Role of AI in Healthcare

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies, Symbiosis International (Deemed) University

(SIU), Pune, India

Abstract

The use of artificial intelligence technology is expanding globally. Along with being used in
our daily lives, large corporations employ it. Now, moving forward, AI is being developed
that will be beneficial to the healthcare sector. In plain English, all of the diagnosis data will
be gathered and used to better understand the diseases in order to treat them more
successfully. Patients' lives will also be made easier by it. They will have a digital record that
doctors can access. They might receive medical advice in this way while relaxing at home.
The records may need to be modified by doctors who have access to them. So they may
easily complete it. Additionally, it will secure people's personal data.

Artificial intelligence (AI) will be used more and more in the healthcare industry as a result
of the complexity and growth of data in the sector. Payers, care providers, and life sciences
organisations currently use a variety of AI technologies. The main application categories
include recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, patient engagement and adherence,
and administrative tasks. Although there are many situations in which AI can execute
healthcare duties just as well as or better than humans, implementation issues will keep the
jobs of healthcare professionals from becoming extensively automated for a substantial
amount of time. The use of AI in healthcare and ethical concerns are also covered.

Researchers and medical professionals are interested in the potential applications of artificial
intelligence (AI) in the healthcare industry. There haven't been many prior studies that have
looked at this subject from a multi-disciplinary angle, encompassing accounting, business and
management, decision sciences, and health professions.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Clinical Decision Making, Big Data, Machine Learning,
Medical Imaging Analysis, Predictive Analytics, Natural Language Processing

1. Introduction ten years, and with the threat of pandemics

like the coronavirus outbreak on the rise
Healthcare has been one of the fastest-
(Aung et al., 2021), the sector is expected
growing sectors of the economy in the last

1
to continue to develop. Organizations all unstructured data, like clinical notes and
around the world are relying on cutting- medical journals, and analytical tools
edge methods like AI, machine learning, through machine learning and natural
and Big Data to stay ahead of the demand language processing (NLP), respectively.
curve for healthcare services and solutions
AI and similar technologies are becoming
(Shantaram, 2021).
more and more common in business and
The use of AI in healthcare will be society, and they are starting to be used in
enormous. The global industry is expected healthcare (Gamble, 2020). Many facets of
to reach $8 billion by 2026, and there is a patient care could be changed by this
significant overlap between big data technology, as well as internal
analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) administrative procedures at payer,
(Pradhan et al., 2021), where information provider (Wang & Lin, 2022), and
processing is optimised to help address pharmaceutical organisations.
practical problems in business and society
Numerous studies have already shown that
(Reddy et al., 2021).
AI is capable of doing important
Although artificial intelligence (AI) is healthcare jobs including disease diagnosis
influencing all aspects of our lives, the as well as or better than humans
healthcare industry in particular, its effects (Cannavale et al., 2022). Today,
are truly life-changing (Tran et al., 2021). algorithms already surpass radiologists in
According to secondary research, identifying cancerous tumours and
governmental and private sector advising researchers on how to create
investment in healthcare is anticipated to cohorts for expensive clinical trials.
total $6.6 billion by 2021 and cover a However, we think it will be a long time
variety of topics including clinical before AI completely replaces humans in
research, insurance, and healthcare (Aung large medical process domains for a
et al., 2021). Although AI doctors won't variety of reasons.
replace human doctors, they will
2. Systematic Literature Review
undoubtedly be valuable in streamlining
Methodology
clinical decisions, particularly in the field
of radiology (Camgoz-Akdag & Beldek,
Literature evaluations are often criticized
2020). It improves the sector's access to
for having unilateral precision and lack of
organised data, like as imaging, genetic,
clarity as they are typically conceptual and
and electrophysiological data, as well as

2
descriptive. Specific rules must
followed while conducting a literature
review. This section of the paper explains
the methods adopted for analyzing and
filtering research papers.
2.1. Scope of literature Review
The scope of this review is related to how
artificial intelligence and
technological advancements are helping
healthcare sector to reach to a level of
perfection. It also talks about
limitations and futuristic advancements of
AI in healthcare sector. This review of the
advancements and applications has been
brought forth but by analysing 27 reliable
articles.
2.2. Identification of Relevant Papers
The activity of assimilation and examining
the literature related to the topic was
performed in February 2022. After the
application of an intense keyword strategy,
we scanned the following databases - Web
of Science, Emerald, Scopus, and Sage
Research methods with combinations of
the keywords "clinical decision making,"
“big data”, “machine learning”, "artificial
intelligence," "medical imaging analysis,"
“predictive analytics,” “natural language
processing”. These databases were relied
upon for the research process due to the
number of relevant management articles
be and business research papers they provide,
along with the authenticity of the authors
based on experience and quality of work
this primary search brought forth 234
results. The information was derived by
including the Author(s), Document title,
year of publication, label, volume, issue,
and pages of the journal, citation count,
and the database. Out of these, 36
other duplicates were excluded from further
consideration. This process resulted in the
output of 198 articles. Then, this initial
the sample was filtered based on their
relevance with the topic at hand and was
rejected if they were non-academic and
off-topic. This screening stage resulted in
27 papers, which were finally considered
for assisting with the build-up of this
research paper. This sample was divided
equally, and each author read their half
individually and gave their response for
each article and report. The primary author
of the research resolved disagreements
related to any specific paper to conclude.
Figure-1: Flowchart Representation of Systematic
Literature Review Process
Records identified
through database
search (n=234)
Duplicates
Eliminated (n=36)
Screening based
on abstracts and
full text (n= 198)
Records excluded for 3
non-compliance with
the research scope
(n=171)
Articles included in
 25 22 more. Adopting AI enabled ideas in
19
20 17 16 healthcare industry and using technologies
15
11 like machine learning and natural language
10 7 8
5 processing in order to benefit the medical
5 2 3
infrastructure is the hope of advancement
0
2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024
in healthcare sector.

