Elon Musk - Wikipedia

Elon
Musk
Elon Reeve Musk FRS (/ˈiːlɒn/; born

June 28, 1971) is an entrepreneur
and business magnate. He is the
founder, CEO, and Chief Engineer at
SpaceX; early-stage investor, CEO,
and Product Architect of Tesla, Inc.;
founder of The Boring Company; and
co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI.
With an estimated net worth of
around US$224 billion as of February
2022,[2] Musk is the wealthiest
person in the world according to
both the Bloomberg Billionaires Index
and the Forbes real-time billionaires
list.[3][4]
Elon Musk
FRS
Musk at the Royal Society admissions

day in London, 2018
Born Elon Reeve Musk

June 28, 1971
Pretoria,
Transvaal, South
Africa
Citizenship South Africa
Canada
United
States
Education University of
Pennsylvania
(BS, BA)
Title Founder, CEO

and Chief
Engineer of
SpaceX
CEO and product
architect of
Tesla, Inc.
Founder of The
Boring Company
and X.com (now
part of PayPal)
Co-founder of
Neuralink,
OpenAI, and Zip2
President of
Musk Foundation
Spouse(s) Justine Wilson

(m. 2000; div. 2008)
Talulah Riley
(m. 2010; div. 2012)
(m. 2013; div. 2016)
Partner(s) Grimes (2018–
2021)
Children 7[note 1]
Parent(s) Maye Musk

Errol Musk
Relatives Tosca Musk

(sister)
Kimbal Musk
(brother)
Lyndon Rive
(cousin)
Signature
Musk was born to a Canadian
mother and South African father, and
raised in Pretoria, South Africa. He
briefly attended the University of
Pretoria before moving to Canada at
age 17 to avoid conscription. He was
enrolled at Queen's University and
transferred to the University of
Pennsylvania two years later, where
he received a bachelor's degree in
economics and physics. He moved
to California in 1995 to attend
Stanford University but decided
instead to pursue a business career,
co-founding the web software
company Zip2 with his brother
Kimbal. The startup was acquired by
Compaq for $307 million in 1999.
The same year, Musk co-founded
online bank X.com, which merged
with Confinity in 2000 to form
PayPal. The company was bought by
eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.
In 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an

aerospace manufacturer and space
transport services company, of
which he is CEO and Chief Engineer.
In 2004, he joined electric vehicle
manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc.
(now Tesla, Inc.) as chairman and
product architect, becoming its CEO
in 2008. In 2006, he helped create
SolarCity, a solar energy services
company that was later acquired by
Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In
2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a
nonprofit research company that
promotes friendly artificial
intelligence. In 2016, he co-founded
Neuralink, a neurotechnology
company focused on developing
brain–computer interfaces, and
founded The Boring Company, a
tunnel construction company. Musk
has proposed the Hyperloop, a high-
speed vactrain transportation
system.
Musk has been criticized for

unorthodox and unscientific stances
and highly publicized controversial
statements. In 2018, he was sued by
the US Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) for falsely
tweeting that he had secured funding
for a private takeover of Tesla. He
settled with the SEC, temporarily
stepping down from his
chairmanship and agreeing to
limitations on his Twitter usage. In
2019, he won a defamation trial
brought against him by a British
caver who advised in the Tham
Luang cave rescue. Musk has also
been criticized for spreading
misinformation about the COVID-19
pandemic and for his other views on
such matters as artificial
intelligence, cryptocurrency, and
public transport.
Early life
Childhood and family
Elon Reeve Musk was born on June

28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa.[5]
His mother is Maye Musk
(née Haldeman), a model and
dietitian born in Saskatchewan,
Canada,[6][7][8] but raised in South
Africa. His father is Errol Musk, a
South African electromechanical
engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and
property developer who was once a
half owner of a Zambian emerald
mine near Lake Tanganyika.[9][10]
Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal
(born 1972), and a younger sister,
Tosca (born 1974).[8][11] His maternal
grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was
an American-born Canadian,[12][13]
and Musk has British and
Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.[14][15]
The family was very wealthy in Elon's
youth; Errol Musk once said, "We had
so much money at times we couldn't
even close our safe".[10][16] After his
parents divorced in 1980, Musk
mostly lived with his father in
Pretoria and elsewhere,[14] a choice
he made two years after the divorce
and subsequently regretted.[17] Musk
has become estranged from his
father, whom he describes as "a
terrible human being... Almost every
evil thing you could possibly think of,
he has done."[17] He has a half-sister
and a half-brother on his father's
side.[12][18] Elon attended an Anglican
Sunday school in his youth.[19]
Around age 10, Musk developed an

interest in computing and video
games and acquired a Commodore
VIC-20.[20][21] He learned computer
programming using a manual and, at
age 12, sold the code of a BASIC-
based video game he created called
Blastar to PC and Office Technology
magazine for approximately
$500.[22][23] An awkward and
introverted child,[24] Musk was
bullied throughout his childhood and
was once hospitalized after a group
of boys threw him down a flight of
stairs.[17][25] He attended Waterkloof
House Preparatory School and
Bryanston High School before
graduating from Pretoria Boys High
School.[26]
Education
Musk graduated from Pretoria Boys High
School in South Africa.
Aware that it would be easier to enter

the United States from Canada,[27]
Musk applied for a Canadian
passport through his Canadian-born
mother.[28][29] While awaiting the
documentation, he attended the
University of Pretoria for five months;
this allowed him to avoid mandatory
service in the South African
military.[30] Musk arrived in Canada
in June 1989, and lived with a
second-cousin in Saskatchewan for
a year,[31] working odd jobs at a farm
and lumber-mill.[32] In 1990, he
entered Queen's University in
Kingston, Ontario.[33][34] Two years
later, he transferred to the University
of Pennsylvania, where he graduated
in 1995 with a Bachelor of Science
degree in economics and a Bachelor
of Arts degree in physics.[35][36][37][38]
In 1994, Musk held two internships in

