S T D = A S T M DZ88O-ENGL 2000 m 075751rO Ob91248 947 m

dm Designation: D 2880 - O0 An Ameriarn N a W standard

Standard Specification for

Gas Turbine Fuel Oils‘

1. scope D 93 TestMethods forFlashPoint by Pensky-Martens

1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas Closed Testes
turbines,exceptinggasturbines used in aircraft, forthe D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products’
guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers D 129 Test Method forSulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
and the suppliers andpurchasers of fuel oils. The specification eral Bomb Method)2
sets forththepropertiesoffuels at the timeandplaceof D 3% Specification for Fuel Oils’
custody transfer to the user. D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational pur- andOpaqueLiquids(andtheCalculationofDynamic
poses only and do not constitute a requirement ofthis specifi- viscosity)’
cationunlessmutuallyagreeduponbetweentheinterested D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products’
patties. D 524 TestMethodforRamsbottomCarbonResidueof
1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine Petroleum R.oducts2
fuelscoveredby this specification.Further, it states the D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils’
significanceofvarioustestmethods used in inspecting the D1266TestMethodfor Sulfur in PetroleumProducts
fuels. (Lamp Method)’
1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contami- D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
nants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the Gravity), or A P I Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method’
particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is D1552TestMethodfor Sulfur inPetroleumProducts
noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the (High-Temperature Method)’
various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended D 1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
h i t s donotconstitutearequirement of thespecification the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory b e d u r e ) ’
unless mutually agreed uponby the interested parties.Limita- D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
tions due to the use of usedor recycled oil are also noted. X-Ray Spectrometry3
D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Distillate
N m 1 % gas m i n e operator should consult Ractice D4418 fur
methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on
Fuels by Centrifuge3
long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum D 3605 Test Method for Trace Metalsin Gas Turbine Fuels
sources as gas turbine. by Atomic Absorption and Flame EmissionSpectroscop~
N m 2-Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of D 3828 Test Method for Flash Point bySmall Scale Closed
federal, state, or local regulations which m a y be moce restrictive. Teste2
Nm ? T hegeneration and dissipation of static electricity caa mate D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
problems in the handling of distillate gas Wine fuel oils. For more Liquids by Digital Density Metes
information on the subject, see Guide D4865.
D 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
2. Referenced Documents Energy-dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy3
2.1 ASTM Standards: D 4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels
D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag ClosedTeste3 for Gas Turbines3
D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products2 D4865GuideforGenerationandDissipationofStatic
Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems4
D 5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)4
’ This specification is under the juridiction of ASTM Commiaee DO2 on D 5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
petroleam Roducts and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
DMEonBumet.DieselNoa-aviationGas~ine,amlMarineFuels.
Current edition approved Dec. 10,2000. Published January 2001. Origmlly
p u b W as D 2880 - 70 T. Last previous edition D 2880 - 98. Annual Book of A!TM Standards. Vol 05.02.
2 A M u a l Book of ASTM Standanìs,Vol 05.01. Annual Book of M M Standanis, Vol 05.03.

cowripm O &TM, 100 Ban Harbor Drive. Wesl Comhdwdcen, PA 194282959, United States.