Graph-1: Number of Articles Included in the Review by

the Year of Publication 3. Methodological Review

The methodology review for this paper

2.3. Result of Systematic Literature aims to have an overview of a powerful
Review technology like AI, NLP& ML that
became an indispensable wheel of
This review consists of 27 articles that
technological development and
were published between 2013-2022; with
advancement in healthcare industry.
the remarkable increase in the addition of
Excerpts on methodological procedures
such reports as shown in Graph-1, is due to
describing the theoretical constructs were
a shift that is observed in technological
extracted from each article. The study has
developments and advancements in
thoroughly evaluated research articles
healthcare sector. Businesses have
comprising theoretical debates, statistical
recognised that innovating for today feeds
analyzes, case studies, and expanding AI,
innovation for tomorrow in terms of
NLP & ML growth in healthcare sector.
culture, competence, procedure, and much

Database Platform Criteria for search Search Date Results shown

Search: Journals
Ebscohost’ Academic
Document type: Article 21/02/2021 02
search ultimate
Language: English
Search: All Journals
Elsevier’s
Document type: Review 21/02/2020 34
ScienceDirect
Article and Article

Search: Journals
Emerald Insight 21/02/2020 112
Abstracts

Search: Topic
Web of Science Document Type: Article 21/02/2022 27
Language: English
Search: Journals
Scopus Document type: Article 22/02/2022 56
Language: English
Search: Journals
Sage Research Document type: Article 22/02/2022 03 4
Language: English
Total 234

The article methodologies are categorized
Approach Numbers of Articles Selected for Review
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixed Methods
Non - empirical
TOTAL
Table-2: Methodology used in Reviewed Articles
into (a) qualitative research,
quantitative research, (c) mixed methods
research, and (d) non-empirical research.
The qualitative research includes analysis
of non-numerical data obtained from
interviews, secondary data, and case
studies; 25.92% of articles were used
(n=7). The research involving numerical
data and surveys is the quantitative
research approach; 11.11% of articles were
used (n=3). The non-empirical research
approach involves theories, methods, and
implications, 55.55% of the literature
used(n=15) (Table-2). The mixed-method
research comprises qualitative
quantitative approaches, which
7.40% (n=2). The non-empirical process
was chosen in maximum research articles
to explore and analyze the growth of AI,
NLP & ML growth in healthcare sector.
4.Thematic Review
A total of 4 prime themes were identified
in this literature review by both the
In Terms of Percentages %
7 25.92%
3 11.11%
2 7.40%
15 55.55%
27 100%
(b) authors. Both investigator meticulously
examined all the considered keywords and
abstracts and ultimately narrowed down
the research to 27 articles to recommend a
list of recurring themes. The review's five
themes that are considered are Introduction
of AI in Healthcare, AI in healthcare
market growth, Benefits of AI in
healthcare & medical sector, Limitations
of AI in healthcare, Advancements of AI
in healthcare.
and
were 4.1. Introduction of AI in Healthcare
The use of machine learning (ML)
algorithms and other cognitive
technologies in healthcare is referred to as
artificial intelligence (AI) (Aung et al.,
2021). AI can be defined simply as the
5
ability of computers and other devices to
replicate human cognition and to learn,
think, and make decisions or take actions
(Shantaram, 2021). Therefore, AI in
healthcare refers to the application of
machines to analyse and take action on
medical data (Pradhan et al., 2021),
frequently with the aim of forecasting a
specific outcome (Reddy et al., 2021). By
analysing large data to create better
preventive care suggestions for patients,
AI can also assist in making healthcare
more proactive and predictive (Tran et al.,
2021).
The use of ML and other cognitive
disciplines for medical diagnosis is an
important use of AI in healthcare (Aung et
al., 2021). AI can assist doctors and other
healthcare professionals in providing more
precise diagnoses and treatment
recommendations by using patient data
and other information (Secinaro et al.,
2021).
The crucial role that healthcare plays in a
prosperous, productive society makes it
one of the most important industries in the
larger big data environment (Quazi et al.,
2022). The use of AI in the healthcare
industry can literally mean the difference
between life and death. AI can help
healthcare professionals including doctors,
nurses (Richardson et al., 2022), and
others with their regular tasks. AI in
healthcare can improve patient outcomes
overall, improve preventative care and
quality of life (Ameen et al., 2022), and
create more precise diagnosis and
treatment strategies. By examining data
from the public sector (Sun et al., 2022),
the healthcare industry, and other sources,
AI can help forecast and monitor the
development of contagious diseases
(Abràmoff et al., 2022). As a result, AI has
the potential to be a key component of the
global public health effort in the fight
against pandemics and epidemics.
4.2. AI in healthcare market growth
The market for artificial intelligence in
healthcare is anticipated to increase from
USD 6.9 billion in 2021 to USD 67.4
billion by 2027 (Dhindsa et al., 2018),
growing at a CAGR of 46.2 percent
throughout that time.
The influx of large and complex healthcare
datasets, the growing need to lower
healthcare costs (Alrahbi et al., 2021),
better computing power and lower
hardware costs, an increase in partnerships
and collaborations among various domains
in the healthcare sector (Shohet & Lavy,
2004), and the increasing demand for
improved healthcare services because of
the imbalance between the health
workforce and patients are the main factors
driving the market's growth (Jain et al.,
6
2021). A growth opportunity for the
market is also anticipated as a result of the
expanding potential of AI-based tools for
elderly care (Alami et al., 2021), the
increased focus on creating human-aware
AI systems, and the growing potential of
AI technology in genomics (Wamba-
Taguimdje et al., 2020), drug discovery,
imaging & diagnostics, and COVID-19
research (Wang & Lin, 2022).
Additionally, the need for artificial
intelligence technology in the healthcare
industry is being driven by governments'
(Rodriguez et al., 2020) increasing
attempts to lower healthcare costs and
provide patients with better and faster care
services (Kulkov, 2021). It is required in
several nations, like the US, Australia, and
the UK, for patients to use digital health
records. The medical experts may diagnose
diseases earlier and provide
treatment thanks to these health records
(Johnson et al., 2021). As a result, the
main advantages of using AI in the
healthcare sector are cost effectiveness and
time savings (Gamble, 2020), which are
strongly promoting the global growth of
the artificial intelligence in healthcare
market (Camgoz-Akdag & Beldek, 2020).
In 2022, North America held the largest
market share for artificial intelligence in
healthcare, with more than 58 percent of
the total market (Cannavale et al., 2022).
In North America more than any other
area, new and digital technologies are
being used in the healthcare industry
(Aung et al., 2021). The major growth
factors for the Ai in healthcare market in
North America are the high healthcare
costs (Shantaram, 2021), rising hospital
admissions, greater incidence of chronic
illnesses, and supportive governmental
policies (Pradhan et al., 2021). The
adoption of artificial intelligence
technology is being aided by the existence
of an established healthcare infrastructure
as well as rising investments in
telecommunications and IT infrastructure.
prompt
During the projection period (Reddy et al.,
2021), Asia Pacific is expected to be the
most profitable and opportunistic market
(Tran et al., 2021). Increasing government
spending on the construction of smart
hospitals, expanding IT and
telecommunications infrastructure (Aung
et al., 2021), an increase in the number of
multispecialty hospitals, increased
business spending on the digitalization of
7
the healthcare industry (Secinaro et al., including North America, Europe, Asia-
2021), and an expanding patient base. Pacific, and LAMEA.
Increased hospital admissions are
4.3. Benefits of AI in healthcare & medical
producing a significant amount of data due
sector
to the region's increased chronic illness
incidence and ageing population (Quazi et
There are several potential for healthcare
al., 2022). Adopting AI in healthcare
companies to use AI to provide more
would make it easier for hospitals to
effective, efficient, and precise
provide patients with better and faster
interventions to their patients (Alami et al.,
patient care services, easing the pressure
2021), from diagnosis and risk assessment
on such facilities (Richardson et al., 2022).
to treatment technique selection.
From above we found that the market for
artificial intelligence in healthcare is AI is ideally positioned to enable

