Well Logging Overview

Well Logging Overview
Prepared & Presented by
Abbas Radhi
Iraq / Missan / 22-April -2022
Agenda
1. Introduction to open hole logging

2. Type of Conventional Open Hole Logging
 Lithology log ( SP , GR )
 Porosity Log ( sonic , density , neutron )
 Resistivity log
 Caliper log
3. Software and data need for Log interpretation
Well Logging Overview ---- By : Abbas Radhi Abbas - Iraq / Missan / 22-April -2022
Schlumberger-Private
Introduction to well logging
1
Seismic
6 2
Formation
Fluid Mud
sample logging
Formation
Evaluation
5 3
Wireline Core
Logging data
4
LWD
3
Introduction to well logging
Open Hole Logging
4
Define of well logging
A wireline log is the product of a

survey operation, also called a survey,
consisting of one or more curves.
which provides a permanent record of
one or more physical measurements as
a function of depth in a well bore. Well
logs are used to identify and correlate
underground rocks, and to determine
the mineralogy and physical properties
of potential reservoir rocks and the
nature of the fluids they contain. In
general a log is the physical paper
recording the information, however it
has come to also mean digital curves.
5
Open hole and cased hole meaning
casing Hole
cased hole open hole

logging tools logging tools
cement
formation
cased Hole Logging. Open Hole Logging.

6
How to select type of well logging ?
3
2 Logging program .
1 Drilling Plan and
well type
Well Location By
technical Team
.
1-Well Location By technical Team
Reservoir Petrophysics
Engineer Engineer
technical team
Geophysics Geology
Contour Map with well location
2-Drilling Plan and well type
Drilling plan
Well trajectory Well type

1. Vertical well
2. deviated well 1. Exploration well
3. Horizontal well 2. Appraisal well
3. Development well
• Producer
• Injector
• Water source
3-Logging program ( Example : Vertical well )
Reservoir
Example : Logging Program In vertical well
Open Hole Logging Cased Hole Logging
SP , GR , Caliper , sonic Cement bond log ( CBL
SP , GR , Caliper , sonic Cement bond Image log
SP , GR , Caliper , sonic , density Cement bond Image log

, neutron , DLL , MSFL
11
Example : Logging Program In Horizontal well
45 degree
12
Well Logging
Open Hole logging Abbas Radhi Cased Hole logging
Conventional log High tech log Cased Hole logging

1. Lithology logs 1.Cement evaluation log :
 SP 1. Nuclear magnetic
resonance log  normal CBL , VDL , GR ,
 GR
(NMR) CCL
2. Porosity logs :  Image cement evaluation
 Density SBT , URS, RIB , RBT , USIT ,
Abbas Radhi
2. Modular dynamic
Abbas Radhi
 Neutron SCMT ,CAST
formation tester
 Sonic
(MDT)
3. Resistivity logs :
 Laterolog 3. Full bore 2. production logging tools
 Induction Formation Micro ( PLT)
 Micro Focused Imager(FMI)
 Micro resistivity 3. saturation log ( RST , RST
4.Sidewall core (SWC) pro , RMT , PNX , PNN , TDT ,
4. Caliper log
CRE , rpm )
5. Vertical seismic
profile (VSP) 4. Casing inspection log
. ( MFC , MIT , USI , ETT )
5. SNL (SPECTRAL noise log )

. 13
SP : spontaneous potential log
GR : Gamma Ray
CAL : Caliper Log
DT : Digital sonic
XDT : Cross Dipole Sonic
DEN : Density Log
CNC : Compensated Neutron log
DLL : Dual Laterolog Resistivity
MSFL : Micro Spherical Focused Laterolog
DIL : Dual induction
AIT : Array induction
MDT : Modular dynamic formation tester
SWC: Sidewall core
NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance
FMI : Full bore Formation Micro-Imager
VSP: Vertical seismic profile
14
Uses of well logging in petroleum engineering
1. Rock typing
2. Identification of geological environment
3. Reservoir fluid contact location
4. Fracture detection
5. Estimate of hydrocarbon in place
6. Estimate of recoverable hydrocarbon
7. Determination of water salinity
8. Reservoir pressure determination
9. Porosity/pore size distribution determination
15
Uses of well logging in petroleum engineering
Use logging data

in static and
Dynamic Model
16
Who use logs?
Many person use logging depend his requirements :