1
COPYRIGHT American Society for Testing and Materials
Licensed by Information Handling Services
 (Automatic Tit Method)4
D 5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum products
(Rotational Method)4
D 6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and
Fuel Systems’
2.2 Other Documents:
26CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color and
concentration6
40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives6
3. Terminology
3.1 Defiitions of Tenns Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 fuel contaminants-fuelcomponentsotherthanhy-
drocarbonoils. In the present context the contaminants are
foreignmaterialsthatmakethefuellesssuitable or even
unsuitable for the intended use.
3.1.1.1Discussion-Thecontaminantsof primary interest
are foreign materials introduced subsequent to the manufacture 6.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall
of specification quality fuel. Hence they are materials intro-
duced in the distribution system (that is, storage tanks, pipe-
lines, tank trucks, barges, etc.) or in the user’s storage and
handlingsystem,orgeneratedwithinthesesystems(rust
generated in steel pipes andtanks by moist fuel, andso forth).
Contaminants may be soluble or insoluble in the fuel.
3.1.2 fuel entering the combustor(s)-the fuel that is actu-
ally burned in the gas turbine. Fuel maybe sampled at a point point is below 93°C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm2/s at
upstreamfromthepoint of entryintothecombustor(s),
providedthesample is representative ofthefuelactually
entering the combustor(s).
4. General Requirements
4.1 The fuels herein specified shall be homogeneous mix-
tures of hydrocarbon oils free of inorganic acid, and free of
excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter likelyto
make frequent cleaning of suitable strainers necessary.
4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remain Grades 3-GT and 4-GT.
homogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravity
into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits
for the grade.
5. Detailed Requirements
5.1 The various grades of gas turbine fuel oil shall conform
to the limiting requirements shown in Table 1. As noted in the
supplementary footnotesto Table 1, the requirements for Grade addition, Test Method D 1266 can be used for Grades No. O
Nos. 1-GT and 2-GT conform in most respectsto comspond-
ing Grade Nos. 1 and 2 fuels in Specification D 396, and to
Grade Nos. 1-D and 2-Din Specification D 975. The viscosity the referee sulfur test method forD 2880.
range of Grade Nos. 3-GT and 4-GT fuel brackets the Grade
Nos. 4,5, and 6 of Specification D 3% and Grade No. 4-D of
Specification D 975. It is the intent that fuels meeting Speci-
fication D 396 and D 975 requirements may also be supplied
under these specifications provided they meet the requirements
listed in Table 1.
5.2 Modifications of limiting requirements and the inclusion
of fuel additives to meet special operating conditions maybe
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04.
6Available from Superintendent of Documents,U. S. Government printing
oflice, washington, Dc 20402.
COPYRIGHT American Society for Testing and Materials
Licensed by Information Handling Services
agreed upon between the interested paaies.
5.3 The properties listed in this specifìcation are those of
p a t e s t signiscance in obtaining acceptable @o- of
the turbine.However, trace metals, evenin fractional parts per
million, are detrimental to gas turbine service life. Information
on themaximum concentration of critical metallic elements in
the fuel as it enters the turbine combustor(s) is provided in
Appendix X2. Distillate fuels are usually of satisfactorypurity
as refined,butsuppliersrarelyhavecontroloverpossible
contamination by trace metals in distribution and storage. The
limits in AppendixX2, although required as the fuel enters the
combustor(s), do notapply to thefuel as deliveredunless
mutuallyagreedupon bytheinterestedparties.Fuelsmay,
therefore, require on-site clean-up, quality control procedures,
special handling, or other arrangements.
6. Test Methods
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM meth-
ods except as noted:
6.1.1 Flash Point-Test Methods D 93, except where other
methods are prescribed by law. For all grades, Test Method
D 3828 may be used as an alternate with the samelimits. For
Grades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT, Test Method D 56’ may be
used as an alternative with the Same limits provided the flash
40OC. This test method will give slightly lower values.In case
ofdispute,TestMethod D 93 shall be used as thereferee
method.
6.1.2 Pour Point-Test Method D 97. For all grades, the
automatic Test Methods D 5949, D 5950, or D 5985 can be
used as alternates with the same limits.In case of dispute, Test
Method D 97 shall be used as the referee method.
6.1.3 Water and Sediment-Test Method D 2709 is used for
Grades O-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT. Test MethodD 17% is used for
6.1.4 Carbon Residue-Test Method D 524.
6.1.5 Ash-Test Method D 482.
6.1.6 Distillation-Test Method D 86.
6.1.7 %cosi@-Test Method D 445.
6.1.8 Density-Test Method D 1298 or D 4052.
6.1.9 Sulfur-Test Method D 129, Test Methods D 1552;
D 2622,and D 4294canalso be usedforallgrades. In
and No. 1, but only with samples having sulfur contents of 0.4
mass percent and less (downto 0.01 %). Test MethodD 129 is
7. Keywords
7.1petroleumandpetroleumproducts:fueloils;gas tu”
bine; specification
’other mutually acceptable methods may be used.
For information on the precision of the ASTM methods of test for fuel oils refer
to “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel oils” by A. R.
Crawfd and G. V. Dyroff (1969). l’lisdocumentis availabJe from rhe Publicvions
Section, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L SL, N.W., Washington. DC 20005.
2
 D 2880
TABLE 1 Detailed Rquirsments for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils at Tim and Place of Custody Transfer to U d 6