divided based on product (Ameen et al., innovations and improvements throughout

2022), algorithm, application, end user, the care continuum as the volume of

and geography. The market is segmented healthcare data keeps growing (Wamba-

into three categories: services, software, Taguimdje et al., 2020). This is premised

and hardware (Ameen et al., 2022). Deep on machine learning (ML) algorithms and

learning, querying methods, natural artificial intelligence (AI) technologies'

language processing, and context-aware capacity to provide proactive (Rodriguez

processing are the different categories et al., 2020), intelligent, and frequently

according to algorithm (Dhindsa et al., concealed insights that guide decision-

2018). Robot-assisted surgery, virtual making about diagnosis and treatment.

nursing assistant, administrative workflow

When used for enhancing treatment,
support, fraud detection (Shohet & Lavy,
managing chronic diseases (Kulkov,
2004), dose error reduction, clinical trial
2021), identifying early risks, and
participant identification, preliminary
automating and optimising workflows
diagnostic, and other applications are
(Johnson et al., 2021), AI may be very
divided up by application. It is divided into
helpful to both patients and doctors. To
healthcare providers, pharmaceutical and
assist service providers in fully grasping
biotechnology firms, patients, and payers
how to benefit from AI inside their
according to the end user (Jain et al.,
ecosystem (Camgoz-Akdag & Beldek,
2021). It is examined in terms of regions,
2020).

8

Population Health Management
In order to proactively detect and avoid
risk, reduce preventative care gaps, and
better understand how clinical, genetic
(Gamble, 2020), behavioural, and
environmental variables influence the
population, healthcare organisations can
employ AI to gather and analyse patient
health data (Wang & Lin, 2022).
Combining diagnostic information, exam
results, and unstructured narrative data
offers a comprehensive picture of
individuals' (Aung et al., 2021) health and
yields useful information for preventing
illness and promoting wellness (Cannavale
et al., 2022). To help identify early illness
risks, AI-driven technologies may compile,
evaluate, and compare a constellation of
such data points against population-level
trends (Pradhan et al., 2021). As these data
points are combined to give a picture of
the population, predictive analytics may be
gained (Reddy et al., 2021). The risk
stratification of populations based on
genetic, phenotypic, behavioural (Tran et
al., 2021), and social variables may then be
done using these findings (Secinaro et al.,
2021). With the use of these insights,
healthcare organisations may improve
patient outcomes by delivering more
individualised, data-driven care while
optimising resource allocation and usage
(Quazi et al., 2022).
Improved diagnostic procedure
effectiveness & accessibility
One advantage of artificial intelligence in
healthcare is improved diagnostic
effectiveness (Aung et al., 2021). Large
caseloads and a lack of medical history
may enhance the possibility of human
error in healthcare settings (Shantaram,
2021). In comparison to physicians
(Pradhan et al., 2021), AI systems can
detect and diagnose illnesses more quickly
and with less risk of error (assuming
robust data quality, which we will talk
about later) (Reddy et al., 2021). For
instance, a 2017 study found that an AI
model with deep learning can detect breast
cancer more frequently than 11
pathologists (Tran et al., 2021). The
majority of poor nations struggle to keep
up with the rapid global technology
breakthroughs and lack access to basic
healthcare systems and services. The
danger of death is higher for citizens of
such a nation (Aung et al., 2021). The
9
WHO estimates that the 18.1-year
difference in life expectancy now seen
between the world's richest and poorest
countries is caused by inadequate or no
access to healthcare (Secinaro et al., 2021).
These underserved locations can benefit
from an effective healthcare environment
thanks to AI technologies (Quazi et al.,
2022). Digital technologies with
support can make patient diagnosis and
therapy easier (Richardson et al., 2022).
Applications specifically designed to aid
collaboration between international and
national healthcare groups in providing
individuals in need with the aid they
require (Ameen et al., 2022).
Clinical Decision Making
The time and resources required to assess
and diagnose patients can be decreased by
using artificial intelligence in
healthcare activities. This allows medical
professionals to respond more quickly and
save more lives (Sun et al., 2022).
Algorithms that use machine learning
(ML) may identify danger much more
accurately and quickly than traditional
procedures. When implemented properly
(Abràmoff et al., 2022), these algorithms
can speed up diagnosis and reduce
diagnostic mistakes, which continue to be
the leading source of medical malpractice
lawsuits (Dhindsa et al., 2018).
Additionally, AI-enabled technologies can
assemble and sort through vast amounts of
clinical data to give doctors a more
comprehensive picture of the state of
patient populations' health (Alrahbi et al.,
2021). With the help of these technologies,
the care team may obtain timely or nearly
timely information that can be used to
AI
improve patient outcomes (Shohet &
Lavy, 2004). The whole care staff may
work at the top of their licences by
automating the collection and analysis of
the gigabytes of data flowing inside the
hospital walls (Jain et al., 2021).
AI-Assisted Surgery
The use of surgical robots in healthcare is
one of the most cutting-edge AI use cases
(Alami et al., 2021). The development of
AI surgical systems that can flawlessly
some
perform even the smallest motions is a
result of the maturity of AI robotics
(Wamba-Taguimdje et al., 2020). The
typical procedure wait time, danger, blood
10
loss, problems, and potential side effects For instance, while waiting for surgery,
can all be decreased because to the ability patients are exposed to antibacterial
of these systems to carry out difficult nanorobots to get rid of any infections in
surgical procedures (Rodriguez et al., their blood stream (Shantaram, 2021). The
2020). AI-backed information on the patient's
current condition that is readily available
Additionally, machine learning has a part to surgeons in real-time is arguably the
to play in facilitating surgical procedures greatest component (Pradhan et al., 2021).
(Kulkov, 2021). It can give doctors and Patients' concerns, particularly those
nurses access to up-to-the-minute related to surgery under general
knowledge and insightful perceptions anaesthesia, have been allayed because to
about a patient's condition (Johnson et al., this.
2021). They may use this AI-backed
knowledge to make quick, wise decisions Optimize performance & Operational
before to, during (Camgoz-Akdag & efficiency
Beldek, 2020), and after treatments to
guarantee the greatest results. Intensively integrated systems and
procedures make up the complicated mix
In robotics applications, artificial of modern healthcare operations (Reddy et
intelligence development has advanced al., 2021). Due of this, it is very
significantly (Gamble, 2020). The use of challenging to reduce patient wait times,
machine learning in surgery is the same maximise asset usage, and optimise cost.
(Wang & Lin, 2022). There are specialised
AI surgical systems that are capable of
carrying out the smallest actions with
perfect precision (Cannavale et al., 2022).
This implies that we may do complicated
procedures effectively with less risks of
adverse effects, blood loss, or discomfort.
In a similar vein, recuperation from
surgery is quicker and simpler (Aung et
al., 2021). In order to filter through the vast amounts
of big data present in their digital
environment and uncover insights that