1.Geologist
2.Geophysics
3.Petrophysics Engineer
4.Reservoir Engineer
5.Drilling Engineer
6.Workover Engineer
7.Completion Engineer
17
Who use logs?
Who use Log ?
18
Who use logs?
Who use Log ?
19
8.25 “ open Hole logging
Run(1): GR/SP/CAL/DLL/MSFL/XDT
Run(2): GR/DEN / NEUTRON
20
Depth of investigation of logging tools
21
Common logs and what they measure
22
Standard wireline logs scales, units and ranges.
23
Agenda

 Resistivity log ( MSFL , DLL , Induction )
 Caliper log
Type of Conventional Open Hole logging
1. Lithology logs :
 SP
 GR
2. Porosity logs :
 Density
 Neutron
 Sonic
3. Resistivity logs :
 Laterolog
 Induction
 Micro Focused
 Micro resistivity
4-Caliper log
25
Agenda

 Resistivity log
 Caliper log
Lithology meaning
27
Lithology meaning
Why and When need lithology
During completion ,
Before and during drilling workover and
production
1. ROP 1. Sand control
2. Bit selection 2. Acid type
3. Drilling fluid
Lithology logs :1.Spontaneous potential (SP –Log)
29
Behavior of SP- Log in front of

Shale and standalone ,
generally :
• High SP shale
• Low SP sandstone
30
31
Shale volume calculation from SP
32
Lithology logs : 2.Gamma ray (GR)
Operation principle :
Measure the natural radioactive of
formation .
Applications :
A- cased hole Application : including

depth control in all operation during
well completion and workover
B- Open hole Application :

• Correlation
• Lithology identification ( sand and
shale count )
• Depth control
33
Lithology logs : 2.Gamma ray (GR)
34
Types Of GR -Log
Natural GR Spectral GR Azimuthal GR
K U Th
GR
Uses Of GR -Log
Uses Of GR -Log:
1.Determination of Lithology
2.Determination of Shale Content
3.Depth Matching
4.Cased Hole Correlations
5.Recognition of Radioactive Mineral Deposits
6.Recognition of Non-Radioactive Mineral Deposits
7.Radio-isotope Tracer Operations
8.Facies and Depositional Environment Analysis
36
Uses GR in cased hole
GR & CCL using with all cased hole logging for depth control ( depth
correction ) , below example for depth correction before perforation
operation :
37
Uses GR in Open hole
1-Determination of Lithology
38
2-Shale volume calculation from GR
39
3- well correlations
40
SP , GR , CAL -Log
41
Case 1: GR , SP in ( Limestone and low shale) formation
Limestone
Low GR ( Low shale )

limestone formation
SP shale
42
Case 2: GR , SP ( sand and shale ) formation
SP
sand
Low GR ( sand )
High GR ( shale )
shale
43
Summary of lithology log
44
Spectral Gamma Ray
Gamma ray Spectral Gamma ray
45
Spectral Gamma Ray
46
Uses Of Spectral Gamma Ray
1. Determination of Lithology
2. Unconformity Detection
3. Inter-well Correlation
4. Recognition of Igneous Rocks
5. Diagenesis
6. Sedimentology
7. Estimation of Uranium Potential
8. Cation Exchange Capacity
9. Radioactive Scaling
10. Hydrocarbon Potential
11. Fracture Detection
12. Stylolite Detection
13. Phosphate Detection
47
Spectral Gamma Ray
48
Spectral Gamma Ray
49
Agenda

 Resistivity log ( MSFL , DLL , Induction )
 Caliper log
Porosity Log
Porosity Log :
 Sonic
 Density
 Neutron
 NMR
51
Porosity log : 1.(Sonic Log)
Principle :
The acoustic/sonic log is a porosity
log that measures the interval transit
time of a compressional wave
traveling through one foot of
formation. The logging sonde consists
of one or more transmitters, and two
or more receivers. Modern
acoustic/sonic logs are borehole
compensated devices.
52
Porosity log: 1.(Sonic Log )
Uses of Acoustic Log Data (Sonic)
53
Porosity log: 1.(Sonic Log )
The names and mnemonics of common industry sonic tools.
54
Early Sonic Tools Dual receiver sonic tools