Rope* ASTM
Test
Melhodc No. O-GT No. l G T E No.2GTE
Grade’)

No. S T No. S T
point D93 F
38 (100) 38 (100) 55 (130) SS (150)
“c (‘F) min
Water and sediment D 2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 ... ...
%vdrnax D 1796 ... ... ... 1.o 1.O
oistillalion
Temperature D86
“c (‘F)
90 % VolUme recovered
min ... ... 282 ... ...
mBy ... 288 338 ... ...
Kinematicviscodty
2m s Q D445
F
AT 40%(104’F)min 1.3 1.9 5.5 5.5
max 2.4 4.1 ... ...
AT 100°C (212°F) may ... ... 50.0 50.0
RamsbottOlll
Chlm residue D 524 0.15 0.15 0.35 ... ...
on
10 % distillation
Residue
%mass,maw
Ash
%mass,max 0.01 D482 0.01 0.01 0.03 ...
Density at D 1298
15% kg/m3
max ... 850 876 ... ...
D 97 ... -18 -8 ... ...
)r0 meet special operating conditions, modiRcabions of individual limiting requirements may be agreed uponbetween pui&ser, seller, and manufacturer.
%asturbines with waste heat recovery equipment may require fuel sulfur l i to prevent cold end conosion.Enviromnental limits may also epply to fuel sulfur in
selected areas in the United States and in othercountdes.
%e test methods indicated are the approved referee methods. Other acceptable methods are indicated in 6.1.
%o. M T indudes naphtha, JetB fuel and other Voladile hydrocarbonliquids. No. 1GT comsponds i? general to speciftcatian D 396Grade No. 1 fueland D 975 Grade
1-D diesel fuel inphysical properlSes.No.2 G T CwresPQnds in general to Specification D 396 No. 2 fuel and D 975 Grade 2-D d i fuel in physkal prqmrlies. No. 3-GT
and No.4-GTviscosity tange brackets spedficatianD 396 GradesNo. 4, No. 5 (light), No. 5 (heavy), and No.6, and D 975 Grade No. 4-D diesel fuel in physical properties.
qn d r United States regulations, Grades No. 1GT and No.2-GT are requiredby 40 CFR Part 80 to rontaln a sufficientamount of dye Went Red 164 so Its presence
e
isvisuallyepparentAtorbeyondtenninal~ragetanks.theyarerequiredby26CFRPart48tocontainthedyeSdventRed164ataconce~onspectrallyequivalent
to3.9Ibsper~dbanelsofthesoliddyestandardSdventRed26.
%hen the flash point is below 38% (1ooOF) or when kinematic vistdly is below 1.3 mm% at 4 0%(104°F) or when both conditions exist, the turbine manufacturer
shouldbeconsultedwilh~toofehandlingandfuelsystemdesign.
%r cold weather ~ l i a nthe , pour point should be spedfied 6% below the ambient temperature at which the turbine is to be operaw except where fuel heating
-
facililses are provided. When a pour point less than 18% is specified for Grade No. 2GT, the minimum viscosity shall be 1.7 mm */S and the minimum 90 % recovered
temperature shall be waived.