11
might enhance workflow,
productivity (Tran et al., 2021), and
improve performance, health systems are
increasingly turning to
intelligence (Aung et al., 2021). By
prioritising services based on patient
acuity and resource availability,
example (Secinaro et al., 2021), AI and
ML can (1) improve throughput and
effective and efficient use of facilities
(Quazi et al., 2022), (2) improve revenue
cycle performance by optimising
workflows, such as prior authorization
claims and denials (Richardson et al.,
2022), and (3) automate routine, repeatable
tasks to better deploy human resources
when and where they are most needed.
When used wisely, AI and ML may give
managers and clinical leaders
knowledge to enhance the accuracy and
speed of the hundreds of decisions they
must make every day (Ameen et al., 2022),
easing the seamless passage of patients
across multiple healthcare services (Sun et
al., 2022).
Increased Speed & Reduced Costs
Healthcare procedures are now quicker
and cost much less thanks to AI algorithms
(Abràmoff et al., 2022). The AI has
significantly impacted the game in terms
of speed and price, from
boost assessment through diagnosis. For
instance, the AI can find the biomarkers in
our body that point to sickness (Dhindsa et
artificial al., 2018). The amount of manual labour
required to specify these biomarkers has
been reduced using AI systems (Alrahbi et
for al., 2021). Because of the extensive
automation, we can now respond more
quickly and save more lives (Shohet &
Lavy, 2004).
AI algorithms are thought to be more
economical than conventional techniques
(Jain et al., 2021). With AI algorithms
offering prediction-based findings based
on personal information, patients may
make fewer journeys to the lab (Alami et
al., 2021). Up to 88 percent more firms
made the move in the last year, which is
the what caused the surge in the use of AI
across the board (Wamba-Taguimdje et al.,
2020).
AI can frequently be used to improve
procedures like diagnosis at a fraction of
the initial cost (Rodriguez et al., 2020).
Consider the case when AI can search
through millions of photographs for
medical symptoms (Kulkov, 2021). It
eliminates the expensive manual labour
required (Johnson et al., 2021). Patients
receive quicker and more efficient care,
which lowers the demand for beds, wait
patient periods, and admissions (Camgoz-Akdag
12
& Beldek, 2020). Healthcare IT News
forecasts that AI automation will result in
considerable cost reductions across a
variety of industries. The top five are listed
as follows:
Surgery with robot assistance: $40 billion
$20 billion for virtual nursing aides
Assistance with administrative workflow:
$18 billion
Verification of fraud: $17 billion
Reduced dosage errors - $16 billion
AI will become more precise, accurate,
and efficient as it learns, which will down
prices even further.
Improved human capabilities and
support for mental health
Robots may help patients in addition to
medical professionals (Gamble, 2020). For
instance, paraplegic individuals can regain
their movement with little to no assistance
from caregivers thanks to exoskeleton
robots (Wang & Lin, 2022). Similar to
artificial intelligence-powered prosthetic
limbs, smart prostheses are equipped with
sensors that operate more like natural
limbs (Cannavale et al., 2022).
Service robots developed through the use
of machine learning can manage everyday
duties and keep patients company (Aung et
al., 2021). There are specialised
conversational and companion robots that
do required tests and checks (Shantaram,
2021), like monitoring blood pressure,
sugar levels, managing temperature, and
even administering medication (Pradhan et
al., 2021). Due to their built-in analytical
abilities, robots have been created to assist
depressed individuals (Reddy et al., 2021).
These talents enable them to assess the
mod of the patients and improve their
mood.
Easy information sharing, Time &
Resource saving
Easy information exchange is a further
advantage of AI in healthcare that is worth
emphasising (Tran et al., 2021). AI can
follow certain patient data more effectively
than conventional care, giving clinicians
more time to concentrate on therapies
(Aung et al., 2021). The secret to realising
the potential of AI and precision medicine
is the capacity of algorithms to swiftly
examine enormous amounts of data
(Secinaro et al., 2021).
10.5 percent of Americans have diabetes,
according to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (Quazi et al.,
13
2022). The ailment urgently has to be
treated and managed, and AI can assist
healthcare professionals in understanding
the sickness through data (Richardson et
al., 2022). Diabetes patients, for example,
may monitor their glucose levels in real-
time and receive reports to (Alami et al.,
2021) manage and analyse their progress
with medical professionals or support
groups (Richardson et al., 2022).
Medical personnel have more time to
evaluate patients and identify illnesses and
ailments as more essential operations
become automated (Ameen et al., 2022).
AI is speeding up processes to save
medical facilities valuable productivity
hours (Wamba-Taguimdje et al., 2020).
Time is money in any industry (Sun et al.,
2022), thus AI has the potential to
significantly reduce expenses.
The yearly waste in the healthcare sector is
estimated to be in the neighbourhood of
$200 billion (Abràmoff et al., 2022). These
excessive expenses are mostly the result of
administrative burdens like filing,
evaluating, and settling accounts (Dhindsa
et al., 2018). The decision of medical
necessity is another area that needs work
(Alrahbi et al., 2021). Traditionally, it
takes hours of evaluating patient data and
history to accurately determine medical
necessity (Shohet & Lavy, 2004). New
deep learning (DL) and natural language
processing (NLP) algorithms can help
doctors analyse hospital cases and prevent
rejections (Jain et al., 2021).
Improved Prevention Care
AI and machine learning can help in the
treatment and prevention of infectious
diseases (Wamba-Taguimdje et al., 2020).
AI can be extremely helpful in averting
epidemics like COVID-19 because of its
capacity to manage enormous quantities of
data, including medical data (Rodriguez et
al., 2020), behavioural patterns, and
environmental factors.
The COVID-19 outbreak intelligence tool,
Blue Dot, carefully forecast the COVID-19
flight path from Wuhan to Bangkok,
Seoul, and (Kulkov, 2021) Taipei by
examining airline ticketing and flight
patterns. Similar AI-powered technologies
can assist medical professionals in quickly
diagnosing new patients to allow efficient
isolation and quarantine processes
(Johnson et al., 2021).
AI can also examine billions of molecules
for drug testing (Camgoz-Akdag &
Beldek, 2020), speeding up a process that
would traditionally take years (Gamble,
2020). Together with AI, researchers may
study viral genomes to create vaccines fast
and stop sickness.
14
It's important to note how AI-enabled The garbage-in-garbage-out concept is the
wearables might aid in the detection of guiding principle in the most, if not all, AI
non-infectious illnesses while talking initiatives (Aung et al., 2021). It would be
about sickness prevention. The gadget may nearly impossible to get results without the
identify the warning signals of a major enormous amount of data supplied into the
health event based on the user's vitals AI algorithms (Shantaram, 2021). This is
(Wang & Lin, 2022). The user may be why it is crucial to get high-quality
encouraged to consult an expert as a result. healthcare data (Pradhan et al., 2021), a
task that has grown more challenging over
4.4. Limitations of AI in healthcare time. The challenge is caused by the
dispersed and disordered health data that is
Despite the enormous advances made in dispersed across several data platforms and
artificial intelligence, a few major organisations (Reddy et al., 2021). Too
problems remain, particularly when it many patients switch insurance companies
comes to data (Cannavale et al., 2022). We and healthcare organisations, which makes
must overcome difficulties like the obtaining statistics difficult (Tran et al.,
following if we are to maximise the 2021).
benefits of artificial intelligence
development and machine learning In certain nations with poor data quality
implementation: and compartmentalised data systems
(Aung et al., 2021), digitising or
Consolidation and Digitalization of data consolidating these data is even more
difficult. With initiatives to speed up the
digitalization of medical systems, the
situation is somewhat improved in the US
(Secinaro et al., 2021). The digitised
information's quality isn't the finest,
though. One of the largest names in
record-keeping software, eClinical Works
(Quazi et al., 2022), allegedly had a system
fault that endangered patients.
Improved accuracy and efficiency in the
healthcare industry are ensured with
modern, digital record systems

