hazards.
• Hazardous waste sometimes get imported mainly from the re
processing or Recycling.
 Hazardous Waste
• Scientific disposal of hazardous waste has become a
major environmental issue India.

Characteristics of Hazardous Waste

1. Hazardous waste can be solid, liquid or gas and may cause

danger to health or environment.
2. Hazardous waste can be identified by the characteristic they
exhibit.
a. Ignitability
b. Corrosivity
c. Reactivity
d. Toxicity
 Characteristics of Hazardous Waste
1. Ignitibility
This type of waste may cause damage to the surroundings by
producing harmful gases at high Temp. or pressure or by
causing Fire hazard.
Example.: Petroleum Product.

2. Corrosivity
This type of waste are chemically active and may cause
damage to flora and fauna or to other materials by direct
contact with them. These waste shorten corrosivity of any
liquid that has ph < or = 2
Example : HCL, H2SO4
 Characteristics of Hazardous Waste
3. Reactivity
A waste exhibiting reactivity of hazardous waste characterizes
if it is unstable and goes under the violence change. It reacts
as an explosive when mixed with air.
Example: Ammonium nitrate which is an explosive is a good
example.

4. Toxicity
These waste if inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin
may cause delay or chronic effects. Also, if it is present
immediate or delayed adverse impacts to environment by
means of toxic effect on their biotic system.
Example: Pesticide Residue
Classification and Source of Hazardous Waste

4. f
 Health Effects of Hazardous Waste
1. Hazardous waste are considered very harmful to man and
Environment.

2. These waste pose a severe threat to the human health and

to various component of environment.

3. Health impacts of hazardous pollutants have been studied in

great detail by many organizations and individuals
including the govt. organizations in India and other
Countries.

4. In addition to research on health impacts there are impact

related guidelines advocating for a full fledged health
Impact assessment (HIA) developed by many
organizations.
CIV 332
POPULATION EQUIVALENT
 Population Equivalent

• Population equivalent or unit per capita loading, (PE), in waste-water treatment

is the number expressing the ratio of the sum of the pollution load produced

during 24 hours by industrial facilities and services to the individual

pollution load in household sewage produced by one person in the

same time.

• Population equivalent is a parameter used in the conversion of contribution of

wastes from industrial establishments for accepting into sanitary sewer
systems. The strength of industrial sewage is, thus, written as
 Std. BOD5(industrial)
Population equivalent =
Std. BOD5(domestic)

Std. BOD5(industrial) = (Std. BOD5 of domestic sewage per person

per day) x (population equivalent)
The average BOD5 for domestic sewage is taken as 0.08 kg/person/day.
If BOD5 for industrial sewage is worked out to be 300 kg/day.

Then Population equivalent will be worked out to be:

Std. BOD5(industrial)
Population equivalent=
Std. BOD5(domestic)

300 kg/day
= 𝑘𝑔
0.08𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛/𝑑𝑎𝑦

= 3750
 NUMERICAL

Question: The average sewage flow from a city is 80MLD. If

average BOD5 is 285 mg/l. Compute the total 5 day oxygen
demand in kg and population equivalent of sewage. Assume
per capita BOD5 of sewage per day as 75g.
Solution:
Given flow of sewage = 80 MLD = 80x10^6 liter/day
Average BOD5 = 285 mg/l
Total 5 day oxygen demand = 22800 kg
22800
= Population equivalent =
0.075
= 3,04,000
Bioassay studies
 What is Bioassay studies
Determination of the Strength or biological activity of a
substance, such as a drug, by comparing its effects with those of
a standard preparation on a test organism.

Potency or concentration of an active principle in unit quantity

of preparation by measuring its biological response on living
tissues

A test used to determine such strength or Biological activity

 Principles of bioassay
To Compare the test substance with the International Standard
preparation of the same.

To find out how much test substance is required to produce the same
biological effect, as produced by the standard

Activity assayed should be the activity of interest

Standard & test sample - similar pharmacological effects & mode of

action

 Both should be compared for their established pharmacological effect using

specified technique
 Principles of Bioassay
 Problem of biological variation must be minimized.

 Experimental conditions are kept constant so as to

have better understanding.

 Animals - same species, sex and weight

Number of animals - large enough to minimize error

(individual variation)

Isolated preparations - Sensitive

 Characteristics of a good assay method
 Sensitivity

 Specificity

 Repeatability

 Reproducibility

 Precision

 Accuracy

 Stability – Tissue has to stay bioassay-fit

Bioassay can be performed on
Types of Bioassay
 Quantal assay

 Quantal response – In this, the response is in the form of “all or none", i.e.
either no response or maximum response

 Drugs producing quantal effect can be bio assayed by end point method

 The threshold dose producing a predetermined effect is measured

 Comparison between the results of standard and the test

 E.g: Bioassay of digitalis in cats, Insulin induced

 hypoglycemic convulsions in rat

 Graded assay

 Graded response - response is proportional to the dose and response may lie
between no response and the maximum response.

