om SaiK

3. eawssioned blockchaus
 iwa Blockchai
ArebLst suwited far B2.8 uodd. .
T e dugan of d catsalixahon (or emhalicahin)
to h e
aud taupainu a ub eutinely
COmba or Compaw'e uwiig 4 rhguiug
the blo chaiw
Roweer, h a
lhere n o ano ymhy.
ustta. eaeh otua
Padiup auts may

ja'nina the blockchain mdioark, the

belae
authenticahon
nodhsawe to go hrough some
Oy pre-uuhonzohom
mechau'sm o u g ,

oich Hhy can validatu themselves.

and it is uot
The nduwak As wot open,
to al. The nlwok typz is
tYanspaunt
Ceutsalized Cud un a ingl point of *ailus
abproved pashiupaus
Cam Jtadaud
Oxly Pre
6y i h a l z rauusadhons.

and o tu. is uo
is inur,
T e uo

incanhvisahm.
dusubukd conauus
Secued by a

mechais ms bue a PAXOS, RAPT, GFT

and p8PT.
Hhars beHey Scal abilihy a uign
Storag and Cambutahomal powes t
Auivad. Also, tha
tausauhion speed is
Secndo Jo sat a
high a n d just takus
block
aiNa Blockehan &lesmissioned Blockcha.u

Yaiwat blockchasln is lem deewmeol imila

to the permissicned blokchain.
Almost all pnivatn blockchain inmbemudahons
8 a
aAL peausiomed, however, +um
diean beliwen a a privatu blockthain
aMd peamusionad block chain.

block chaun shcty

A prvade persionad l i sysem,
OntrDls who ta olo ohat with ú
wchaw'sm
OMd t l is a well- deined
o lU uodis.
to voke & 9Aaut aceem

abne us an exaublk, e h
Hypaledger
pesmisnnedlock chauin ,
it s
X n a
Jelodk chain uevk,
to Cheali a
pomible
is open to pusue ie may
LOuch
to authnhcali ikel
allaw pulu'e
wodus aud CAaat
Rau pmYilg to
 pmber audit baid.
a er
Lchanim
-Putic perwismonad blo ck chain
Cxauple Rippl Blockcha
-

Non- emisiomeo eaw'ssniomed.

Pubuc Ptcoin Ruppla

Pmval Muth'ha/n (wb Pernu'snon) Hyaerladge foe

Design limitahons u a eami' ssoned

CnviYOTmmaut

Sequtial Execuham
IYamsachons ae eneulid sequwhally
based n cwoensus

to l i applicahon (smat cmhad)

Requslg enecute
lia Couaunsus, cud
as
relued y
croler
n lli Sama
orolar qives aa baud
bowd
sequwhal
Thin kind of n ce
ince
al
a lb
ssso
ollu
u ti

aougnput
m ehestiwe emBustd.

onausun
han to d conansus uing4
to iah
The uodas tiy 14h method.
opoa
the hoallangé ececuh m is sualuxsd,
Adi hauisachom
it gives a bound e
itgires
l i ehtective Huoghpu.
 Ihughpt in inversely Proporrhanmal t
Comnut meud laleny. f lhi dihulh
challaugr is intaaaed, I erbeuhve
Aoughpud ill duoc Thoehpud - wo
rasachono tommited Re i d'me.
Tin Cam a
danu of
on he Smast Cowad
ponible atlack
piatferm. The atacka
Can uwuo duee a Con ad, oui'ch uill
take
a Aoug bne o exeuut, due totuis, otthe
Con&ad ull wot L a s to exeuui amy
usthea shce thae he aken up only Khen
Caun
Conoensus for l i previows Comad han
SLachd. Twutere, the en
Sesialred nalus
otu or our of ransachom
wn CamBatpsweucs
s
exeuh'on o
Pawous Centad in exeed. uuti Hhe
s i a malicion amhradin Jmo ducad u
e
Ssystem, ull taku a Conoiduable
awoud ter
eeuhon,
dua of Sesvtca attak.tuus launchinga
 Nn- deeimiuuisht execuhon
Hnother issu i» the ideudihiain df a sutable
lausuaae iwblkucialung a Smast Couliact.