15
(Richardson et al., 2022). The perfecting
of medical data digitalization and
consolidation is necessary for healthcare
stakeholders (Ameen et al., 2022). It is the
only method to provide the AI with the
data it needs to provide correct analysis
and facilitate effective workflows
(Abràmoff et al., 2022).
Regarding the collection of patient data,
privacy is a major problem (Dhindsa et al.,
2018). Although safeguards are in place
for researchers to secure patient data,
nefarious hackers are always trying to gain
access (Alrahbi et al., 2021). No one in AI
should ignore privacy problems if a
company as large as Google (Shohet &
Lavy, 2004) can have privacy and medical
data vulnerabilities.
The capacity of the system to anticipate
information about patients even when the
algorithm was not provided with such data
is another way that AI puts privacy at risk
(Jain et al., 2021).
Needs Human Surveillance
Despite the progress AI has made in
medicine, human oversight is still crucial.
Robots used in surgery (Alami et al.,
2021), for instance, function rationally
rather than sympathetically (Wamba-
Taguimdje et al., 2020). Health
professionals may pick up on crucial
behavioural cues that might aid in the
diagnosis or avoidance of medical issues
(Rodriguez et al., 2020).
"AI has been around for a while and is still
developing. Healthcare practitioners and
tech specialists are interacting more as this
field develops, according to Yang
(Kulkov, 2021). To be efficiently used, AI
needs human input and assessment.
As AI advances, the tech and medical
industries are collaborating more to further
the technology (Johnson et al., 2021).
Yang continues, "Medical practitioners
must complete years of school in order to
practise in their specialties (Camgoz-
Akdag & Beldek, 2020). Subject Matter
Experts (SMEs) supply vital data that
enriches the data already accessible and
enhances explainable AI (XAI) to give
healthcare personnel reliable insights
(Gamble, 2020).
Potential for a Faulty Diagnosis
Medical AI mainly relies on diagnosis
information gleaned from millions of
instances that have been catalogued (Wang
& Lin, 2022). A mistake is absolutely
conceivable when there is limited
information on certain illnesses,
demographics (Cannavale et al., 2022), or
16
environmental variables. When
recommending a certain treatment, this
element becomes extremely crucial (Aung
et al., 2021). Yang comments on this data
omission by saying, "No matter the
system, some piece of the data is always
missing. When it comes to prescriptions
(Shantaram, 2021), it's possible that details
on specific populations and treatment
reactions are missing (Pradhan et al.,
2021). This phenomenon may make it
difficult to diagnose and treat individuals
who fit a certain demography (Reddy et
al., 2021).
To accommodate for data limitations, AI is
continually changing and developing
(Tran et al., 2021). It's crucial to remember
that certain groups can still be left out of
the domain knowledge that already exists
(Aung et al., 2021).
May lead to Unemployment
AI may help decrease expenses and
clinician stress, but it may also make
certain positions obsolete (Secinaro et al.,
2021). Equity issues might arise if this
variable leads to the displacement of
professionals who spent time and money
on their healthcare education (Richardson
et al., 2022).
According to a 2018 World Economic
Forum research, AI would generate 58
million new employments by 2022
(Richardson et al., 2022). However,
according to the same report (Sun et al.,
2022), AI would eliminate or displace 75
million employments by the year 2025
(Abràmoff et al., 2022). Jobs requiring
repetitive work will become redundant as
AI becomes increasingly integrated across
many industries, which is the main cause
of this loss of employment possibilities.
Though AI has the potential to advance
many areas of healthcare and medicine
(Dhindsa et al., 2018), it's crucial to think
about how this technology will affect
society as a whole (Alrahbi et al., 2021).
Social Prejudices
As was previously said, AI-based robots
are prejudiced towards the patients being
diagnosed since they are unable to
completely (Shohet & Lavy, 2004)
understand human nature and the context
in which they work. For instance, a low-
income customer may receive a
recommendation from an AI system for an
unaffordable care facility (Jain et al.,
2021). Patients find it challenging to keep
on track with their therapy at these clinics
due to the outrageous expense of the
treatments offered (Alami et al., 2021).
The doctor must choose the best course of
therapy while taking the patient's social
17
and financial situation into consideration
(Wamba-Taguimdje et al., 2020).
4.5. Advancements of AI in healthcare
Ideas for using AI in healthcare have
emerged and been implemented during the
past few of years (Rodriguez et al., 2020).
The focus of the study has shifted from
paper to patients. Genomics and digital
medicine are the two key fields where
research has sporadically increased
(Kulkov, 2021). Unlike the latter, which
focuses on ways to make technology more
approachable through user-friendly
interfaces for both physicians and patients,
the former aims to learn more about what
occurs at the cellular level (Johnson et al.,
2021).
Here are some recent developments in the
field of medical AI:
Alexa as Medical Advisor
Voice assistants have so far kept customers
amused by playing music and providing
quiz answers (Camgoz-Akdag & Beldek,
2020). Now, NHS and Amazon's Alexa are
working together to give people medical
information (Gamble, 2020). For instance,
these voice assistants may recognise the
audio of a cough and recommend cough
drops from reputable medical databases if
the user has a difficult night (Wang & Lin,
2022).
The new approach effectively incorporates
Alexa with the NHS database (Cannavale
et al., 2022). The information returned by
Alexa in response to questions from
British users concerning disease symptoms
or treatments is consistent with that on the
NHS website (Richardson et al., 2022).
Users have always been able to ask Alexa
for health advice (Ameen et al., 2022),
albeit the sources of the responses varied
based on the skills the voice assistant had
downloaded or specific data that Alexa
(Sun et al., 2022) directly sourced from
outside sources like the NHS and provided
without the need to activate a skill
(Gamble, 2020). Given the risk of data
theft and customers' apprehension about
discussing their symptoms with a machine
(Reddy et al., 2021), widespread
deployment may still be some time off
(Tran et al., 2021) .
Ahead of Time Kidney Disease
Prediction by DeepMind
According to statistics, 10 percent of men
and nearly 12 percent of women
worldwide have chronic renal illnesses
(those lasting more than three months)
(Secinaro et al., 2021). Up to 10.5 million
individuals require dialysis or a kidney
18
transplant (Quazi et al., 2022), yet many
are unable to afford or obtain these life-
saving procedures (Richardson et al.,
2022).
Additionally, acute renal damage affects
more than 13 million people (Ameen et al.,
2022). Some will eventually develop renal
failure or chronic kidney disease.
A system that DeepMind (Aung et al.,
2021) has developed in partnership with
specialists from the US Department of
Veterans Affairs (VA) (Tran et al.,
2021)might give medical professionals a
48-hour head start in treating acute kidney
injury (AKI) (Reddy et al., 2021), a
disease that affects over 100,000
individuals in the UK each year (Pradhan
et al., 2021).
According to the researchers (Shantaram,
2021), this may also open up a window for
future preventative care (Aung et al., 2021)
allowing for the avoidance of more
intrusive operations like renal dialysis
(Wang & Lin, 2022).
Neurosurgeons Train On AI-Based VR
A group of researchers at the Montreal
Neurological Institute and McGill
University Health Centre's (Gamble,
2020) Neurosurgical Simulation and
Artificial Intelligence Learning Centre
employed machine learning algorithms to
direct virtual reality training platforms for
neurosurgeons (Camgoz-Akdag & Beldek,
2020).
A few indicators were categorised based
on the force used to the underlying
structures and damage to the underlying
brain (Johnson et al., 2021), blood loss,
and amount of tumour removed in order to
assess the performance of the surgeons
(Kulkov, 2021). The doctors' degree of
experience may therefore be precisely
ascertained by examining how well they
perform in machine learning models
(Rodriguez et al., 2020).
Efficient testing and drug development
Exscientia (Cannavale et al., 2022), a UK-
based artificial intelligence company,
created a medicinal molecule from scratch
using AI (Wamba-Taguimdje et al., 2020).
That's correct, new medications are being
19
developed using AI (Alami et al., 2021).
The chemical is a component of a brand-
new medicine that has swiftly entered
human trials and is (Shohet & Lavy, 2004)
intended to treat individuals
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
(Jain et al., 2021). In comparison to the
typical of four and a half years for the
whole lifetime of (Alrahbi et
2021)drug development (Shohet & Lavy,
2004), the medicine was made accessible
for clinical trials within a 12-month period
(Alrahbi et al., 2021).
Virtual Nursing Assistants
Virtual nursing assistants might help the
healthcare sector save $20 billion a year by
communicating with patients and sending
them to the best care environment
(Dhindsa et al., 2018). Virtual nurses may
respond quickly to inquiries, monitor
patients (Abràmoff et al., 2022), and are
accessible around-the-clock. In order to
avoid hospital readmissions or needless
hospital trips (Sun et al., 2022), the
majority of virtual nursing assistant
software now provide more frequent
communication between patients and care
providers between office visits (Ameen et
al., 2022). Even health checks may be
given by the virtual nursing assistant from
Care Angel using speech and AI.
Workflow & Administrative tasks
with Another way AI can impact healthcare is
to automate office and administrative tasks
(Richardson et al., 2022). It is expected
that this could result in $18 billion in
al., savings for the healthcare industry as
machines can help doctors, nurses and
other providers save time on tasks (Quazi
et al., 2022). Technology such as voice-to-
text transcriptions could help order tests
(Secinaro et al., 2021), prescribe
medications and write chart notes (Aung et
al., 2021). One example of using AI to
support admin tasks is a partnership
between the Cleveland Clinic and IBM
that uses IBM’s Watson (Reddy et al.,
2021) to mine big data and help physicians
provide a personalized and more efficient
treatment experience (Tran et al., 2021).
One way Watson supports physicians is
being able to analyse thousands of medical
papers using natural language processing
to inform treatment plans (Pradhan et al.,
2021).
Image Analysis
For human providers, picture analysis
takes a lot of time right now (Shantaram,
2021), but MIT-led researchers have
created a machine-learning method that
can interpret 3D images up to 1,000 times
20
quicker than is now feasible (Aung et al.,
2021).
For surgeons who are performing surgery,
this evaluation in close to real time might
offer crucial information (Jain et al.,
2021). Additionally (Abràmoff et al.,
2022), it is believed that AI will contribute
to the advancement of the subsequent
generation of non-tissue sample-dependent
radiological technologies (Dhindsa et al.,
2018). Additionally, AI picture analysis
might assist rural areas without convenient
access to medical professionals and
potentially improve the effectiveness of
telemedicine by enabling patients to
transmit images of rashes, scrapes (Alrahbi
et al., 2021), or bruises to identify the
appropriate course of treatment.
AI tools may assist human healthcare
workers in the extremely complicated field
of healthcare by speeding up service
(Shohet & Lavy, 2004), diagnosing
problems, and analyzing data to spot
patterns or genetic information that might
predispose someone to a specific disease
(Jain et al., 2021). AI and machine
learning have the potential to revolutionize
not only healthcare but also the way each
and every patient is treated when saving
minutes may mean saving lives (Rodriguez
et al., 2020).
6. Healthcare Applications of Different
Deep Learning Techniques
A part of machine learning is deep
learning (DL), commonly referred to as
deep structured learning or hierarchical
learning (Johnson et al., 2021). It is loosely
based on how neurons interact with one
another in animal brains to process
information. Artificial neural networks
(ANNs) (Shohet & Lavy, 2004), a layered
algorithmic design used in deep learning
(DL), evaluate data to mimic these
connections. A DL algorithm can "learn"
to identify correlations and connections in
the data by examining how data is routed
through an ANN's (Gamble, 2020) layers
and how those levels communicate with
one another.
Due to these features, DL algorithms are
cutting-edge technologies with the
potential to transform healthcare (Wang &
Lin, 2022). The most prevalent varieties in
the sector have a range of applications
(Aung et al., 2021).
DEEP NEURAL NETWORKS
21