Silicon Valley during the summer: at
energy storage startup Pinnacle
Research Institute, which researched
electrolytic ultracapacitors for
energy storage, and at the Palo Alto-
based startup Rocket Science
Games.[39] In 1995, he was accepted
to a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
program in materials science at
Stanford University in California.[40]
Musk attempted to get a job at
Netscape but never received a
response to his inquiries.[28] He
dropped out of Stanford after two
days, deciding instead to join the
Internet boom and launch an Internet
startup.[41]
Business career
Zip2
External video
Musk speaks of his early business

experience during a 2014
commencement speech at USC (http
s://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7Qh
-vwpYH8) on YouTube
In 1995, Musk, Kimbal, and Greg

Kouri founded web software
company Zip2 with funds from angel
investors.[17] They housed the
venture at a small rented office in
Palo Alto.[42] The company
developed and marketed an Internet
city guide for the newspaper
publishing industry, with maps,
directions, and yellow pages.[43]
Musk says that before the company
became successful, he could not
afford an apartment and instead
rented an office and slept on the
couch and showered at the YMCA,
and shared one computer with his
brother. According to Musk, "The
website was up during the day and I
was coding it at night, seven days a
week, all the time."[42] The Musk
brothers obtained contracts with The
New York Times and the Chicago
Tribune,[44] and persuaded the board
of directors to abandon plans for a
merger with CitySearch.[45] Musk's
attempts to become CEO, a position
held by its Chairman Rich Sorkin,[46]
were thwarted by the board.[47]
Compaq acquired Zip2 for
$307 million in cash in February
1999,[48][49] and Musk received
$22 million for his 7-percent
share.[50][51]
X.com and PayPal
In 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an

online financial services and e-mail
payment company.[52] The startup
was one of the first federally insured
online banks, and, in its initial
months of operation, over 200,000
customers joined the service.[53] The
company's investors regarded Musk
as inexperienced and had him
replaced with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by
the end of the year.[54] The following
year, X.com merged with online bank
Confinity to avoid
competition.[42][54][55] Founded by
Max Levchin and Peter Thiel,[56]
Confinity had its own money-transfer
service, PayPal, which was more
popular than X.com's service.[50][57]
Within the merged company, Musk
returned as CEO. Musk's preference
for Microsoft software over Linux
created a rift in the company and
caused Thiel to resign.[58] Due to
resulting technological issues and
lack of a cohesive business model,
the board ousted Musk and replaced
him with Thiel in September
2000.[59][note 2] Under Thiel, the
company focused on the PayPal
service and was renamed PayPal in
2001.[61][62] In 2002, PayPal was
acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in
stock, of which Musk—the largest
shareholder with 11.7% of shares—
received over $100 million.[63][64]
In 2017, Musk purchased the domain

X.com from PayPal for an
undisclosed amount, explaining it
has sentimental value.[65][66]
SpaceX
Musk explains the planned capabilities of

SpaceX Starship to NORAD and Air Force
Space Command in 2019
In 2001, Musk became involved with
the nonprofit Mars Society. He was
inspired by plans to place a growth-
chamber for plants on Mars and
discussed funding the project
himself.[67] In October 2001, Musk
traveled to Moscow with Jim Cantrell
and Mike Griffin to buy refurbished
Intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs) that could send the
greenhouse payloads into space. He
met with companies NPO Lavochkin
and Kosmotras; however, Musk was
seen as a novice and was even spat
on by one of the Russian chief
designers. The group returned to the
United States empty-handed. In
February 2002, the group returned to
Russia to look for three ICBMs. They
had another meeting with Kosmotras
and were offered one rocket for
$8 million, which Musk rejected.
Musk instead decided to start a
company that could build affordable
rockets.[68] With $100 million of his
early fortune,[69] Musk founded
Space Exploration Technologies
Corp., traded as SpaceX, in May
2002.[70] As of 2021, he remains the
company's CEO and also holds the
title of Chief Engineer.[71]
SpaceX attempted its first launch of

the Falcon 1 rocket in 2006,[72] and
although the rocket failed to reach
Earth orbit, it was awarded a
Commercial Orbital Transportation
Services program contract from
NASA later that year.[73] After two
more failed attempts, which
reportedly caused Musk so much
stress that he was "waking from
nightmares, screaming and in
physical pain,"[74] SpaceX succeeded
in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in
2008, making it the first private
liquid-fuel rocket to do so.[75] Later
that year, SpaceX received a
$1.6 billion Commercial Resupply
Services program contract from
NASA for 12 flights of its Falcon 9
rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the
International Space Station,
replacing the Space Shuttle after its
2011 retirement.[76] In 2012, the
Dragon vehicle berthed with the ISS,
a first for a private enterprise.[77]
Working towards its goal of reusable
rockets, in 2015, SpaceX
successfully landed the first stage of
a Falcon 9.[78] Landings were later
achieved on an autonomous
spaceport drone ship, an ocean-
based recovery platform.[79] In 2018,
SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy;
the inaugural mission carried Musk's
personal Tesla Roadster as a dummy
payload.[80][81] In 2017, SpaceX
unveiled its next-generation launch
vehicle and spacecraft system, Big
Falcon Rocket, later renamed to
Starship, which would support all
SpaceX launch service provider
capabilities.[82] In 2018, SpaceX
announced a planned 2023 lunar
circumnavigation mission, a private
flight called dearMoon project.[83] In
2020, SpaceX launched its first
crewed flight, the Demo-2, becoming
the first private company to place a
person into orbit and dock a crewed
spacecraft with the ISS.[84]
SpaceX began development of the