1 Transmitter 1 Transmitter
1 Receiver 2 Receiver
55
Borehole compensated sonic (BHC)tools Long Spacing Sonic (LSS) Tool

2 Transmitter 2 Transmitter
4 Receiver 2 Receiver
56
For
Porosity from sonic log For clean correction
formation to shale
Wyllie Time-Average Equation:
57
Sonic velocities and interval transit times for different matrix types
58
Case 1: sonic log in ( Anhydrite and dolomite ) formation
Low sonic because

tight and low porosity
formation
Anhydrite
Dolomite
59
Case 2: sonic log in ( shale and sand) formation
Low sonic because

high sonic because
tight and low porosity
good porosity ( sand
formation ( dolomite )
and shale ) formation
sand
shale
60
Case 3: sonic log in ( pay zone limestone) formation
Normal sonic because

good porosity ( limestone
and pay zone )
limestone
61
Porosity log : 2.(Density Log)
Uses of the Formation Density Log
1. Determination of Porosity
2. Acoustic Impedance (The acoustic impedance can be used to
create synthetic seismograms to help the interpretation of
seismic data )
3. Identification of Lithology
4. Identification of Evaporites
5. Shale Compaction, Age, and Unconformities
6. Overpressure
7. Recognition of Accessory Mineralogies
8. Fracture Recognition
9. Organic Content of Source Rocks
62
Principle :
A radioactive source, applied to the
borehole wall in a shielded sidewall
skid, emits medium-energy gamma
rays into the formations. These
gamma rays collide with the
electrons in the formation. At each
collision a gamma ray loses some of
its energy to the electrons and
continuous diminished energy. This
type of interaction is known as
Compton scattering. The scattered
gamma rays reaching the detector,
at a fixed distance from the source,
are counted as an indication of
formation density.
63
Photoelectric Absorption (Pe)
The Litho-Density is an improved and expanded version of the FDC

log. In addition to the bulk density measurement, the tool also
measures the photoelectric absorption index of the formation, Pe.
Photoelectric absorption can be related to lithology. It is a very
lithology-sensitive parameter, and it can be used to establish whether
a formation is sand, limestone, dolomite, or a mixture.
.
64
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
65
66
Porosity from density log

From log
From table
67
Common values
of matrix density
and photoelectric
in rocks
Common values of
matrix density for
fluids
68
Porosity log : 3.(Neutron Log)
Principle :
Neutron logs are porosity logs that
essentially measures the hydrogen
concentration in a formation. In
“clean” formations, where the pore
spaces are filled with water or oil, the
neutron log measures liquid-filled
porosity.
69
‫)‪Porosity log : 3.(Neutron Log‬‬
‫‪Three types of neutron logging‬‬

