ı ," y f'

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d ,;ona! enten ces, you can n/,o "", ",,,,ı,,ı, / 1 1

"3 corı ı ,·rıste ad of"'ıNould ~

5
1 ı, r1

- ·rı r /ô use f,P\t( r r •ı

f11aı "
H ,h"

pası bUt you didn't do

ı1 ,,,,1 ır ı '/ l ,r t r
••• + past parti
bled ple
in rhe
,j, ,
0551 CJ You
,rtıiıı9 -.ıas p
1
d PC ı·,ıorı (rıf 'Jrıt /f 1 !
,von rh • garn e, but w e d idn't ıry
tı (r,prı,:.ır
ti t'"
,ı ı
r r
10 flP
~cou id ııa' e
ı,ave won rhe garne even ıf. w e rrıed
very old and r,lo , I V'
,1r !') ·ı
' enough• .
cou ıdıı t
best.
~t ı,a,ıe + past part idpl e 7
Write two advice sentence s for dısast
_
ers below

ıı"e I ,.,ı:ıo
, a guess abou t sornethıng
. that Volcanic erup tion·
to ma"e

sıuck in ıraffic
,ned in rhe past .
-ould have / rnigh t have got
2
Earth quake:

,ans rhat sorııethin9

,a..,e + past parti ciple
woul d have been a good ···········•···•· · .

,ıbut
d have + pası partic iple can also be used to
that you didn' t do it 2
,bouısorııeth in g, unde r n o rrn aI ci reurn sta n ces, Torn ado:
.. . . .. ..- ..

has alreadY happ e ned.

... .... ·········- -

Juid have stud ied harde r!

2
Floo d:
plane should have arrive d by noW

ıs that somepast
't have + part icipl e 2
thing wasn 't a good idea, but you Aval anch e:
:anyway.
Juldn't have eaten so muc h ca ke!
2
Tsun ami:

1oda{s
2
he blanks wıth
• correct past mod al form s

2S
died a bit mo (pass) the bar exarn if he'd
re. (pos si bi Iity)

~ded ·ıt. (poss ibility)fr uıt

··· (buy) · b ut I didn 't know we

e vveathe
ssibility) r ---·•···.. (be) any wors e! (neg ative

,rey
s. (adv·-- -· · (leave ) ea rlie r· Sh e mıss
ıce)
-- . ed her
Mi
l1
1

ı: arthquakes are o ne of o ur
~ plan et's m ost des truc tive natu ra\
tsunamıs that was h awa y eve . . . haz ard s, wit h the abil ity to flat
rythın g ın theır pat h, and cau . ten .
ıts unp red icta bili ty, asa
se a dev astatıng loss of life. Par t o f entıre cir
'k · h very ı· 1
hug e qua ke ca n strı e wıt an eart h ıes, tr•~:,
ıtt e warnın· d · gan g ıve tho se nea rby no tim equak
do not kno w whe n the y will occ ur,
we can pre dict w h e re the y are like t e's irnrn er:,: ·--
top laye r of the Eart h, kno ':n as crus ly t o hap pen , tha nks to o u r kno wle O
t, is_ div ide d into s_eve ral plat es tha d getto saf~•, .
the Eart h crea ting convect ı o n cu rre t are co~ stan tly mov ing . This is ca~
nts ın the ma ntle JUSt bel ow the :e~ ~la~etec::•
mov e, the y coll ide , spli t apa rt o r crus t, whıc h s hift s the plat es in d'ıff
siide pas t eac h oth e r a lon g the pi Y eatf•:-
occ ur. At const ructıve ate bou nda ries , crea ting fau lts whe eren t dir r
· p 1ate b oun d arıe · s t h e p 1ates are re the ec ıa~s ·
plat es m ove tow ard eac h o the r alo .
·
movıng a par t , caus ·ıng nor ma ı f ault s tha t rnaıo rıty ''
ng destruct ı ve pi ate boundarı.es, form rift vali · ...
The thırd typ e _is a t_ran sfor m pi ate th ey crea te a rev ers e o r thru st fa eys and oce,- .
.
_bo und ary, a nd ınvo lves the two ult coıı· d· . · ··
par alle l pl_ates slid ing pas t eac h othe , ı ı ng to ıc·~ .
Beıng able to ıdentıfy the se r to
fau lt lın es telis us whe re ear thq uak creat e a w"
pre par e. Alth oug h the sec ond es are mo st lıkely to occ ur, givi ng
cau se of d eath and des truc tion dur
ary effe cts of an ear thq u a ke, s u ch
as land slid es and fire s from bur st
nearby places the c:i.
ing ear thq uak es is u s ual ly the coll gas \ines, can be lat.'
stru ctur es nea r to faul t line s are bu aps e of bui ldin gs. The refo re, particu
ilt or ada pte d to wit hst and vio len larly in deveıc:,:
to be so wel l pre pare d . How eve r, t s hoc k wav es. Unf ortu nat ely, man
o ur kno wle dge of how ear thq u ake y poorer arease:·
to find met hod s far pre dict ing whe s wor k and the dev elo pm ent of
n the nex t one w ill strike. Scie ntis new technologieı n·
may occur but this only pro vid es t s can cur ren tly mak e gen eral gue
very vag ue resu lts. The ulti mat e sses aboutwhenı-,.·
goa l is to be abl e to reli ably war n
people.
1 Ma tch the wor ds in the left col
um n wit h its syn ony ms in the righ
t col um n . Wri te the app rop riat e lette
rs in the blı-•·

1. Coll ide
Defect/flaw/defıciency/fail
ure
1 2. Des truc tive \ A.
B. Rest upo n/ be pres ent/ exis t
3. Div ide
C. Dev asta ting / disa stro us/ cata stro
phic
4. Fau lt
D. Specifıcally/explicitly/especial
ly
15 . Lie
E. Unl uck ily/ unh app ily/ regr etta bly
1 6. _ _ Par ticu larly
F. Resist/s tan d fırm aga inst/ stan d
fi rm to
\ 1. Reverse
G. Cla sh/ stri ke/h itl sfa m (in to)/ bum
p(in to)
8. Unf ortu nat ely
' H. Opp os ite/c onv erse/ con trary
9. Vag ue
lı. Spli t/ sep ara te/a l/oc a te/ share out
1 10. Wı tlı s tand
J. /ndefını.te/uncle ar/o b scure/ imp licit

64 M odu le 6

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