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF ASTM SPECIFICATIONS FOR GAS TURBINE FUEL OILS

xl.l scope those specifiedby SpecificationsD 396 and D 975. In addition,

X1.l.l This specification divides the fueloils encompassed gas turbine operating experience has shown that certain chemi-
by Specifications D 396 and D 975 into four grades, based cal properties of the fuel oil ashmust be controlledsince
upon their applicabilityfor use in gas turbines. Also there is a slag-formingsubstancespresentinthe oil ashcancause
No. O-GT grade to cover low-flash naphthas. The specification corrosion and deposits on those turbine parts that must operate
does not include fuels primarily intended for aircraft use. It at surface tempemures of 593°C and above. This specification
places limiting values on a number of theproperties of the fuels includes the applicable physical properties from Specifications
in each grade. The properties selected for limitation are those D 3% and D 975. Appendix X2 lists restrictions required to
that are believed to be of the greatest significance in determin- control high temperature corrosion and deposits.
ing performance characteristics of the oils in the various gas
turbine applications. X1.2 Grades
X1.1.2 The physical propertiesof commercial fueloils that X1.2.1 Grade O-GT includes naphtha, JetB, and other light
are important in gas turbine operation are generally the sameas hydrocarbon liquids that characteristically have
low flash point

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 and low viscosity as compared with kerosine andfuel oils.
X1.2.2 Grade 1-GT is a light distillate fuel oil suitable for
use in nearly all gas turbines.
X1.2.3 Grade 2-GT, which is a heavier distillatethan Grade
1-GT, can be used by gasturbinesnotrequiringtheclean
burning characteristicsof Grade 1-GT. Fuel heating equipment
may be required by the gas turbine depending on the fuel
system design or ambient temperature conditions,or both.
X1.2.4 Grade 3-GT may be a heavier distillate than Grade
2-GT, a residual fueloil that meets the low ash requirements,
will
or a blend ofdistillate with a residual fuel oil. Fuel heating
be required by the gas turbine in almost every installation.
X1.2.5 Grade 4-GT includesmostresidualsandsome
toppedcrudes.Becauseofthewidevariationandlack of
control of properties, the gas turbine manufacturer should be
consulted with regard to acceptable limitson properties.
N m X1.l-Fuels prepared to different specifications and sold under
differentnames may meet the requirements of fuelsspeciíìed under
Specification D 2880. However, specification tests would normally have
to be to ensure compliance with therequhements of Specification
D 2880 as other fuels are not necessarily inteEhangeable with D 2880
fuels throughout the range permitted by the other specifications.
X13 Selection of Particular Grade
oil from
X1.3.1 The selectionof a particular gas turbine fuel
one of these five ASTM gradesfor use in a given gas turbine
requires considerationof the following factors:
X1.3.1.1 Availability of the fuel,
X1.3.1.2 Design of the gas turbine and fuel handling sys-
tem,
X1.3.1.3 Maintenance of the gas turbine, and
X1.3.1.4 Operating requirements for the gas turbine.
X1.4 Significance of Test Methods
X1.4.1Thesignificanceoftheproperties of fueloilon
which limitationsare placed by the specifications is as follows:
X1.4.1.1 Flashpoint is anindicationofthemaximum
temperatureatwhicha fuel oil canbe storedandhandled
without serious fire hazard. The minimum permissible flash
point is usually regulated by federal, state, or municipal laws
and is based on accepted practicein handling and use.
X1.4.1.2 Pour point is an indication of the lowest tempera-
ture at which a fuel oil can be stored and still be capable of
flowing under gravitational forces. The pour is point
prescribed
in accordance with the conditions of storage and use. Fuels
