16.06.

2020

Abant İzzet Baysal University Department of Physics

Electronic Lab-II
Experiment-V Report
Name of Experiment: Final Report/Counter Circuit

Name&Surname:Selcan KURT
ID Number: 170202022
Partner’s Name: Hande YALDIZ
Oğuzhan KURT
 Counter Circuit 0-9
Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to count the counter circuit from 0 to 9
using Integrated circuits (IC) 555,7490,7447. We will make an investigation about it
and about how it works briefly.

Theory:
What is Counter Circuit?
By connecting flip-flops in appropriate ways, it is called a counter for its use to
count numbers. Counter circuits are logic circuits that repeat a certain state
sequence due to input pulses. The 0 - 9 digital counter circuit with motion
sensor operates according to the information received from two separate
electronic sensor circuits. The circuit is specifically designed to count moving
objects entering and exiting an environment. Counters are usually divided into
two, depending on how the clock signal is applied to flip-flops. These;
Asynchronous counters and synchronous counters.

►Asynchronous Counters
If the clock signal used for counting is applied to the first flip-flop and the output
of that flip-flop is connected to the clock input of the other flip-flop and this
connection is valid for all flip-flops in the circuit, such counters are called
Asynchronous Counters. In these counter circuits, the clock signal is applied to
the first flip-flop and the clock input of the subsequent flip flops is connected to
the output of the previous flip-flop, not Q or Q.

►Synchronous Counters
If the clock signal used for counting is applied simultaneously to all flip-flops,
such counters are also called Synchronous Counters. The clock input is
common for all flip-flops here. In this way, all flip-flops are triggered together.
With this difference in the application of the clock signal, asynchronous counters
run slower than synchronous counters. The reason for this is that flip-flops
trigger each other in asynchronous counters.
What is Integrated?
Integrated (also called abbreviations such as integrated circuit or IC in English),
integrating as a word meaning means integrated. In electronic circuits, it is
known as the element that collects a large number of circuit elements into a
single core (sound amplifier, motor driver, microcontroller, etc.).

7 segment display (display) It is the circuit element used to show the numbers
between 0 and 9.
Integrated Types
Integrations can be classified according to different categories such as the
number of electronic circuit components, functions, production techniques and
covers they contain.
 TTL and CMOS Integrations: Integrations have two different types, TTL
and CMOS, depending on the type of transistor they have. TTL circuits
have BJT type transistors, while CMOS circuits have MOSFET type
transistors.

Both of them are 4 NAND gate integrated, but TTL (7400) on the left and CMOS (4011) on the right
 The 555 name comes from three 5 kΩ resistors connected in
series. It also includes two transistors, two comparators, a flip-
flop and an output amplifier.555 is a timer integrated, it has 4
legs mutually. It has 8 legs in total. It produces integrated
monatable multivibrator (asymmetric square wave oscillator)
and astable multi vibrator (symmetric square wave
oscillator).555 integrated is an integral used for many purposes.
It is a stable integrated circuit that can be used to create
oscillation, time delay and pulse signal. The timing interval can
be from micro-seconds to hours. In addition, it has a wide usage area with adjustable
output frequency. It is the most preferred integrated type among timer integrated circuits.
This integrated low cost has stability at high frequencies. The reason for this is that the R
and C elements connected to the integrated are selected at different values and the timing
period can be easily adjusted.

Leg 1 (ground): It is a ground or common tip.

Leg 2 (trigger): This tip is the input of the lower comparator. It is used to set the circuit
output to 1.
Leg number 3 (output): It is the exit end. Q20, Q24 transistors on the output floor of 555
(Figure 3.34) are totem pole, Q21, Q22 transistors are darlington connected and provide
approximately 1.7 V below the supply voltage at high output level.
Leg 4 (reset): This tip is used to take the output to logic 0. If a negative pulse is given to
this end, the discharge transistor becomes saturated and the output becomes logic 0.
Leg 5 (control voltage): This tip provides direct access to the voltage division point, which
provides 2 / 3Vcc. It is used in voltage controlled operation of 555. In normal operation, it is
given to the chassis with a capacitor of approximately 0.01μF to prevent noise.
Leg 6 (threshold): It is the input of the upper comparator. When the voltage at this end
exceeds 2 / 3Vcc, it causes the output to go to logic 0.
Leg 7 (discharge): This tip is the collector of the Q14 NPN transistor. Low resistance when
output is low; It controls the charge and discharge of the capacitor by showing high
resistance while at a high level.
Leg 8 (supply): It is the end where the supply voltage is applied. A supply voltage between
4.5V and 16V can be applied.
The 555 timer can be used in a variety of forms. The monostable mode will
create a single pulse of a specified width. A stable mode will create a repeating
pulse train of specified frequency and duty cycle.
 Single Stable Circuit (Monostable Operation)
In this position, the timer functions as a single stable circuit. The charge of the
externally connected capacitor is initially discharged by the transistor inside the
timer. When a negative trigger pulse is applied to the second end of the timer,
the flip-flop removes the short circuit on the capacitor and brings the output to
the high level position. The voltage at the ends of the capacitor changes
exponentially with the time constant T= Ra.C. If you want to get detailed
information about Monostable and Astable study subjects, you can reach the
article we wrote earlier here. When the voltage at the ends of the capacitor is
2/3 Vcc, the comparator resets the flip-flop. In this case, the capacitor is
discharged rapidly and the output is driven by the flip-flop to the low level
position. The circuit is triggered when the amplitude of the negative increase
pulse applied to the trigger tip reaches 1/3 Vcc. Once the circuit is triggered, it
remains in the same position until the time T expires. During this time, even if
the circuit is triggered again, its position does not change. This T time can be
given by the formula below;
T = 1.1. R1.C1
During this time, the circuit can be reset by applying the negative pulse to the
zeroing tip. If the reset tip is connected to the Vcc tip, an image that will fill up
constantly will be created.
 Unstable Circuit (Astable Operation)
The timer will act as an unstable circuit by triggering itself. The capacitor
connected externally will be filled through R1 and R2 and discharged through
R2. Pulse duration - Period rate can be adjusted by these two resistors. In this
type of operation, the capacitor fills and discharges between 1/3 Vcc and 2/3
Vcc voltages. Monostable and astable, the pulse frequency for both circuits is
independent of the source.

Result/Discussion: In this experiment, we learned the working principle of

Counter Circuit. We have seen the shapes of the 555 timer. We have seen what
the integrated circuit is. we made an investigation about it and wrote a report
about how it works.