A deep neural network (DNN) is a kind of
artificial neural network (ANN) (Alrahbi
et al., 2021), however it is distinguished as
"deep" because it has more layers than
certain other neural networks (Secinaro et
al., 2021). These layers carry out the
mathematical translation operations
required to convert raw input into useful
output (Jain et al., 2021). In order to
further refine the result, additional layers
enable slightly different translations to be
executed in each layer (Alami et al., 2021).
These methods may be used to forecast
pediatric appointment no-shows,
demonstrated by a recent DNN use case
example (Quazi et al., 2022). Researchers
made the following predictions in a study
that was published in the journal npj
Digital Medicine: patient EHR data and
local weather data could be used as
predictors for pediatrics no-shows (Ameen
et al., 2022), and a prediction model using
this data could assist providers
implementing no-show prevention
measures (Sun et al., 2022).
The primary care pediatrics clinic at
Boston Children's Hospital provided the
researchers with the EHR data for 19,450
patients between January 10, 2015, and
September 9, 2016, which they used to
create their model (Richardson et al.,
2022). 20.3 percent of the 161,822
appointments these patients were
scheduled for were missed (Abràmoff et
al., 2022). There was also information on
the local weather on the scheduled
appointment day (Shantaram, 2021).
The DNN performed better than the
traditional no-show prediction method
(Dhindsa et al., 2018), and it revealed that
the weather and a patient's past no-show
records were the two key indicators of
whether they would show up for their
upcoming appointment (Shantaram, 2021).
Using a DNN, researchers could more
as quickly assess the correlation between
several aspects of a patient no-show and
identify the aspects that were most closely
associated with the result (Shohet & Lavy,
2004).
CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL
NETWORKS
in
22