with higher pour point are permissible where heated storage
and adequate piping facilitiesare provided.
X1.4.1.3Water and Sediments-Appreciableamountsof
water and sediment in a fuel oil tend to cause fouling of the
fuel-handling facilitiesand to give troublein the fuel system of
the gas turbine.An accumulation of sediment in storagetanks
and on filter screens may obstruct the flow of oil from the tank
to the combustor of the gas turbine. Water in distillate fuels
maycause corrosion of tanks and equipment, and water in
residual fuel may cause emulsions.
X1.4.1.4 Carbon residue is a measure of the carbonaceous
materialleft in a fuel after all the volatile components are
4
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vaporized in the absence of air. It is a rough approximation of
the tendencyof a fuel to form carbon deposits in the combustor
of the gas turbine. Combustion systems designed for use on
Grades 3-GT and 4-GT are insensitive to this property, but
other gas turbines may require alimit on the carbon residue.To
obtainmeasurablevalues of carbonresidue in thelighter
distillate fueloils, it is necessary to remove90 9% of the oil by
distillation in accordance with Method D 86, and then deter-
mine the carbon residue concentrated in the remaining 10 %
bottoms.
X1.4.1.5 Ashis the noncombustible materialin an oil. Ash-
forming materials may be present in fueloil in two forms: ( I )
solidparticlesand ( 2) oil- or water-solublemetalliccom-
pounds.Thesolidparticles are for the most part the same
materialthat is designated as sediment in the waterand
sedimenttest.Dependingontheirsize,theseparticles can
contribute to wear in fuel the system and to plugging of the fuel
filter and the fuel nozzle. The soluble metallic compounds have
little or no effect on wear or plugging, but they can contain
elements that produce turbine corrosion and deposits as de-
scribed subsequently.
X1.4.1.6 Distilhtion- The distillation test shows the vola-
tility of a fuel and the ease with which it can be vaporized.
Distillation temperature is not directly significantto operation
of gas turbines designed for Grades 3-GT and 4-GT. In other
gas turbines thatare most susceptible to carbon deposition and
smoke formation, the more volatile fuels may provide better
performance.
X1.4.1.7 Viscosityof a fluidis a measure ofits resistance to
flow. In fuel oil it is highly significant since
it indicates both the
relative ease with which the oil will flow or may be pumped,
and the ease of atomization by the fuel nozzles. Minimum
viscosity is limited because some fuel pumps will not perform
satisfactorily if the viscosity reaches too low a value. Maxi-
mum viscosity is limited since too high a viscosity can cause
excessive pressure lossesin the piping system, and poor fuel
atomization.
X1.4.1.8 Densityalone is of little significance as an indica-
tion of the burning characteristicsof fuel oil. However, when
used in conjunction with other properties, it is of value in
weight-volumerelationshipsand in calculatingthespecific
energy heating value of an oil.
X1.4.1.9 Sulfur normally burning to sulfur dioxide, also can
be oxidized partially to sulfur trioxide which then can combine
with sodium and potassium compounds h m the ash in the fuel
to form sulfates, pyrosulfates, and such compounds as sodium
or potassium iron trisulfate. The pymsulfates, and the trisul-
fates have melting points in the operating range of the gas
turbine. Hence, the compounds produce severe corrosion of the
turbine blading. In general, it has been found impractical to
prevent corrosionby limiting the sulfur contentof the fuel, 50
corrosion of this type is controlled by limiting the sodium and
potassium. Gas turbines with waste heat recovery equipment
may requireadditionalsulfurcontrol to preventcold-end
corrosion.
 D 2880

x2 SIGNIFICANCE OF FUEL CONTAMINANTS AND TRACE METALS IN FUEL SYSTEMS AND IN FUEL ENTERING
TURBINE COMBUSTOR(S)