‫‪Neutron‬‬ ‫‪Tool‬‬ ‫‪remark‬‬
‫‪type‬‬ ‫‪name‬‬
‫‪Neutron-‬‬ ‫‪GNT‬‬ ‫هذا الجهاز يقس النيوترونات الحرارية واشعا كاما االمتصاص (‪ )capture gamma rays‬ويستعمل‬
‫في االبار المبطنة (‪ )cased hole‬وفي الغير مبطنة (‪ )open hole‬ولكن المسامية (‪)porosity‬‬
‫‪Gamma‬‬ ‫المحسوبة في االبار المبطنة تكون اقل دقة لوجود تأثير البطانة (‪ )casing‬والسمنت على القراءات ‪.‬‬
‫‪Sidewall‬‬ ‫‪SNP‬‬ ‫هذا الجهاز يسجل مباشرة" بوحدات مسامية ويكون ملتصقا" بجدار البئر عند التسجيل ‪ .‬يلتقط هذا الجهاز‬
‫فقط النيوترونات فوق الحرارية (‪ )epithermal neutrons‬التي لها طاقة تعادل (‪ )0.4ev‬وذلك‬
‫‪Neutron‬‬ ‫للتخصل من تاثير امتصاص النيوترونات من قبل عناصر الكلور والبورون فالجهاز يستجيب فقط لعنصر‬
‫‪Porosity tool‬‬ ‫الهيدروجين ‪ .‬معظم التصحيحات على القياسات تجري بصورة اتوماتيكية كتصحيح تأثير تقل الطين‬
‫(‪ ، )mud weight‬ملحوحة الطين ( ‪ ، )mud salinity‬اختالف قطر البئر و درجة الحرارة ‪ .‬ان‬
‫حساب المسامية في هذا الجهاز يكون اتوماتيكيا ويستعمل في االبار المفتوحة (‪)open hole‬‬
‫‪Compensated‬‬ ‫‪CNL‬‬ ‫في هذا الجهاز يكون عدد النيوترونات المقذوفة من المصدر يساوي اربعة اضعاف النيونترونات المقذوفة‬
‫من اجهزة النيوترون االخرى وهذه الزيادة تساعد في اختراق النيوترونات داخل الطبقات لمسافة ابعد ‪ ،‬ان‬
‫‪Neutron Tools‬‬ ‫اجهزة االلتقاط موضوعة بمسافة معينة من المصدر حيث يساعد هذا النوع من التصميم على التخلص من‬
‫االختالفات االحصائية (‪ )statistical variations‬في العد وكذلك زيادة عمق البحث للنيوترونات‬
‫وعلى تقليل تأثيرت البئر على القياسات ‪ .‬ويستعمل هذا الجاز في االبار المبطنة (‪ )cased hole‬وفي‬
‫الغير مبطنة (‪)open hole‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪Well Logging Overview ---- By : Abbas‬‬ ‫‪Radhi Abbas - Iraq / Missan / 22-April -2022‬‬
‫‪Schlumberger-Private‬‬
Uses Of Neutron Log
• Porosity analysis - by measuring the hydrogen index (HI) of the

formation fluids.
• Gas detection - A noticeable drop in the neutron porosity output can
be seen due to gas has a smaller HI than oil or water
• Lithology identification and clay / shale analysis - They are not a
stand-alone lithology identifier or clay / shale types, but Neutron
porosity tools provide additional input for these analyses.
71
Porosity From Neutron Log
Where :
a and B are constants, N is the count rate and ϕ is the true porosity.
The constants a and B vary depending on the nature of the formation and require
calibration; a limestone and a sandstone will have different log responses even if the
porosity is the same. It is essential to know whether the tool has been calibrated for a
limestone or sandstone matrix before applying any evaluation technique.
72
Density , Neutron , sonic Log
73
Density and neutron behavior
In formation Fluids and hydrocarbon

74
Case 1: Density – Neutron ( shale and sand) formation
Cross between
density and
neutron in sand
sand
water
Big separate
between density
and neutron in
shale
shale
75
Case 2: Density – Neutron ( limestone and dolomite) formation
limestone
normal separate
between density
and neutron in oil oil
zone ( Lim & Dol )
dolomite
76
Variation of Instrument Response to Porosity
77
Summary of porosity log
78
Agenda

 Resistivity log
 Caliper log
Resistivity Log
Resistivity Applications
 Determine whether hydrocarbons are present.
 Identify at what depths hydrocarbons are present.
 Determine the quantity of hydrocarbon material that exists (if
porosity is known) through Archie's equation.
 Determine mud resistivity to help define the invasion profile.
80
Resistivity Log
History Of Resistivity Log
81
Resistivity Log
  
  
  
 

  
82
Resistivity Log
83
Resistivity Log
84
Resistivity Log
85
Resistivity Log
86
Resistivity conductive in salt water and oil
• Resistivity of the salt water is low (  Resistivity of the Oil is high

highly conductive )  ( Poor conductor )
87
Resistivity conductive in dry zone
• Dry, nonmetallic minerals

(rock matrix) have a very
high resistivity
• Low conductivity
88
Resistivity Log
Why
many Resistivity
log types
????
Rm – resistivity of the drilling mud

Rmc – resistivity of the mud cake
Rmf – resistivity of mud filtrate
Rs – resistivity of shale
Rt – resistivity of uninvited zone(true resistivity)
Rw – resistivity of formation water
Rxo – resistivity of flushed zone
89
Resistivity Log
90
Resistivity Log ( MSFL & DLL)
 Use to measure the resistivity of the formation, and thus

the possibility of hydrocarbon shows.
 Many types of resistivity log use , but the famuse are (