Starlink constellation of low Earth
orbit satellites in 2015 to provide
satellite Internet access,[85] with the
first two prototype satellites
launched in February 2018. A second
set of test satellites and the first
large deployment of a piece of the
constellation occurred in May 2019,
when the first 60 operational
satellites were launched.[86] The total
cost of the decade-long project to
design, build, and deploy the
constellation is estimated by SpaceX
to be about $10 billion.[87][note 3]
The company has attracted criticism

from astronomers who say Starlink's
satellites are blocking the view of the
skies, and from experts arguing that
they risk colliding and causing
dangers in space.[90][91] Musk
rejected the criticism, stating that the
impact of satellites is "nothing" and
that "space is just extremely
enormous, and satellites are very
tiny."[90]
Tesla
Musk next to a Tesla Model S at the Tesla
Fremont Factory in 2011
Tesla, Inc.—originally Tesla Motors—

was incorporated in July 2003 by
Martin Eberhard and Marc
Tarpenning, who financed the
company until the Series A round of
funding.[92] Both men played active
roles in the company's early
development prior to Musk's
involvement.[93] Musk led the Series
A round of investment in February
2004; he invested $6.5 million,
became the majority shareholder,
and joined Tesla's board of directors
as chairman.[94][95] Musk took an
active role within the company and
oversaw Roadster product design
but was not deeply involved in day-
to-day business operations.[96]
Following a series of escalating
conflicts in 2007 and the 2008
financial crisis, Eberhard was ousted
from the firm.[97][98] Musk assumed
leadership of the company as CEO
and product architect in 2008.[99] A
2009 lawsuit settlement with
Eberhard designated Musk as a
Tesla co-founder, along with
Tarpenning and two others.[100][101]
As of 2019, Elon Musk was the
longest tenured CEO of any
automotive manufacturer
globally.[102] In 2021, Musk nominally
changed his title to Technoking while
retaining his position as CEO.[103]
Tesla first built an electric sports car,

the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of
about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first
serial production all-electric car to
use lithium-ion battery cells.[104]
Tesla began delivery of its four-door
Model S sedan in 2012;[105] a cross-
over, the Model X was launched in
2015.[106][107] A mass market sedan,
the Model 3, was released in
2017.[108][109] As of March 2020, it is
the world's best-selling electric car,
with more than 500,000 units
delivered.[110] A fifth vehicle, the
Model Y crossover, was launched in
2020.[111] The Cybertruck, an all-
electric pickup truck, was unveiled in
2019.[112] Under Musk, Tesla has
also constructed multiple lithium-ion
battery and electric vehicle
subassembly factories, such as
Gigafactory 1 in Nevada and
Gigafactory 3 in China.[113][114][115]
Musk at the 2019 Tesla annual shareholder

meeting
Since its initial public offering in
2010,[116] Tesla stock has risen
significantly; it became the most
valuable carmaker in summer
2020,[117][118] and it entered the S&P
500 later that year.[119][120] In October
2021 it reached a market
capitalization of $1 trillion, the sixth
company to do so in U.S. history.[121]
On November 6, 2021, Musk
proposed on Twitter selling 10% of
his Tesla stock, since "much is made
lately of unrealized gains being a
means of tax avoidance".[122][123]
After more than 3.5 million Twitter
accounts supported the sale, Musk
sold $6.9 billion of Tesla stock in the
week ending November 12,[122] and a
total of $16.4 billion by year end,
reaching the 10% target.[124]
SEC lawsuit
In September 2018, Musk was sued

by the US Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC)[125] for a tweet
claiming funding had been secured
for potentially taking Tesla
private.[126][note 4] The lawsuit
claimed that discussions Musk held
with foreign investors in July 2018
did not confirm key deal terms and
thus characterized the tweet as
false, misleading, and damaging to
investors, and sought to bar Musk
from serving as CEO of publicly
traded companies.[126][130][131] Musk
called the allegations unjustified and
claimed he had never compromised
his integrity.[132] Two days later,
Musk settled with the SEC, without
admitting or denying the SEC's
allegations. As a result, Musk and
Tesla were fined $20 million each,
and Musk was forced to step down
for three years as Tesla chairman but
was able to remain as CEO.[133][134]
Musk has stated in interviews he

does not regret posting the tweet
that triggered the SEC
investigation.[135][136] On February 19,
2019, Musk stated in a tweet that
Tesla would build half a million cars
in 2019.[137] The SEC reacted to
Musk's tweet by filing in court,
initially asking the court to hold him
in contempt for violating the terms of
a settlement agreement with such a
tweet, which was disputed by Musk.
This was eventually settled by a joint
agreement between Musk and the
SEC clarifying the previous
agreement details.[138] The
agreement included a list of topics
that Musk would need preclearance
before tweeting about.[139] In May
2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit
from proceeding that claimed a
tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock
price ("too high imo") violated the
agreement.[140][141] FOIA released
records showing that the SEC itself
concluded Musk has subsequently
violated the agreement twice by
tweeting regarding "Tesla's solar roof
production volumes and its stock
price".[142]
SolarCity and Tesla Energy

SolarCity solar-panel installation vans in 2009
Musk provided the initial concept

and financial capital for SolarCity,
which his cousins Lyndon and Peter
Rive co-founded in 2006.[143] By
2013, SolarCity was the second
largest provider of solar power
systems in the United States.[144] In
2014, Musk promoted the idea of
SolarCity building an advanced
production facility in Buffalo, New
York, triple the size of the largest
solar plant in the United States.[145]
Construction on the factory started
in 2014 and was completed in 2017.
It operated as a joint venture with
Panasonic until early 2020 when
Panasonic departed.[146][147]
Tesla acquired SolarCity for over