DNNs of the convolutional neural network
(CNN) variety are used to comprehend
visual input (Tran et al., 2021). CNNs
examine photos and glean attributes that
they can use to categorise the images
(Wang & Lin, 2022).
In fields like medical imaging, where a
physician may examine an image, such as
a CT scan or an X-ray, to identify a range
of illnesses, classification is essential
(Camgoz-Akdag & Beldek, 2020). A CNN
algorithm might be used to help with
medical imaging activities, which could
enhance clinical decision support and
solve population health problems (Reddy
et al., 2021). Researchers wanted to create
a CNN model that could concurrently
identify many retinal disorders in a study
that looked at the link between retinal
disease and lack of access to care
(Camgoz-Akdag & Beldek, 2020).
A group of qualified ophthalmologists
reviewed 120,002 photographs of the
fundus of the eye and labelled them
according to the diagnosis of retinal
diseases before utilising the photos to build
their model (Pradhan et al., 2021). The
model's performance was compared to that
of a team of retinal specialists in order
to(Cannavale et al., 2022) gauge how well
the model could identify retinal disease
(Dhindsa et al., 2018).
In seven of the ten retinal illnesses under
consideration, the CNN's accuracy (Tran et
al., 2021)was more than or on par with that
of the expert panel (Shantaram, 2021).
When comparing picture evaluation speed,
the model surpassed physicians as well
(Pradhan et al., 2021), assessing one image
in less than a second compared to the
quickest specialist's 7.68 seconds (Jain et
al., 2021).
The effectiveness of the approach,
according to the researchers (Secinaro et
al., 2021), might assist address access to
care in undeveloped areas where lower
screening rates and (Richardson et al.,
2022) late detection of retinal illness are
linked to a higher risk of permanent vision
loss (Alrahbi et al., 2021).
RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORKS
23
 may be time-consuming and expensive
(Gamble, 2020).