x2.1 scope X2.3.2Water w li cause corrosion of tanks, piping, flow

X2.l.1 This appendix discusses the
sources of fuel contami- dividers, and pumps. Corrosionor corrosion productsin close
nants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the tolerance devices such as flow dividers may cause plugging
operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. and may stop flow to the turbines. Free water is potentially
X2.1.2 The particular significance of trace metals in gas corrosive; in sulfur-containingfuels,it may be particularly
turbine fuels is noted and upper limits of trace metals are corrosive. Free watermay contain dissolved salts that may be
recommended for the various gradesof gas turbine fuels. corrosive, and may encourage microbiological growth.
X2.3.3 Microbial s h e s causedbymicroorganismscan
x23 Sources of Contaminants plug filters and other close-tolerance openings. Some organ-
X2.2.1 Water may be present in the fuelas dissolved water isms can cause corrosion as well as produce s h e s . Under
or as free (undissolved) water, or both. The free water may be anaerobicconditions,hydrogensulfide,which may cause
fresh or saline. Fresh water may enter the fuel from steam coils corrosion, can be generated by biological action. Biocides are
in storage tanks,h m condensation outof moisture-laden air, available for controlling the growth of microorganisms, but
or from leaking cooling coils. Saline water can enter the fuel theireffectontracemetallevelsandother fuel properties
during transportation in barges or tankers. should be considered. Since water is required for the growth of
X2.2.2 Microbialslimes may resultwhenconditions are the microorganisms, one way of controlling their growth is to
conducive to the growth of microorganisms, which are always eliminate the presence of water through tank-stripping opera-
present. The presence of free wateris essential to the growth of tions or other separation techniques. Refer to Guide D 6469 for
many ofthesemicroorganisms,whichgrow in tankwater a more complete discussion.
bottoms and feed on nutrients in the water or on the hydrocar- X2.3.4 Particulate solids may shorten the life of fuel system
bons. components. Life of fuel pumps and of various close-tolerance
X2.2.3 Asignificantsource of particulatesolids in gas devices is a function of particulate levels and size distributions
turbine fuel systems canbe the degradation of the fuel to form in the fuel. High levels of particulates can leadto short cycle
fuel insoluble compounds. The chemical reactions that cause times in the operation of filters, filter/separators, centrifuges,
this degradation vary with the chemical composition of the and fuel electrostatic purifiers. Since such separation devices do not
but can include oxidation, polymerization, and acid-base reac- remove all the particulates, certain quantities will be present in
tions. The use of appropriate fuel additives can often provide the down-stream fuel.
some control of these reactions. Particulate solids can enter a X2.3.5 Trace metals refer both to those metals present as
fuel h m the air (suspended dirt and aerosols) or from the metalliccompounds in solutionand to metalspresentin
distribution and storagesystems(rust,corrosionproducts, particulates like rust. They are dissolved or suspended eitherin
gasket debris, and so forth). the fuel hydrocarbonsor in free water present in the fuel. The
X2.2.4 Metals may be present as metallic compounds in the significance of several individual trace metals with respectto
fuel as a natural result of the composition of the crude oil and hot corrosion is discussed in Appendix X1. Although lower
process.
of the refining However, unless special precautions are levels of trace metals in a fuel will promote longer turbine
taken, additional metallic compounds can be acquired during service from a corrosion standpoint, the specification of exces-
distribution and storage. A commercial product pipeline may sivelylowlevelsmaylimittheavailability of thefuelor
contain residuesof lead-containing gasoline which would then materially increase its cost. Table X2.1 suggests levels of trace
be dissolvedbythe gas turbinefuel.Tanktrucks,railroad metals that would probably yield satisfactory service.
tankcars, barges, and tankers may be inadequately cleaned and X2.3.6 Sodium and potassiumcan combine with vanadium
contain residues of past cargos. Acidic components in saline to form eutectics which melt at temperatures as low as 566°C
water salts in the fuel may react with distribution and storage and can combine with sulfurin the fuel to yield sulfates with
equipment. melting points in the operating range of the gas turbine. These
X23 S i c a n c e of Contaminants
TABLE X2.1 Trace Metal Limits of Fuel Entering Turbine
X2.3.1 Contamination levels in the fuel entering the com-
bustor(s) mustbe low for improved turbine life. Low contami- Trace Metal Limits. mdka
nation levelsin the fuelin the turbine’s in-plant fuel systemis
requiredtominimizecorrosionandoperatingproblems. To Designation
Vanadium :E:i Calcium Lead
provide fuel of adequate cleanliness to the gas turbine com- (V) (Na+K)
bustor@) may require special actions by the user.These actions No. O-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
might include special transportation arrangements withfuel the NO. 1-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
NO. 2-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
supplier,particularcareinon-sitefuelstorageandquality No. 3-GT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
controlprocedures,andestablishment of on-siteclean-up No. 4-GT (Consult turbine manufacturen)
procedures. Eachof the four classes of contaminants definedin %st Method D 3605 may be used for &termination of vanadium,sodium,
X2.2.2 has its own significancetosystemoperation. . calcium. and lead.