$2 billion in 2016 and merged it with
its battery energy storage products
division to create Tesla Energy. The
announcement of the deal resulted in
a more than 10% drop in Tesla's
stock price. At the time, SolarCity
was facing liquidity issues; however,
Tesla shareholders were not
informed.[148] Consequently, multiple
shareholder groups filed a lawsuit
against Musk and Tesla's directors,
claiming that the purchase of
SolarCity was done solely to benefit
Musk and came at the expense of
Tesla and its shareholders.[149][150]
During a June 2019 court deposition,
Musk acknowledged that the
company reallocated every possible
employee from the solar division to
work on the Model 3, and, according
to Musk, "as a result, solar suffered."
This had not previously been
disclosed to shareholders. Court
documents unsealed in 2019 have
confirmed that Musk was also aware
of the company's liquidity issues.[148]
Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in
January 2020, leaving Musk the sole
remaining defendant.[151][152]
Neuralink
Musk discussing a Neuralink device during a
live demonstration in 2020
In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink,

a neurotechnology startup company
to integrate the human brain with
artificial intelligence (AI) by creating
devices that are embedded in the
human brain to facilitate its merging
with machines. The devices will also
reconcile with the latest
improvements in artificial
intelligence to stay updated. Such
improvements could enhance
memory or allow the devices to
communicate with software more
effectively.[153][154]
At a live demonstration in August
2020, Musk described one of their
early devices as "a Fitbit in your
skull" that could soon cure paralysis,
deafness, blindness, and other
disabilities. Many neuroscientists
and publications criticized these
claims;[155][156][157] MIT Technology
Review described them as "highly
speculative" and "neuroscience
theater".[155]
The Boring Company

Musk during the 2018 inauguration of the
Boring Test Tunnel in Hawthorne, California
In 2016, Musk founded The Boring

Company to construct tunnels.[158] In
early 2017, the company began
discussions with regulatory bodies
and initiated construction of a 30-
foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m)
long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test
trench" on the premises of SpaceX's
offices as it required no permits.[159]
A tunnel beneath the Las Vegas
Convention Center was completed in
early 2021.[160] Local officials have
approved further expansions of the
tunnel system.[161]
As a merchandising and publicity

stunt, The Boring Company sold
2,000 novelty flamethrowers in
2018.[162][163] The idea was allegedly
inspired by the Mel Brooks-directed
film Spaceballs (1987).[164][165]
Managerial style and

treatment of employees
Musk's managerial style and
treatment of his employees have
been heavily
criticized.[166][167][168][169][170][171] One
person who worked closely with
Musk said he exhibits "a high level of
degenerate behavior" such as
paranoia and bullying.[167] Another
described him as exhibiting "total
and complete pathological
sociopathy".[167] Business Insider
reported that Tesla employees were
told not to walk past Musk's desk
because of his "wild firing
rampages".[172] The Wall Street
Journal reported that, after Musk
insisted on branding his vehicles as
"self-driving", he faced criticism from
his engineers, some of whom
resigned in response, with one
stating that Musk's "reckless
decision making... ha[d] potentially
put customer lives at risk".[173] The
2021 book Power Play contains
multiple anecdotes of Musk berating
employees.[174]
Other activities
Hyperloop
In 2013, Musk announced plans for a

version of a vactrain (or vacuum tube
train), assigning a dozen engineers
from Tesla and SpaceX to establish
the conceptual foundations and
create initial designs.[175] On August
12, 2013, Musk unveiled the concept,
which he dubbed the Hyperloop.[176]
The alpha design for the system was
published in a whitepaper posted to
the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[177] The
document scoped out the
technology and outlined a notional
route where such a transport system
could be built between the Greater
Los Angeles Area and the San
Francisco Bay Area at an estimated
total cost of $6 billion.[178] The
proposal, if technologically feasible
at the costs he has cited, would
make Hyperloop travel cheaper than
any other mode of transport for such
long distances.[179]
In June 2015, Musk announced a

design competition for students and
others to build Hyperloop pods to
operate on a SpaceX-sponsored
mile-long track in a 2015–2017
Hyperloop pod competition. The
track was used in January 2017, and
Musk also announced that the
company started a tunnel project
with Hawthorne airport as its
destination.[180] In July 2017, Musk
claimed that he had received "verbal
government approval" to build a
hyperloop from New York City to
Washington, D.C., stopping in both
Philadelphia and Baltimore.[181]
Mention of the project for the DC to
Baltimore part were removed from
the Boring Company website later in
2021.[182]
OpenAI
In December 2015, Musk announced

the creation of OpenAI, a not-for-
profit artificial intelligence (AI)
research company aiming to develop
artificial general intelligence
intended to be safe and beneficial to
humanity.[183] A particular focus of
the company is to "counteract large
corporations [and governments] who
may gain too much power by owning
super-intelligence systems".[184][17] In
2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to
avoid possible future conflicts with
his role as CEO of Tesla as the
company increasingly became
involved in AI through Tesla
Autopilot.[185]
Tham Luang cave rescue and

defamation case
Rescue personnel and equipment at the cave
entrance
In July 2018, Musk arranged for his

employees to build a small rescue
pod to assist the rescue of children
stuck in a flooded cavern in
Thailand.[186] Richard Stanton, leader
of the international rescue diving
team, urged Musk on in construction
of the mini-submarine as a back-up,
in case flooding worsened.[187]
Named "Wild Boar" after the
children's soccer team,[188] its design
was a five-foot (1.5 m)-long, 12-inch
(30 cm)-wide sealed tube weighing
about 90 pounds (41 kg) propelled
manually by divers in the front and
back with segmented compartments
to place diver weights to adjust
buoyancy,[189][190] intended to solve
the problem of safely extracting the
children. Engineers at SpaceX and
The Boring Company built the mini-
submarine out of a Falcon 9 liquid
oxygen transfer tube[191] in eight
hours and personally delivered it to
Thailand.[189] By this time, however,
eight of the 12 children had already
been rescued using full face masks
and oxygen under anesthesia;
consequently Thai authorities
declined to use the submarine.[192]
Elon Musk was later one of the 187
people who received various honors
conferred by the King of Thailand in
March 2019 for involvement in the
rescue effort, e.g. the Order of the
Direkgunabhorn.[193][194]
Vernon Unsworth, a British

recreational caver who had been
exploring the cave for the previous
six years and played a key advisory
role in the rescue, criticized the
submarine on CNN as amounting to
nothing more than a public relations
effort with no chance of success,
and that Musk "had no conception of
what the cave passage was like" and
"can stick his submarine where it
hurts". Musk asserted on Twitter that
the device would have worked and
referred to Unsworth as "pedo
guy".[195] He subsequently deleted
the tweets, along with an earlier
tweet in which he told another critic
of the device, "Stay tuned
jackass."[195] On July 16, Unsworth
stated that he was considering legal
action.[196][197]
Two days later, Musk issued an
apology for his remarks.[198][199]
Then, on August 28, 2018, in
response to criticism from a writer
on Twitter, Musk tweeted, "You don't
think it's strange he hasn't sued
me?"[200] The following day, a letter
dated August 6 from L. Lin Wood, the
rescuer's attorney, emerged, showing
that he had been making
preparations for a libel
lawsuit.[201][202]
Around this time, James Howard-

