GRADE 9 INTERATED SCIENCE COMMON NOTES – KAMBULE (2020)

Compiled by; Mr. Kalinda F.

UNITY 7. CHEMICAL REACTIONS

LEARNING OUTCOMES

(i) Describe what chemical reaction

(ii) Describe the nature of chemical reactions
(iii) Classify different types of chemical reactions
(iv)Describe the chemical reaction of synthesis
(v) Demonstrate the chemical reaction of water with electricity
(vi)Explain the law of conservation of matter

WHAT IS A CHEMICAL REACTION?

 A chemical reaction involves the formation of a substance from other substances.
NATURE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION
1. Endothermic reactions
This is a reaction in witch heat is absorbed or taken from the surrounding.
2. Exothermic reactions
This is a reaction in witch heat is released or given out to the surrounding.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. Synthesis
This is a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound. i.e.
A + B AB
Substance A and substance B combine to form (synthesize) compound AB
Examples of synthesis reactions
(i) Copper + Oxygen copper oxide
(ii) Sodium + Chlorine Sodium chloride
(iii) Nitrogen + Hydrogen Ammonia

2. Decomposition
This is a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more other
substances. i.e. AB A + B
Substance AB decomposes (breaks down) to form substance A and substance B.
Examples of decomposition reactions
(i) Calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(ii) Copper (II) carbonate copper (II) oxide + carbon dioxide
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 (iii) Lead (II) nitrate lead (II) oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxide
3. Single replacement
This is a reaction where one element replaces another element in a compound. i.e.
A + BX AX + B
Substance A displaces substance B from compound BX.
Examples of single replacement reactions
(i) Zinc + Copper (II) sulphate Copper + Zinc sulphate
(ii) Magnesium + lead (II) oxide lead + magnesium oxide
(iii) Chlorine + Potassium iodide Iodine + Potassium chloride

4. Double replacement
This is a reaction of substances from two different compounds replace each other. i.e.
VW + XY XW + VY
Substance V replaces substance X and substance X displaces substance V.
Examples of double replacement reaction
(i) Barium chloride + magnesium sulphate barium sulphate + magnesium chloride
(ii) Lead nitrate + potassium iodide lead iodide +potassium nitrate
(iii) Silver nitrate + potassium chloride silver chloride + potassium nitrate
(iv) Lead (II) nitrate + dilute sulphuric acid lead (II) sulphate + nitric acid

THE SYNTHESIS OF COPPER (ii) OXIDE

Copper combines with oxygen to form copper (II) oxide. This can be represented in a word
equation as follows.
Copper + Oxygen Copper (II) oxide.
To demonstrate the synthesis of copper (II) oxide
arrange the apparatus as follows

Heat the dish and write your observation.

OBSERVTION
The surface of the copper powder changes from brown to a black substance. This black
substance is copper (II) oxide.
NOTE: the mass of of the product is more than the mass of the copper metal. This shows that
the copper metal combined with oxygen causing an increase in mass.

CHEMICAL REACTION OF WATER WITH ELECTRICITY

When a direct current is passed through acidified water (H2O), it decomposes into it components
which are oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2). The volume of hydrogen gas produced at the negative

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electrode is twice the volume of oxygen gas
produced at the positive electrode as shown
below:

The word equation is;

Water oxygen + hydrogen

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER

The law of conservation of matter states that, “in chemical reactions, the total mass of the
products must be equal to the total mass of the reactants”.
That is, the total mass of substances before the reaction is equal to the total mass of the
substances produced.
This implies that matter can neither be created nor destroyed although it may be rearranged in
space.

EXAM QUESTIONS
1. 2017/p1/q30
Which of the following equation is a double displacement reaction?
A. Copper + oxygen copper II oxide
B. Zinc + copper sulphate zinc sulphate + copper
C. Calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
D. Silver nitrate + sodium chloride silver chloride + sodium nitrate

2. 2017/p1/q31
Which statement below best explains the law of conservation of matter? The total mass of
substances before reaction is …
A. Different from the mass of substances produced.
B. Equal to the mass of substances produced.
C. Less than the mass of substances produced.
D. More than the mass of substances produced.
3. 2018/p2/q9
A pupil carried out an experiment by heating
copper as shown below. A black solid was
noticed after the experiment.

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 (a) Would the mass of the product formed after heating copper be more, same or less
after the experiment had been done?
(b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above.
(c) Write a word equation for the reaction in the experiment above.
(d) (i) State the type of chemical reaction which took place in the experiment above.
(ii) Give one other type of chemical reaction apart from the one named in (c) (i)
above.
(e) State the law of conservation of matter.
4. 2016/p2/q10
The table below shows the chemical reactions and their products.
S/N CHEMICAL REACTION PRODUCTS
1 Copper heated with oxygen Copper (II) oxide
2 Heating calcium carbonate Calcium oxide and carbon diode
3 Calcium reacts with hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride and hydrogen
4 Electrolysis of acidified water Hydrogen and oxygen gases

(a) Define a chemical reaction.

(b) Identify chemical reactions which can be classified as;
(i) Single replacement
(ii) Decomposition
(iii) synthesis
(c) Suggest two endothermic reactions from the table.

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