MSFL , DLL)
DLL : Dual Laterolog Resistivity( long “ RD” , short “ RS” )

MSFL : Micro Spherical Focused Laterolog
91
Resistivity Log ( MSFL & DLL)
1. High resistivity mean:

MSFL
SFL
• Hydrocarbon
• Tight zone ( low porosity )
2. Low resistivity mean:

• Shale
• Water Formation Fluid
different from
• Wash out
Drilling Fluid
• losses
3. Separation between resistivites mean

• Formation fluid is different from
drilling fluid . Formation Fluid
similar to
Drilling Fluid
92
Resistivity Log (MSFL &DLL)
93
water saturation calculation
Archie Equation to calculate SW :
Water saturation (Sw) of a

reservoir's uninvaded zone is
calculated by the Archie
(1942) formula
94
Archie Equation to calculate SW :

Water saturation (Sw) of a reservoir's uninvaded zone is calculated by the
Archie (1942) formula
a
m 1. Core analysis ( cut off value )
2. Pickett plot ( relation between resistivity and porosity )
n 3. Rw also can estimate from SP , or water lab test
Rw
95
Calculated formation's flushed zone (Sxo)
Logheader
Log header
96
Rw Determination
97
workflow and standard of water-flooded layers
Figure : Evaluation workflow of water-flooded layers

98
Workflow and standard of water-flooded layers
Evaluation standard of water-flooded Layers

From PLT From Fow
 the water content % of production can be obtained from PLT.

 the displacement efficiency % can be got, as shown in equation:
Where
• Fow is the displacement efficiency (%)
• Sw is the calculated water saturation (%)
• Swirr is the irreducible water saturation (%)
99
Case 1 : Low resistivity because shale
High GR shale
Low resistivity
100
Case 2 : Low resistivity because water zone
sand
Low GR
water
Low resistivity
101
Case 3 : high resistivity because oil zone
good resistivity
limestone
Low GR
oil
102
Case 4 : So high resistivity because tight zone
Low resistivity
So high resistivity
High GR
shale
Anhydrite
Low GR
103
Summary of Resistivity log
104
Agenda

 Resistivity log
 Caliper log
Caliper Log
Caliper
1-A caliper log is a well logging tool that
provides a continuous measurement of
the size and shape of a borehole along
its depth The measurements that are
recorded can be an important indicator of
caving
2- this log use by cementing engineer to

calculate the volume of cement .
106
Types of Caliper Tools
107
Caliper Log- interpretation
108
Case 1 : Caliper Log-in vertical wells ( four cases )
Bit size = caliper
CAL
CAL
BIT
BIT
1.Normal case 2.caving

109
Case 1 : Caliper Log-in vertical wells ( four cases )
CAL
BIT
3.Wash out 4.Tight spot

110
Caliper Log-in Horizontal wells
A caliper log in horizontal well

can not get it by wire line
because wireline can cover to
about 60 degree , after 60
degree can use another tools by
LWD called ultra sonic caliper ,
this tools can give caliper log 2D
and 3D
111
Case 2 : Caliper Log-in Horizontal wells
ultra sonic caliper , Example : this tools can give caliper log 2D
and 3 D and 3D
caving Bit size 8.25”
3D
Tight spot
2D
112
Agenda

 Resistivity log
 Caliper log
Log interpretation
Log interpretation
Using software Hand calculation
114
Log interpretation
Log Evaluation Workflow
Qualitative Log interpretation
1-Qualitative:
Assessment of
reservoir
properties, fluid
type form log
pattern . mean
check the oil ,
water and gas
zone in general
116
Quantitative Log interpretation
2-Quantitative:
Numerical
estimation of
Petrophysic
properties (
Volume of shale ,
porosity ,
permeability ,
water saturation
and lithology
117
(3) Log interpretation (Quantitative analytical techniques )
Quantitative
analytical
techniques
118
Data need for log interpretation
If use the software for log interpretation should have below data
:
1. Open hole data (LAS File or any extension suitable with

software ).
2. Stander cut off (porosity ,permeability , Sw & shale Vol.)
3. Electrical parameters (a , m ,n ) using in Archie Equation.
4. Geology data (Gas table as CSV File )
5. Well tops.
119
Log interpretation using software
the software for log interpretation can help you to calculate the
petrohysics properties as show below : ( Tech-log software ) as
example
120
Log interpretation using software
Ten steps can do when use software for log interpretation to

calculate the petrohysics properties as show below : ( Tech-log
software ) as example :
Step 1 : Import file