uclana s widely uDed iu t Loukat execuhon

plahm. St condists a Camsm called a a.
Tw
T 'map' n a data suclas, wlunn tueu a
Speufe kys and absolui valuus. Eveuy value
is asotiakd uith one kuy
m mab [shiug shiugs"k': vall key2: val2 fi
Tk, v: Yag m
nt. PmiatH("keyC valueu] N,kv)?
whewe. thue ina trloop oveaa mab teat jut
Puts t ky valu paù aud uio code s n
mulible times, tue uill lbc.
mulhple kuy-valua
pous Ii map.
f eaeh eRadm, tluu orduiug of the
ky-value pairs in dijciud
Smant Lonrat e uhon should
aways
edn to b duts wwehc; othewise V e
syslen
may ad to incomvisteut stedes (may ters
L blockchain)
The soluhon in to uaL domain
a
speu he
aguag öuich ull wmdlemeut t Sat
Couad platfem.
 *Stal synchouizahtm n Smat Couwlsad
4ually, we exeuuz th smast conrad at
all wodi Qnd propagai the slat. to ots
To lach a oAnus.
l o es canansu, he problemh camg
tothe mAa has a
stalk wodun to
sultiuieut mumbe o cos
validate tw exe uhon a
Smat cmads. l tu www.ber tmusted ndg
A s thain th wwwber maluuons wadeg
then t maliuoun wodes way take Conh
OvtL ert
evionment. Hweue us tan
weed by using a pros--wo baoed
COwaansus maehamsm
h prblem uj th 'ow Jo thar uL U wl
D Stuck to a pashuulas block
leading to
aind d stasvahiom Stanasio udhau a
Contad 4akas a loug time to exetutyuauhug
n a Daklog o all other lonhads.
In caAa
wot
opeswimad ewrormunt it
aluodys cunauyo exeulL
COmhacts aeasn wode.
We
We ad sleli
synchuurahon acss all
wodes. Te torisad J oe Dda is
exeuurd aud alter
tontad
exetng it, te siti
badcao to lT
wiahowing uodus, and tha st
isusttur popaated.
A
 exeu
*The Ubsu aMsen When the uok thal
Hu Comrat became faulty. Dn thun
Concabt
SOASIo we tan uae the
s, ynu
That
Stati wachune blcahon.
a gulrset u
a
eMeui he tontiat at
thaua siuglu nodi, au
wode, vatur Stali Js pmpagakd
same
uswL tHhad li
to all th wodes.
uouich s a
Hhat wey hde.
Tuis eusures

paut the neatSmat comhad s

Cowoisteut u th l iufermahom.
 Sta Jacime Keplication

Stat Macuine
-

A sd o statu (s) baced om Hhe Sysem

den'gn
A set impus )
-

-A Se tpu (o)
A transition tuchon
-

S 1 S
A Ouput funduon
SI O
A stat s a

S
(S2
 Smasd cn sact Stat Mathiue
<CYond undiue Platferm>
celaiuwfuuds
have
Set of people,uho to speapc jobs eat
QWeu lable, far donah on
ane beiug doue.
The
pwbone castain obs.
T h e popooeYS UonnL S
uohuu oa
Somma
has a tuihahon state,
System
Subited a speiho prpora!.
UAes have donakd the muonay.
h a t Joe han
Astati
Joe ranserred
o M htted

Joe

d o m a t e

Inhai
commitd
lli
ransfered
Ann ha
Now if
wony Ann a n s e

Joe Ann Nansercd

t douar
i
mo.
owmitedeMonuy
Joh
have
uoueyAvailaby
hane douaka
douakdté monyH
them one
both Joe-Ann
or
hwhen
When
eer SSderm
vs
the
ovder of aNai able lab i
ii n
J ntnte

aNau
wny
havehe

you J o e r a u
s e r c d

Am re
onatz MOney
ANailable
ni hau
jo
Joepen

Ann an
Nansfor re Ann dona
Onte u JUs wouy awailaele un
he Syskm, youunae lu jo6. Turo
can
Jobs( Jobl & Job2) nus to be exeucd.