5
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Licensed by Information Handling Services
 compounds produce severe corrosion, and fortudiines operat- higher melting points and thus reduce the corrosion rate to an
ing at gas inlet temperatures above 650°C additives are not yet acceptable level. The resulting ash will form deposits in the
in general use which control such corrosion. Accordingly, the turbine and will require appropriate cleaningprocedures.
sodium-plus-potassium level must be limited, but each elementX2.3.8.1 Whenvanadium is present in more than trace
is measured separately. Some gas turbine installations incor- amounts eitherin excess of 0.5 mgkg or a level recommended
poratesystems for washingoilwithwater to reducethe by theturbine manufactum, it is necessaryto maintain a
sodium-plus-potassium level.In installations where thefuel is weight ratio of magnesiumto vanadium in the fuelof not less
movedby sea transport, thesodium-plus-potassiumlevel than 3.0 in order to control corrosion.
should be checked prior to use to ensure that the oil has not X2.3.8.2 An upperlimit of3.5 is suggestedsincelarger
become contaminated withsea salt. Forgas turbines operating ratios will lead to unnecessarily high of rates
ash deposition.In
at turbine inlet gas temperatures below 650°C (120O0F), the most cases, the required magnesium-to-vanadium ratio will be
corrosion due to sodium compounds is of minor importance obtained by additions of magnesiumcontaining compounds to
andcan be furtherreducedbysilicon-baseadditives. A the fuel oil. The special requirements covering the addition of
high-sodium content is even beneficial in these turbines be- andtype of magnesium-containingadditive, or equivalent,
cause it increasesthewater-solubilityofthedepositsand shall be specified by mutual agreement between the various
therebyincreasestheeasewithwhichgasturbinescan be interested parties. The additive will vary dependingonthe
water-washed to obtain recovery of the operating performance. application, but it is always essential that there is a fine and
X2.3.7 Calciumis not harmful from a corrosion standpoint; uniform dispersion of the additive in the fuel at the point of
in fact, it serves to inhibit the corrosive action of vanadium. combustion.
However, calcium can lead to hardbonded deposits that are not X2.3.8.3 For gas turbinesoperating at turbineinletgas
self-spalling when the gas turbine is shut down, and that are not temperatures below 650°C the corrosion of thehigh-
readily removed by water washing of the turbine. The fuel temperature alloys is of minor importance, and the use of a
washingsystemsusedatsomegasturbineinstallationsto silicon-base additive will further reduce the corrosion rate by
reduce the sodium and potassium level will also significantly absorption and dilution of the vanadium compounds.
lower the calcium contentof fuel oil. X2.3.9 Leadcan cause corrosion and in addition it can spoil
X2.3.8 Vanadiumcan form low melting compounds suchas thebeneficialinhibitingeffect of magnesiumadditiveson
vanadium pentoxide that melts at 691"C, and causes severe vanadium corrosion. Since lead is only rarely found in signifi-
corrosive attack on all of the high temperature alloys used for cant quantities in crude oils, its appearance in the fuel oil is
gas turbine blades. If there is sufficient magnesium in the fuel, primarilytheresultofcontaminationduringprocessing or
it will combine with the vanadium to form compounds with transportation.

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