Researchers set out to determine if

different DL models could successfully
identify crucial characteristics for cohort
selection in an effort to save time and
money (Wang & Lin, 2022). A basic CNN,
a deep CNN, an RNN, and a hybrid model
A different class of ANN that uses
that incorporated the CNN and RNN were
sequential or temporal data are recurrent
all trained and put to the test (Aung et al.,
neural networks (RNNs) (Pradhan et al.,
2021). Models were given patient records
2021). They are frequently employed to
that had been manually labelled by
solve issues with speech recognition,
professionals to say whether patients had
picture captioning, natural language
satisfied one or more of 13 requirements
processing, and translation (Kulkov,
for a clinical study (Alrahbi et al., 2021).
2021). RNNs use information from inputs
in earlier layers to impact the present Overall, the hybrid and RNN models

inputs and outputs, in contrast to performed much better than the CNN

conventional neural networks where inputs models. However, the researchers

and outputs are independent of one another acknowledged that the tiny dataset they

(Rodriguez et al., 2020). utilised for their study had limitations

(Secinaro et al., 2021), and they suggested
RNNs can help healthcare professionals
that further research would be required
with activities like choosing the cohort for
before a cohort selection model could be
clinical trials (Wamba-Taguimdje et al.,
applied (Jain et al., 2021).
2020).
GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL
In clinical trials, a cohort or group of
NETWORKS
patients chosen for study involvement
have comparable important features
(Pradhan et al., 2021). Accurate patient
cohort selection is crucial to the outcome
of clinical trials, therefore the procedure

24
Two neural networks are combined to
create synthetic data that may be utilised in
place of actual data by generative
adversarial networks (GANs) (Alami et al.,
2021). The creation of images, videos, and
voices frequently makes use of GANs
(Quazi et al., 2022).
Due to their capacity to produce artificial
MRI pictures (Ameen et al., 2022), GANs
have a lot of promise for usage in the
healthcare industry (Sun et al., 2022).
Researchers face several difficulties when
using medical pictures to train AI models
for diagnostics and predictive analytics
because of their variable
(Richardson et al., 2022), potential patient
privacy restrictions, and sometimes
unbalanced image datasets. (Abràmoff et
al., 2022)
Researchers have looked into leveraging
MRI pictures generated by GANs to train
deep learning models for clinical decision
assistance in order to allay these worries
(Shantaram, 2021). In one
researchers trained a GAN (Dhindsa et al.,
2018) to produce aberrant MRI pictures
using publically (Pradhan et al., 2021)
accessible scans from the Multimodal
Brain Tumor Image Segmentation
Benchmark and the Alzheimer's Disease
Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (BRATS)
(Reddy et al., 2021).
Although the scientists noted that a bigger
training dataset may one day solve that
problem (Camgoz-Akdag & Beldek,
2020), the GAN-generated MRIs did have
several traits that allowed the researchers
to identify them from actual MRIs
(Wamba-Taguimdje et al., 2020).
Researchers might be able to build huge
datasets with high-quality photos and a
more evenly distributed distribution of
abnormal results thanks to synthetic
medical images (Rodriguez et al., 2020).
GAN-generated medical pictures might
contribute to patient privacy protection by
quality
reducing the requirement for genuine
medical images to be utilised in research
(Kulkov, 2021), in addition to enhancing
the imaging data required to train other AI
(Johnson et al., 2021).
7. Conclusion
The application cases discussed in this
study are just a small part of the ever-
growing area of immersive education
work,
(Wamba-Taguimdje et al., 2020). New
opportunities will definitely develop as
technology progresses and becomes more
widely adopted.
In my opinion, AI will have a significant
impact on future healthcare options. It is
the main capacity behind the development
of precision medicine (Rodriguez et al.,
25
2020), which is universally acknowledged
to be a critically needed improvement in
healthcare. It takes the form of machine
learning (Kulkov, 2021). Although early
attempts at making suggestions for
diagnosis and therapy have been difficult,
we anticipate that AI will eventually
become proficient in that field as well
(Johnson et al., 2021). It is likely that the
majority of radiology and pathology
pictures will eventually be reviewed by a
computer given the rapid advancements in
AI for imaging analysis (Camgoz-Akdag
& Beldek, 2020). It will become more
common to use speech and text recognition
for purposes like patient communication
and clinical note transcription (Gamble,
2020). Not determining whether the
technologies will be capable enough to be
beneficial, but rather guaranteeing their
acceptance in routine clinical practise, is
the biggest hurdle for AI in various
healthcare sectors (Wang & Lin, 2022). In
order for AI systems to be widely adopted,
they need to be endorsed by regulatory
bodies (Cannavale et al., 2022), integrated
with EHR systems, sufficiently
standardised so that similar products
function similarly (Shohet & Lavy, 2004),
taught to clinicians, paid for by public or
private payer organisations, and improved
over time in the field (Alrahbi et al., 2021).
These difficulties will eventually be
resolved, but it will take considerably
longer than it will for the technology to
advance (Dhindsa et al., 2018). We thus
anticipate modest AI usage in clinical
practise by 5 years and more widespread
use within 10 years (Abràmoff et al.,
2022).
Furthermore, it is increasingly obvious that
AI systems will not substantially replace
human physicians in patient care but rather
support them (Sun et al., 2022). Human
physicians may eventually gravitate
toward duties and work arrangements that
make use of particularly human abilities
like empathy, persuasion, and big-picture
integration (Ameen et al., 2022). Those
healthcare professionals who refuse to
collaborate with artificial intelligence may
end up being the only ones to lose their
professions in the future (Richardson et al.,
2022).
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