When Tuuve in no speuhc oder Segnce

n ww ch Huese jobs ndo to he eceuta
hn eiher Jobl cau e conmblebed hatae

Hha Jebs aL done, h n tu.

O u e bot
Smast ontact uill trausfer the Wuouy
rom
the (Joe e Ann) to l
unders projet propaal.

Joeansterred
Committdmoey Joe Ann ranserred
donao Comwu tted wouey / Sob1 Job
doue
Camplce
J o b l

dona
Mony Jobl 2
In ihalk Copluks Jobs
Il- Job awaulate dons
Joe Nanered obaJeb
An DAMAHEduoney don

donaded
Ann transerred den mplukd monty
Cemmited wonay traslered)

Smast Contat in sat Mackine

Ay funrte algovithm Ca e
*Ay upreneuced
t term oa i t stai Uachine
wich un a
h aL
ulhpL sesvers, wak
usti bued aolhioM. Copieo d the stai macun
OA
placad an each o he seivers.
 wahin Jeplcahoan
Distu buted stat
wachine an mullp
on mlhple
sBaL
P l a c e opie of
he
indupeudut Sewens

Sepver (S

(
Yclitd
p u t to
w
au pi
as
eceived,
Xdied
Cuet
egueos
he staii wmaehiue.
he Besver.
S e v e s

to all
he
hu ipuh c u

auceived
v e d
by u
Impaga a
ane kaamd
kae4
X npuh
puh
wne i
mpuh
*Oue
ue cau
ordar
Far
Ou algonthn.
algonthm.
Sewes
Seweas, ordunug
o rduug Cau hmusamb
musamb an
oecijic We
w e
n a
lhi order,
On
o

alutaduiup

o l o u , eueNy irdividual
induvdual
eacl rausachon. eweny
is oloue,
t h e orduuiug on ttluw
uo
inpuh Ayaaad
baud
One
Ou he a
execues Thu
The inbu
inbuh
Syslem AAg
unt.
baaed
baaed
pndiiamined aeach
each Awes
A wes
at
nolividually
C c euced
algorithm
On tu ereluiug
 One theae tromsachonn au doue
Syncdhowxe du thau
statt wacunAs aLsOSS all
4 SesW es o awaid ay ailus.
Thea is a nmatuna
apn to ua
uas stali
stalL machne
machune
bicahion baned conaouks avea
lockchoins. pe aoaa
- The nelwok
each oth, so dosed, tle wodes knod
statu Juplizahn is kna
among h known nodes. þomib
-

Avnid oveshead o
d td aund mining -
do not
aything ottwu than
masage
Pasng
-

The a wo wan wsus:

Maiuteuiuug the otoler
-

In tth preaence, oailuie, nme

d to ensure tha allhe
ndlinoluals SeWers a m te
S c e poge
l o eusun thin , theae s a ued er
To
a ConaLusus algo nithm l l i system.
 CAPTheom Enc Krewe
to omultaueousy povlde.
I s mbomibe thaa:
wwAL tHhan tuo dut li olbomg
uasauliLs
Cooistency
Availahilih
- Paahhom Tolerauca

ASE Tuory veuhua

Avauilable, Softstale, Conoisteny.
Basically
s
-Inevahom
Baoically Availahla kbly
o hot awaikabrliy
so Hhat aau
uitu alL uzdus,
aNailable

at all uoduo in
wsund
edeiued
lkdges ;
stak Data in
oft
is uo deluli for dat
Hune
a woda
AssumuiugJ
.eveuha Cowoisfeuy
-

Cowoistet
dal would e
ocs d aud unuug;
uoda is ub
OuL u
butto
u d g e r undd be
ADaiutaund u»lh otur hodu,
Covoistelhy
 Blockch an an a distibwed cyskm
Araned CAP
IH in dflen evaluaBed on

Hy pe ledger abne b rug

stivesto
4 uhtuate. cowoisteuy fedi o
A SE