Higgins emailed Musk claiming to be
a private investigator and with an
offer to "dig deep" into Unsworth's
past, which Musk accepted; Higgins
was later revealed to be a convicted
felon with multiple counts of
fraud.[203][204] On August 30, using
details produced during the alleged
investigation,[205] Musk sent a
BuzzFeed News reporter who had
written about the controversy an
email prefaced with "off the record",
telling the reporter to "stop defending
child rapists, you fucking asshole"
and claiming that Unsworth is a
"single white guy from England who's
been traveling to or living in Thailand
for 30 to 40 years... until moving to
Chiang Rai for a child bride who was
about 12 years old at the time." On
September 5, the reporter tweeted a
screenshot of the email, saying that
"Off the record is a two-party
agreement," which he "did not agree
to."[206][207][208]
In September, Unsworth filed a

defamation suit in Los Angeles
federal court.[209][210] In his defense,
Musk argued that in slang usage
"'pedo guy' was a common insult
used in South Africa when I was
growing up... synonymous with
'creepy old man' and is used to insult
a person's appearance and
demeanor."[211] The defamation case
began in December 2019, with
Unsworth seeking $190 million in
damages.[212] During the trial Musk
apologized to Unsworth again for the
tweet. On December 6, the jury found
in favor of Musk and ruled he was
not liable.[213][214]
2018 Joe Rogan podcast

appearance
On September 6, 2018, Musk

appeared on The Joe Rogan
Experience podcast and discussed
various topics for over two hours.
One of the highest-profile and most
controversial aspects of the program
was Musk's sampling a single puff
from a cigar consisting, Joe Rogan
claimed, of tobacco laced with
cannabis. The Washington Post
observed that, "In the media's hands,
it became a story about Musk's
growing instability."[215]
Tesla stock dropped after the

incident, which coincided with the
confirmation of the departure of
Tesla's vice president of worldwide
finance earlier that day.[216][217]
Fortune wondered if the cannabis
use could have ramifications for
SpaceX contracts with the United
States Air Force, though an Air Force
spokesperson told The Verge that
there was no investigation and that
the Air Force was still processing the
situation.[218][219] In a 60 Minutes
interview, Musk said of the incident:
"I do not smoke pot. As anybody who
watched that podcast could tell, I
have no idea how to smoke
pot."[220][221]
Music ventures
On March 30, 2019, Musk released a

rap track, "RIP Harambe", on
SoundCloud as Emo G Records. The
track, which is an allusion to the
killing of Harambe, a gorilla in a
Cincinnati zoo, and the subsequent
"tasteless" Internet sensationalism
surrounding the event, was
performed by Yung Jake, written by
Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek,
and produced by BloodPop.[222][223]
On January 30, 2020, Musk released
an EDM track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe",
featuring his own lyrics and
vocals.[224] While The Guardian critic
Alexi Petridis described it as
"indistinguishable... from umpteen
competent but unthrilling bits of
bedroom electronica posted
elsewhere on Soundcloud",[225]
TechCrunch said it was "not a bad
representation of the genre".[224]
Donations and non-profits

Musk is president of the Musk
Foundation,[226] which states its
purpose is to provide solar-power
energy systems in disaster areas as
well as to support research and
development, advocacy, and
educational goals.[227][228] Since
2002, the foundation has made over
350 contributions. Around half were
to scientific research or education
nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries
include the Wikimedia Foundation,
his alma mater the University of
Pennsylvania, and Kimbal's Big
Green.[229] Vox described the
foundation as "almost entertaining in
its simplicity and yet is strikingly
opaque", noting that its website was
only 33 words in plain-text.[230] The
foundation has been criticized for
the relatively small amount of wealth
donated.[231] From 2002 to 2018, it
gave out $25 million directly to non-
profits, nearly half of which went to
Musk's OpenAI,[230] which was at the
time a non-profit organization.[232] In
2012, Musk took the Giving Pledge,
thereby committing to give the
majority of his wealth to charitable
causes either during his lifetimes or
in his will.[233] In 2020, Forbes still
gave Musk a philanthropy score of 1,
because he had given away less than
1% of his net worth.[229]
Musk has endowed prizes at the X
Prize Foundation, including
$15 million to encourage innovation
in addressing illiteracy and
$100 million to reward improved
carbon capture
technology.[234][235][236][237] In
November 2021, Musk donated $5.7
billion of Tesla's shares to
charity.[238]
Wealth
Musk's net worth from 2012 to 2021 as
estimated by Forbes magazine
Musk made $165 million when

PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002.[239]
He was first listed on the Forbes
Billionaires List in 2012, with a net
worth of $2 billion.[240]
At the start of 2020, Musk had a net
worth of $27 billion.[241] By the year's
end his net worth had increased by
$150 billion, largely driven by his
ownership of around 20% of Tesla
stock.[242] During this, Musk's net
worth was often volatile. For
example, it dropped $16.3 billion in
September, the largest single-day
plunge in the history of the
Bloomberg Billionaires Index.[243] In
November of that year, Musk passed
Facebook co-founder Mark
Zuckerberg to become the third-
richest person in the world; a week
later he passed Microsoft co-founder
Bill Gates to become the second-
richest.[244] In January 2021, Musk,
with a net worth of $185 billion,
surpassed Amazon founder Jeff
Bezos to become the richest person
in the world.[245] Bezos reclaimed the
top spot the following month.[246] On
September 27, 2021, Forbes
announced that Musk had a net
worth of over $200 billion, and was
the richest person in the world, after
Tesla stock surged.[247] In November
2021, Musk became the first person
with a net worth over $300
billion.[248]
Around three-quarters of Musk's

