Borrowings from Scandinavian languages

The long stay of the Scandinavians in England could not but affect the English
language. The influence of the Scandinavian language on the English language was
primarily due to the fact that the social order and level of development of the
English and Scandinavians was the same, and the Scandinavian language in its
grammatical structure and vocabulary related to the English language, was close
and clear to the latter. In addition, the convergence of the two languages was
facilitated by the lack of uniform linguistic norms enshrined in writing.
Scandinavian influence is most noticeable in the north and east of England (for
example: modern York <Scandinavian yo instead of eo in Eoforwic, the old name
of the city).
The main difference between the two languages was the personal and case
endings, while the roots of the words were common. In the mutual communication
of the Scandinavians and the English, both understood the main part of the word -
the root, and the endings, different in both languages, were elements that
complicate mutual understanding.
Therefore, all attention was focused on the perception and understanding of the
basis of the word, and the endings at the same time began to weaken, reduced.
Grammatical relations between members of a sentence, which were previously
transmitted by inflection, gradually began to be expressed by other means: word
order, prepositional inflections, and so on.
The differences in the morphological design of words in both languages were
insignificant:

Scandinavian- Old English

dagedǽg (day)

vindr wind (wind)

fiskr fisk (fish)

sunr sunu (sun)

hiarta heorte (heart)

The proximity of the forms of the root contributed to its consolidation in the
language: the form of the root tim-, and both ends merged weakened form time,
tyme, which in the language of the Middle English period turned into time [ti: mə>
ti: m> taim], which exists in the modern form time.
Similar changes have taken place in other words:
Old English sunu
scand. sunr
sune> sone> son
Old English sweord
scand. sverp
sweard> sword

The Scandinavian influence also affected other linguistic phenomena:

a) in the northern dialect, under the influence of the Scandinavian language, the
ending -s in the 3rd person singular of the present tense of verbs and the ending -
and adjective (binband) at the ending -end, -ind in the central and southern dialects
were fixed. The ending -s has survived in modern language (hetakes, goesi, etc.)
and the ending of the adjective -and later became -sng (modern going, taking, etc.);

b) personal pronouns of Scandinavian origin (Scandinavian peim) replaced the

corresponding Old English pronouns and became entrenched in English (modern
they, them, their). In addition, several independent and official words of
Scandinavian origin have been preserved in English: till, toandfro, though, ado (<at
+ do), both, same.

Scandinavian influence is most noticeable in the vocabulary of the language.

Monuments of the Old English period reflect only part of the borrowings, which
are much more fully represented in the monuments of the Middle English period.