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Module 1: Stoichiometry and Chemical Measurements

Introduction

Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the
composition and structure of matter. In other words, it is the art and science of determining what matter is and how
much of it exists and its arrangement. It also provides the methods and tools needed for insight into our material
world for answering four basic questions about a material sample;
What?
Where?
How much?
What arrangement, structure or form?
In practice, separation, identification or quantification may constitute the entire analysis or be combined
with another method. Separation isolates analytes. Qualitative analysis identifies analytes, while quantitative
analysis determines the numerical amount or concentration.

Qualitative analysis is what.

Quantitative analysis is how much.

1.1 Molar Mass is to know the different quantities of the elements present in the solution.

The concentration of a solution is a macroscopic property. It represents the amount of solute dissolved in a
unit amount of solvent or of solution, and can be expressed in a variety of ways. Concentration is a general
measurement unit stating the amount of solute present in a known amount of solution
amount of solute
Concentration =
amount of solution
Although the terms “solute” and “solution” are often associated with liquid samples, they can be extended to gas-
phase and solid-phase samples as well. The actual units for reporting concentration depend on how the amounts of
solute and solution are measured.

There are a number of ways to express the relative amounts of solute and solvent in a solution. Which one
we choose to use often depends on convenience. For example, it is sometimes easier to measure the volume of a
solution rather than the mass of the solution. Consider the table below.

Concentration Expression Definition Temperature Dependence

Percent Composition
[mass of solute (g)/mass of solution (g)] x 100 no
(by mass)

Molarity moles of solute/liter of solution (mol/L) yes

Molality moles of solute/kg of solvent (mol/kg) no

Mole Fraction moles of solute/total moles present (mol/mol) no

parts per thousand [mass of solute/mass of solution] x 103

no
(ppt) (g solute/kg solution)
parts per million [mass of solute/mass of solution] x 106
no
(ppm) (mg solute/kg solution)
parts per billion [mass of solute/mass of solution] x 109
no
(ppb) (µg solute/kg solution)
Page 2 of 3 Joey Estorosos (USJ-R)

The Mole

The mole (abbreviated mol) is the SI unit for the amount of a chemical substance. It is always associated with
specific microscopic entities such as atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such
particles as represented by a chemical formula. It is the amount of the specified substance that contains the same
number of particles as the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of 12C. This important number is Avogadro’s
number (NA = 6.022 x 1023).

The molar mass µ of a substance is the mass in grams of 1 mole of that substance. We calculate molar masses
by summing the atomic masses of all the atoms appearing in a chemical formula.

To find the molar mass of a compound:

1. Use the chemical formula to determine the number of each type of atom present in the
compound.
2. Multiply the atomic weight (from the periodic table) of each element by the number of atoms of
that element present in the compound.
3. Add it all together and put units of grams/mole after the number.

For example, the molar µ mass of methane CH4 is as follows.

1 mol C 12.0 g 4 mol H 1.0 g

µ = x + x
1 mol CH4 1 mol C 1 mol CH4 1 mol H

µ = 12.0 g/mol + 4.0 g/mol

µ = 16.0 g/mol CH4

and that of aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3

2 mol Al 26.98 g Al 3 mol S 32.07 g S 12 mol O 16.00 g O

µ = x + x + x
1 mol Al2 ( SO4 )3 1 mol Al 1 mol Al2 ( SO )
4 3 1 mol S 1 mol Al2 ( SO4 )3 1 mol O

µ = 53.96 g/mol + 96.21 g/mol + 192.00 g/mol

µ = 342.17 g/mol Al2(SO4)3

Thus, 1 mole of methane has a mass of 30.0 g and 1 mole of aluminum sulfate has a mass of 342.17 g.

Test Yourself

1. Determine the molar of the compounds.

a. CuSO4

b. CaCOH

c. Cr4(P2O7)3
Page 3 of 3 Joey Estorosos (USJ-R)

1.2 Percent Mass

The concentration of an element in a compound or component in a mixture can be represented Percent

Mass. The percent mass is calculated by dividing the mass of a component in one mole by the total mass of the
mixture and multiplying by 100 percent.

𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥

percent mass = x 100%
𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝

Example 1.2

Dichlorine heptoxide is a compound Cl2O7 and a molar mass of 182.90 g/mol. What is its percent
composition?

Solution:
Find the percent mass (% Cl and % O).

35.45 g Cl
Mass of Cl in 1 mol Cl2O7 = 2 mol Cl x = 70.90 g Cl
1 mol Cl

16.00 g O
Mass of O in 1 mol Cl2O7 = 7 mol O x = 112.00 g O
1 mol O

70.90 g Cl
% Cl = x 100 % = 38.76 % Cl
182.90 g

112.00 g O
%O = x 100 % = 61.24 % O
182.90g

Note: The percentages add up to 100%.

Percent mass can also be used to calculate the mass of a specific element present in any given mass of a
compound. In the preceding example problem, the percent composition of Dichlorine Heptoxide was determined
to be 38.76% Cl and 61.24% O. Suppose you were tasked with determining the chlorine and oxygen masses in a
18.25 g sample of Cl2O7.

Solution:
38.76 g Cl
18.25 g Cl2O7 x = 7.07 g Cl
100 g Cl2 O7

61.24 g O
18.25 g Cl2O7 x = 11.18 g O
100 g Cl2 O7

Note: The sum of the two masses is 18.25 g , the mass of the sample size.

Test Yourself

1. Barium chloride (BaCl2) is a transparent crystal with a molar mass of 208.23 g/mol. Determine
the percent mass of barium chloride. (Ba = 137.33 g/mol and Cl = 35.45 g/mol)