wealth derives from Tesla.[244] Musk
does not receive a salary from Tesla;
he agreed in 2018 to a compensation
plan with the board that ties his
personal earnings to Tesla's
valuation and revenue.[242] The deal
stipulated that Musk only receives
the compensation if Tesla reaches
certain market values.[249] It was the
largest such deal ever done between
a CEO and board.[250] In the first
award, given in May 2020, he was
eligible to purchase 1.69 million
TSLA shares (about 1% of the
company) at below-market prices,
which was worth about
$800 million.[250][249]
Musk has repeatedly described

himself as "cash poor",[251][252] and
has "professed to have little interest
in the material trappings of
wealth".[251] In 2012, Musk signed
The Giving Pledge and, in May 2020,
Musk pledged to "sell almost all
physical possessions".[252][253] In
2021, Musk defended his wealth by
saying he is "accumulating resources
to help make life multiplanetary [and]
extend the light of consciousness to
the stars".[254] In the early 2000s,
Musk was a private pilot, his favorite
aircraft then being the L-39 Albatros,
though he decided to stop piloting by
2008.[255][256] He uses a private jet
owned by SpaceX[257][258] and
acquired a second jet in August
2020.[259] The jet's heavy use of
fossil fuels—it flew over 150,000
miles in 2018—has received
criticism.[257][260] According to
ProPublica, Musk paid no federal
income taxes in 2018.[261]
Views
Politics
Musk with then US Vice President Mike Pence
in 2020 at the Kennedy Space Center shortly
before SpaceX's Crew Dragon Demo-2 launch
In 2015, Musk stated he was a

"significant (though not top-tier)
donor to Democrats" but that he also
gives heavily to Republicans. Musk
said that political contributions are a
requirement to have a voice in the
United States government.[262] Musk
criticized Donald Trump for his
stance on climate change[263] and
after joining Trump's two business
advisory councils,[264][265] Musk
resigned from both in June 2017 in
protest against Trump's decision to
withdraw the United States from the
Paris Agreement.[266] In the 2020
Democratic presidential primaries,
Musk endorsed candidate Andrew
Yang and expressed support for his
proposed universal basic
income;[267] he endorsed Kanye
West's independent campaign in the
general election.[268] Musk has
stated that he thinks a theoretical
government on Mars should be
direct democracy.[269] In September
2021, following the adoption of
Texas' strict abortion restrictions,
Texas Governor Greg Abbott stated
that Musk and SpaceX supported
Texas' "social policies". In response,
Musk stated, "In general, I believe
government should rarely impose its
will upon the people, and, when
doing so, should aspire to maximize
their cumulative happiness. That
said, I would prefer to stay out of
politics."[270] Regarding Democratic
proposals for increased taxes on
billionaires, Musk's responses have
included critical policy remarks and
lashing out at proponents such as
Senator Ron Wyden.[271][272]
In July 2020, Musk tweeted

"Pronouns suck" to significant
backlash on Twitter, including from
his partner Grimes.[273][274][275] The
tweet has been perceived by some
as transphobic and an attack on non-
binary identities.[276] In a series of
December 2020 tweets, Musk again
mocked the use of pronouns. The
Human Rights Campaign, which had
previously given Tesla the number
one ranking on its Corporate Equality
Index, criticized his tweets and called
for an apology.[277][278]
Musk has stated that he does not
believe the U.S. government should
provide subsidies to companies;
instead they should use a carbon tax
to discourage poor behavior.[279][280]
Musk says that the free market
would achieve the best solution, and
that producing environmentally
unfriendly vehicles should come with
its own consequences.[281] His
stance has been called hypocritical
as his businesses have received
billions of dollars in
subsidies.[282][283] In addition, Tesla
made large sums from government-
initiated systems of zero emissions
credits offered in California and the
United States federal level, which
enabled improved initial consumer
adoption of Tesla vehicles, as the tax
credits given by governments
enabled Tesla's battery electric
vehicles to be price-competitive, in
relative comparison with existing
lower-priced internal combustion
engine vehicles.[284] Notably, Tesla
generates a sizeable portion of its
revenue from its sales of carbon
credits granted to the company, by
both the European Union Emissions
Trading System and the Chinese
national carbon trading
scheme.[285][286][287][288]
Musk with Indian Prime Minister Narendra
Modi and NSA Ajit Doval
Musk, a longtime opponent of short-

selling, has repeatedly criticized the
practice and argued it should be
illegal.[289][290] Musk's opposition to
short-selling has been speculated to
stem from how short-sellers often
organize and publish opposition
research about the companies that
they believe are currently
overvalued.[291] In early 2021, he
encouraged the GameStop short
squeeze.[292][293] Musk has also
regularly promoted cryptocurrencies,
stating that he supports them over
traditional government-issued fiat
currencies.[294] Given the volatile
effects that his tweets about them
have,[295] his statements around
cryptocurrencies have been viewed
as market manipulations by critics
such as Nouriel Roubini.[296]
In November 2021, Musk was

criticized after mocking U.S. Senator
Bernie Sanders on Twitter. Sanders
posted a message on Twitter saying
"We must demand that the extremely
wealthy pay their fair share. Period."
Musk then replied: "I keep forgetting
that you're still alive."[297][298][299]
Musk has voiced concerns about

human population decline,[300][301]
saying that "Mars has zero human
population. We need a lot of people
to become a multiplanet
civilization."[302] Speaking at The Wall
Street Journal's CEO Council session
in December 2021, Musk stated that
declining birth rates and population
is one of the biggest risks to human
civilization.[303]
In a December 2021 interview with
Christian conservative satirical
website The Babylon Bee, Musk
lamented that it was "increasingly
difficult to get things done" in
California. Musk had sold enough to
reach his goal of selling 10% of his
shares in Tesla (then the world's
most valuable car company),
partially to pay taxes, and relocated
his personal and Tesla's tax
residence from California to Texas in
order to avoid state income tax.
Musk said that "California used to be
the land of opportunity and now it
is ... becoming moreso the land of
sort of overregulation, overlitigation,
overtaxation."[304] In the same
interview, he stated, "At its heart
wokeness is divisive, exclusionary,
and hateful. It basically gives mean
people ... a shield to be mean and
cruel, armored in false virtue."[305]
COVID-19
Elon Musk Twitter