 Types:

1. Bracketing /direct matching

2. Interpolation
3. Multiple point assays

Three point assay

Four point assay

Six point assay

4. Cumulative dose response

 Bracketing or Direct Matching

A constant dose of the standard is bracketed by varying dose of test

sample

until an exact matching between the response of std & that of the
sample is achieved

Strength of unknown/test drug can be found by simple

interpolation of bracketed response.
 ADVANTAGES

 Simple & Faster

 Amount of test drug available is small

 Does not involve complicated calculations

 Does not depend on DRC

 Disadvantages

 less accurate, time consuming, troublesome

 cannot get exact match of response

 quantitative difference b/w test & std not obtained

Interpolation assay
 A log dose-response curve is plotted with the standard on a simple graph paper or
Semi-log paper

 The concentration of the test is then read from the graph

 Advantages

 Sensitivity of tissue is 1st determined by prior plotting of a conc-response

curve with known agonist

 Dose can be plotted even if it varies over thousand fold range

 Error is normally distributed

Disadvantages
Sensitivity of tissue changes with time

Timing of doses not taken into account

Variation in mode of application of drugs

 Multiple point assays

 Responses are repeated several times and the mean of each is taken

 Chances of error are minimized

3 point method - 2 doses of std+1 dose of test

4 point method - 2 doses of std+2 doses of test

6 point method - 3 doses of std+3 doses of test

 Latin square method of randomization to avoid any bias

 Uses of Bioassay
 to measure the pharmacological activity of new/ chemically undefined substances

 to investigate the function of endogenous mediators

 to measure drug toxicity and unwanted effects

 to measure the conc of drugs and other active substances in the blood or other body
fluids

 Determination of potency, ED50/LD50 of drugs

 New drug development

 Measure clinical effectiveness

 Drawbacks

 Biological variation

 Troublesome

 Time consuming

 Expensive

 Less accurate than physico-chemical methods

Approach of bio-assay

1. A broad range of bio tests for the evaluation of water and wastewater
quality is available.

2. An important goal of this project was to identify appropriate bioassays

sensitive enough to detect the effects of micro pollutants.

3. The selection of eco toxicological test systems was based on

preliminary studies conducted before the first pilot study by measuring
specific cellular effects, as well as integrative tests with whole organisms
group on ecotoxicology.
Approach of bio-assay
4. Bioassays were selected based on one or more of the following

selection criteria.

 Test sensitivity is Standardized test methods are available.

 Consideration of different trophic levels (bacteria, algae,

macrophytes, invertebrates, vertebrates)

Approach of bio-assay
5. Application of different types of sample processing and test systems:

 Assessment of enriched wastewater samples

 High enough to detect contaminant effects in treated wastewater

in the preliminary studies

 Assessment of wastewater samples without sample enrichment

 Effect measurements with organisms in flow-through systems

(channels, microcosms)
 Performance Analysis of Advanced Wastewater
Treatment
Toxicity Parameters

1. Biological parameters measured in bioassays, such as mortality, number of

offspring, cell number, weight, and cellular receptor activity, are commonly
referred to as ‘endpoints’.

2. The term ‘toxicity parameter’ refers to effect values, which are calculated using
statistical or mathematical methods.

3. The calculation is done by regression analysis and gives, additionally to the

respective derived toxicity parameter, a confidence interval
Performance Analysis of Advanced Wastewater
Treatment
4. NOEC The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) is the highest tested
concentration that does not yet because a statistically significant effect compared to
the control.

5. LOEC The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) is the lowest tested
concentration that elicits a statistically significant effect compared to the control.

6. TEQ The toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) is defined as the concentration of a

reference substance, which would have the same effect as the environmental sample.
CONCLUSION

 Successful tool in estimation & discovery of biologically active

substances

 Sensitivity & Specificity – important tool in pharmacology

Thank you
Standards for disposal of Industrial solid wastes and
gaseous
emission from various industries and treatment
systems
Water Quality management in India
Water Quality management in India Continued.
 Indian Standards related to Disposal of treated
Effluents

T.S.S—Total Suspended Solids ; B.O.D—Biological oxygen demand, C.O.D-chemical oxygen demand ; Hexavalent Cr
(chromium)
Indian Std. for inland surface waters subject to
Pollutions
Indian Std. for inland surface waters subject to
Pollutions Continued.
Indian Std. for inland surface waters subject to
Pollutions
MINAS and plan of action of Sugar
Industry
MINAS and plan of action of Sugar
Industry
MINAS and Implementation Plan for the
Synthetic Fibre Industry
MINAS and Implementation Plan for the
Synthetic Fibre Industry
MINAS For Oil Refineries
Control of Mercury (Hg) from the Caustic
Soda Industry
Control of Mercury (Hg) from the Caustic
Soda Industry
 AIR, prevention and control of pollution
Act,1981
• The Air pollutants viz., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2),
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate
Matter (RSPM) are to be monitored regularly so that an industry while in
operation should not emit beyond the National Ambient air quality Emission
standards.

• The sampling duration & frequency as per clause 4.2.4 the guidelines for
ambient air quality monitoring issued by a Central Pollution Control Board for
the pollutants , it is required to take the concentration in ambient air an annual
Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements & these reading should be
taken twice a week at 24 hourly at uniform interval .
 2National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS)
The ambient air quality objectives/standards are pre-requisite for developing
programme for effective management of ambient air quality and to reduce
the damaging effects of air pollution. The objectives of air quality standards
are: -
• To indicate the levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of
safety to protect the public health, vegetation and property.
• To assist in establishing priorities for abatement and control of pollutant
level;
• To provide uniform yardstick for assessing air quality at national level; and
• To indicate the need and extent of monitoring programme.