Step 2 : import gas table as (CSV)
Step 3 : Log view
step 4 : TVD refrance
step 5 : V-shale
step 6 : porosity
step 7 : permeability
step 8 : water saturation
step 9 : summaries
step 10 : lithology
121
About Authorized
Name: Abbas Radhi Abbas ‫عباس راضي عباس‬

Position: Chief Engineer / petroleum Engineer ‫مهندس نفط‬
Nationality: Iraq- Missan ‫العراق ميسان‬
Date of Birth: 1978
Gender: Male
Education Background:
Period Education description
University of Bagdad – college of Engineering – petroleum engineering
1996-2001
department- (BSc)
Certificates of Appreciation
15 Certificates of Appreciation from difrent international companies such as (Schlumberger-
Halliburton, Weatherford , CNOOC , COSL , BHDC )
16 online webinar for SPE ‫ محاضرة‬16 ‫القاء‬
Work Experience : in Missan Oil Company ( MOC)
Period Work description
(2004-2006) reservoir engineer ‫مهندس مكامن‬
(2006-2010 ) water injection engineer ‫مهندس حقن ماء‬
during (2011) drilling and workover engineer ‫مهندس حفر واستصالح‬
(2011 to 2022 ) petrophysics manager in Reservoir department ‫مدير البتروفيزياء‬
Language:
Mother language: Arabic
Second language/level: English/Fluent oral and written in English. 122

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Well Logging Overview

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Well Logging Overview

Prepared & Presented by

1. Introduction to open hole logging

Open Hole Logging

A wireline log is the product of a

cased hole open hole

cased Hole Logging. Open Hole Logging.

1-Well Location By technical Team

2-Drilling Plan and well type

Well trajectory Well type

3-Logging program ( Example : Vertical well )

Open Hole Logging Cased Hole Logging

SP , GR , Caliper , sonic Cement bond log ( CBL

SP , GR , Caliper , sonic Cement bond Image log

SP , GR , Caliper , sonic , density Cement bond Image log

Open Hole logging Abbas Radhi Cased Hole logging

Conventional log High tech log Cased Hole logging

5. SNL (SPECTRAL noise log )

Use logging data

Many person use logging depend his requirements :

Who use Log ?

Who use Log ?

Run(2): GR/DEN / NEUTRON

1. Introduction to open hole logging

1. Introduction to open hole logging

Why and When need lithology

Behavior of SP- Log in front of

A- cased hole Application : including

B- Open hole Application :

Natural GR Spectral GR Azimuthal GR

Low GR ( Low shale )

Gamma ray Spectral Gamma ray

1. Introduction to open hole logging

Uses of Acoustic Log Data (Sonic)

The names and mnemonics of common industry sonic tools.

Early Sonic Tools Dual receiver sonic tools

Borehole compensated sonic (BHC)tools Long Spacing Sonic (LSS) Tool

Low sonic because

Low sonic because

Normal sonic because

Uses of the Formation Density Log

Photoelectric Absorption (Pe)

The Litho-Density is an improved and expanded version of the FDC

Photoelectric Absorption (Pe)

Photoelectric Absorption (Pe)

Porosity from density log

‫‪Three types of neutron logging‬‬

Uses Of Neutron Log

• Porosity analysis - by measuring the hydrogen index (HI) of the

Porosity From Neutron Log

In formation Fluids and hydrocarbon

1. Introduction to open hole logging

History Of Resistivity Log

• Resistivity of the salt water is low (  Resistivity of the Oil is high

• Dry, nonmetallic minerals

Rm – resistivity of the drilling mud

 Use to measure the resistivity of the formation, and thus

 Many types of resistivity log use , but the famuse are (

DLL : Dual Laterolog Resistivity( long “ RD” , short “ RS” )

1. High resistivity mean:

2. Low resistivity mean:

3. Separation between resistivites mean

Archie Equation to calculate SW :