@elonmusk
Based on current trends, probably

close to zero new cases in US too by
end of April
March 19, 2020[306]

Musk was criticized for his public
comments and conduct related to
the COVID-19 pandemic.[307][308] He
spread misinformation about the
virus, including promoting
chloroquine and assuming that
death statistics were
manipulated.[309][310][311][312][313] At
the start of the pandemic, he claimed
that children "are essentially
immune" to the SARS-CoV-2
coronavirus.[314][315] Twitter
determined that, given the "overall
context and conclusion of the
Tweet", it did not break their rules on
COVID-19 commentary; the decision
was described as "irresponsible" by
The Verge.[316]
Musk also called "the coronavirus

panic...dumb".[317][318][319] Musk
repeatedly criticized lockdowns and
violated local orders by re-opening
the Tesla Fremont
factory.[320][321][322] In March 2020,
commenting on a New York Times
report that China had reported no
new cases of domestic spread of the
novel coronavirus, Musk predicted
that there would be "probably close
to zero new cases in US by the end
of April".[323][324] Politico later labeled
this statement one of "the most
audacious, confident and
spectacularly incorrect
prognostications [of 2020]".[325] In
November 2020, the phrase "Space
Karen" trended on Twitter in
connection with Musk after he
tweeted misinformation about the
effectiveness of COVID-19
testing.[316][326][327][328]
Also in March 2020, Musk offered to

donate ventilators which Tesla would
build or buy from a third party.[329]
Multiple hospitals noted that the
devices eventually donated were
BiPAP and CPAP machines, not the
much more expensive and sought-
after invasive mechanical ventilator
(IMV) machines, but the devices
could still be used to free up
ventilators for the sickest
patients.[330][331][332] Invasive
ventilators can cost up to $50,000
whereas CPAP machines can be
purchased for around $500.[333]
In 2021, findings of an antibody-

testing program that SpaceX worked
with doctors and academic
researchers to create were published
in Nature Communications with Musk
listed as a co-author.[334][335]
Artificial intelligence,
metaverse, and public transit
Musk has frequently spoken about

the potential dangers of artificial
intelligence (AI), repeatedly calling it
the greatest threat to
humanity.[336][337] Musk's opinions
about AI have provoked
controversy.[338] Consequently,
according to CNBC, Musk is "not
always looked upon favorably" by the
AI research community.[339] Musk
and Mark Zuckerberg have clashed
on the issue, with Zuckerberg calling
his warnings "pretty
irresponsible".[340][341][342] Musk's
claims that humans live in a
computer simulation have also been
criticized.[343][344]
In December 2021, when prompted

for his opinion about the virtual
reality (VR) driven metaverse, Musk
said that he was "unable to see a
compelling metaverse situation" and
further remarked that "I think we're
far from disappearing into the
metaverse. This sounds just kind of
buzzword-y."[345][346]
"Sure you can put a

TV on your nose. I'm
not sure that makes
you 'in the
metaverse'." "I don't
see someone
strapping a frigging
screen to their face
all day and not
wanting to ever
leave. That seems —
no way."
Despite his companies' dealing in

various areas of transportation,
Musk has criticized public
transportation,[347][348] a stance that
has been called elitist, as public
modes of transportation provide
service for all persons, while cars
can be used only by those who own
or rent and can drive them.[349][350]
In December 2017, in response to an

audience question about his take on
public transit and urban sprawl, at a
Tesla event on the sidelines of the
Neural Information Processing
Systems Conference in Long Beach,
California, Musk remarked:[351][352]
"There is this
premise that good
things must be
somehow painful. I
think public
transport is painful.
It sucks. Why do you
want to get on
something with a lot
of other people, that
doesn't leave where
you want it to leave,
doesn't start where
you want it to start,
doesn't end where
you want it to end?
And it doesn't go all
the time."
"It's a pain in the ass,

that's why everyone
doesn't like it. And
there's like a bunch
of random strangers,
one of who might be
a serial killer, OK,
great. And so that's
why people like
individualized
transport, that goes
where you want,
when you want."
When the audience

member responded
that public
transportation
seemed to work in
Japan, Musk shot
back, "What, where
they cram people in
the subway? That
doesn't sound great."
His comments have sparked

widespread criticism from both
transportation and urban planning
experts, which have pointed out that
public transportation in dense urban
areas is more economical, more
energy efficient and requires much
less space than private
cars.[353][354][350]
Personal life
Musk met his first wife, Canadian

author Justine Wilson, while
attending Queen's University, and
they married in 2000.[355] He
contracted malaria in 2000 while on
vacation in South Africa, and almost
died.[356] In 2002, their first child, son
Nevada Alexander Musk, died of
sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS) at the age of 10 weeks.[357]
After his death, the couple decided
to use IVF to continue their
family.[358] Twins Xavier and Griffin
were born in April 2004, followed by
triplets Kai, Saxon, and Damian in
2006.[358] The couple divorced in
2008 and share custody of their five
sons.[355][359][360]
In 2008, Musk began dating English
actress Talulah Riley, and in 2010,
the couple married. In 2012, he
announced a divorce from
Riley.[361][362][363] In 2013, Musk and
Riley remarried. In December 2014,
he filed for a second divorce from
Riley; however, the action was
withdrawn.[364] A second divorce was
finalized in 2016.[365] Musk then
dated Amber Heard for several
months in 2017;[366][367] he had
reportedly been pursuing her since
2012.[367] Musk was later accused by
Johnny Depp of having an affair with
Heard while she was still married to
Depp.[368][369][370] Musk and Heard
both denied the affair.[371]
In May 2018, Musk and Canadian

musician Grimes revealed that they
were dating.[372][373][374] Grimes gave
birth to their son in May
2020.[375][376] According to Musk and
Grimes, his name was "X Æ A-12";
however, the name would have
violated California regulations as it
contained characters that are not in
the modern English alphabet,[377][378]
and was then changed to "X Æ A-Xii".
This drew more confusion, as Æ is
not a letter in the modern English
alphabet.[379] The child was
eventually named "X AE A-XII" Musk,
with "X" as a first name, "AE A-XII" as
a middle name, and "Musk" as
surname.[380] Musk confirmed
reports that the couple are "semi-
separated" in September 2021; in an
interview with Time in December
2021, he said he was
single.[381][382][383]
From the early 2000s until late 2020,

Musk resided in California where
both Tesla and SpaceX were founded
and where their headquarters are still
located.[384] In 2020, he moved to
Texas, stating that California had
become "complacent" with its
economic success.[384][385]
During his hosting of Saturday Night
Live in May 2021, Musk stated that
he has Asperger syndrome.[386]
Public recognition
In popular culture
Musk has had multiple cameos and

appearances in films such as Iron
Man 2 (2010),[387] Why Him?
(2016),[388] and Men in Black:
International (2019).[389] Television
series on which he has appeared
include The Simpsons ("The Musk
Who Fell to Earth", 2015),[390] The Big
Bang Theory ("The Platonic
Permutation", 2015),[391] South Park
("Members Only", 2016),[392][393] Rick
and Morty ("One Crew over the
Crewcoo's Morty", 2019),[394][395] and
Saturday Night Live (2021).[396] He
has contributed interviews to the
documentaries Racing Extinction
(2015) and the Werner Herzog-
directed Lo and Behold
(2016).[397][398]
In China, Elon Musk has become a

"trademark phenomenon" according
to SCMP, with over 270 different
companies having registered
trademarks using his English name
or Chinese transliteration, for a
multitude of products including
printing, restaurants, textiles, and
design.[399]
Accolades
Musk was elected a fellow of the

Royal Society (FRS) in 2018.[400] In
2015, he received an honorary
doctorate in engineering and
technology at Yale,[401] and IEEE
Honorary Membership.[402] Awards
for his contributions to the
development of the Falcon rockets
include the American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics
George Low Transportation Award in
2008,[403] the Fédération
Aéronautique Internationale Gold
Space Medal in 2010,[404] and the
Royal Aeronautical Society Gold
Medal in 2012.[405] He was listed
among Time magazine's 100 Most
Influential People in 2010,[406]
2013,[407] 2018,[408] and 2021.[409] In
2021, Musk was selected as Time's
"Person of the Year". Time editor-in-
chief Edward Felsenthal wrote that
"Person of the Year is a marker of
influence, and few individuals have
had more influence than Musk on life
on Earth, and potentially life off Earth
too".[410][411]
Notes and
references
Notes
1. One child is deceased.[1]
2. Musk remained on the board and

served as an advisor.[60][61]
3. SpaceX received nearly $900 million

in Federal Communications
Commission subsidies for
Starlink.[88][89]
4. Musk stated he was considering

taking Tesla private at a price of
$420 a share, an alleged reference to
marijuana.[127] Members of Tesla's
board and rapper Azealia Banks
alleged that Musk may have been
under the influence of recreational
drugs when he wrote the
tweet.[128][129]
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How the Billionaire CEO of SpaceX
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External links
Elon Musk
at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews

Quotations from
Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
Appearances (https://www.c-span.
org/person/?elonmusk) on C-
SPAN
Elon Musk (https://www.imdb.co

m/name/nm1907769/) at IMDb
Elon Musk (https://www.ted.com/

speakers/elon_musk) at TED
Elon Musk (https://twitter.com/elo

nmusk) on Twitter
Forbes profile (https://www.forbes.

com/profile/elon-musk/)
List of inventions & patents (http
s://patents.justia.com/inventor/el
on-musk)
Portals: Biography
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Elon

Elon Reeve Musk FRS (/ˈiːlɒn/; born

Musk at the Royal Society admissions

Born Elon Reeve Musk

Citizenship South Africa

Title Founder, CEO

Spouse(s) Justine Wilson

Parent(s) Maye Musk

Relatives Tosca Musk

In 2002, Musk founded SpaceX, an

Musk has been criticized for

Childhood and family

Elon Reeve Musk was born on June

Around age 10, Musk developed an

Aware that it would be easier to enter

In 1994, Musk held two internships in

Musk speaks of his early business

In 1995, Musk, Kimbal, and Greg

X.com and PayPal

In 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an

In 2017, Musk purchased the domain

Musk explains the planned capabilities of

SpaceX attempted its ﬁrst launch of

SpaceX began development of the

The company has attracted criticism

Tesla, Inc.—originally Tesla Motors—

Tesla ﬁrst built an electric sports car,

Musk at the 2019 Tesla annual shareholder

In September 2018, Musk was sued

Musk has stated in interviews he

SolarCity and Tesla Energy

Musk provided the initial concept

Tesla acquired SolarCity for over

In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink,

The Boring Company

In 2016, Musk founded The Boring

As a merchandising and publicity

Managerial style and

In 2013, Musk announced plans for a

In June 2015, Musk announced a

In December 2015, Musk announced

Tham Luang cave rescue and

In July 2018, Musk arranged for his

Vernon Unsworth, a British

Around this time, James Howard-

In September, Unsworth ﬁled a

2018 Joe Rogan podcast

On September 6, 2018, Musk

Tesla stock dropped after the

On March 30, 2019, Musk released a

Donations and non-proﬁts

Musk made $165 million when

Around three-quarters of Musk's

Musk has repeatedly described

In 2015, Musk stated he was a

In July 2020, Musk tweeted

Musk, a longtime opponent of short-

In November 2021, Musk was

Musk has voiced concerns about

Elon Musk Twitter

Based on current trends, probably

March 19, 2020[306]

Musk also called "the coronavirus