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Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 5219–5230 www.materialstoday.com/procedings

ICMPC-2019

Extraction of saponin from gleditsia peel and applications on natural

dishwashing liquid detergent
Dinh Nhat Do1,*, Tan Tai Dang1 , Quang Tuan Le1 , Tri Duc Lam2 , Long Giang Bach2,3,
Duy Chinh Nguyen2 , Tran Quoc Toan4
1Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi City, Vietnam
4Center of Excellence for Biochemistry and Natural Products, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Abstract

Natural-derived products are becoming a new trend in the household products. In this research, crude saponin was extracted from
Gleditsia peel by soxhlet extraction method. This compound was the main component that was used for producing natural
dishwashing liquid detergent which is environment friendly and safe for the user's health. The highest crude saponin recovery
yield is 31%, when the extraction process is performed for 2 days, at 85°C and the solvent is ethanol 40%. Saponin was used as
emulsifier and surfactant, combine with other natural ingredients to produce natural dishwashing liquid detergent. That was
formulated with ingredients of natural origin (9% crude saponin extracted from Gleditsia peel, 5% coco-glucosides, 1.5%
carboxymethyl cellulose, 0.05% pomelo esential oil, pH regulator from banana peel ash and water). This product was evaluated
through color, odor, pH, viscosity, washing ability and foaming properties. The results showed that this product has similar
cleansing properties to commercial dishwashing liquids.

© 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 9th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization, ICMPC-2019

Keywords: Dishwashing liquid, Natural detergent, Gleditsia

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: labasm2013@gmail.com

2214-7853 © 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 9th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization, ICMPC-2019
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5220 DN Do et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 5219–5230

first. Introduction

Nowadays, Chemical detergents usually apply in houses for keeping a clean indoor environment. They can affect
human health and cause environmental pollution. Currently, natural-derived products are becoming a new trend in
the cosmetics industry. Chemicals are being replaced by natural substances such as herbs, essential oils, fruits, so
on. Studies on natural dishwashing detergents are increasingly interested One of the main sources of chemical
pollutants is everyday detergents. A large number of these chemicals are presently listed on the Household
Products Database of the National Library of Medicine, with mention to their potentially toxic effects [1]. Jerome M.
Kemper and colleagues describe evidence that certain ingredients in shampoo, other household cleaning agents is
a formation of suspected cancer [2,3]. Studies of Sorbino et al showed that dishwashing detergents have caused
toxicity and toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) [4]. In addition, the harmful effects caused by surfactants reported in
studies with D. magna and Vibrio fischeri, crustaceans, fish-crustaceans [5-
8]. Synthetic detergents can affect human health. There have been studies on the effects of synthetic detergents on human skin. Previous studies
concluded that regular exposure to low concentrations of detergents as used for dish washing is capable of inducing skin lesions in a significant
proportion of individuals [9-10].
The main ingredients of the dishwashing liquid are surfactants, builders, emulsifiers, stabilizers and other minor
additives [11-13]. In the future, the use of environment friendly surfactants in cleaning products is a growing trend
in the detergent industry [14]. There are a number of researches on natural detergents. Previous studies showed
that In a detergent formulation, starch derived products can be used for a variety of purposes [15,16].
A natural compound that can be used to replace synthetic detergent is saponins. Saponins are steroid or
triterpene glycoside compounds found in a variety of plants [17-19]. Moreover, saponins have the potential to be
used in many different fields. Saponin-containing plant materials were used as feed additives [20]. We have recently
reported the role of triterpene saponins in prevention and treatment of metabolic and vascular diseases. Furthermore,
saponins are also known for their ability as antioxidants, anti-cancer, immunological adjuvant activities [23-25].
Saponins are mainly derived from various plant materials [26]. Gleditsia sinensis Lam. (Leguminosae) is a perennial
shrub that is commonly found in China and Vietnam. Its fruit is high in saponins, it has been used for shampoo
since ancient times, and it is also used in a wide range of uses in the cosmetics and food industries [27]. Ingredients
of Gleditsia sinensis include several types of gleditsia saponins [28-34].
The purpose of this study is to determine the process of saponin extraction from the fruits of Gleditsia and this
compound is the main component that is used for producing natural dishwashing liquid detergent which is
environment friendly and safe for the user's health. A good detergent should be able to do that, but it should also
be able to do it without flushing pollutants into the water stream or on your utensils. Most detergents fail this second
criterion. Therefore, the replacement of synthetic dishwashing liquid by natural dishwashing liquid which is
environmentally friendly and safe for the user's health is very necessary. However, to the best of our knowledge,
studies on natural dishwashing liquid are very limited. Therefore, we selected and implemented the project Natural
dishwashing liquid detergent from Gleditsia peel. The results of this study may contribute to the development of
consumer products that are of natural origin, environmentally friendly and safe for human health.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Plant materials
The chemicals used in this study are of analytical grade and purchased from China. Bananas were collected
from Long Khanh District, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam. They were peeled and the peels were washed with double
distilled water, dried in an oven at 105°C ± 2 for two days to constant weight. The extracts were carefully decanted.
Double distilled water was put in ratios of 1:4 of the sample to double distilled water. [36]. The pH of the extracts
were determined using Hannah instruments, pH HI 2211 meter. The extract was used in the study as a pH regulator
in the manufacture of dishwashing liquid.
Gleditsia australis (subfamily Caesalpinioideae) used in the study was in Long Khanh District, Dong Nai Province,
Viet Nam. After that, the fruit was sun-dried, separated by shells and seeds. Dried at 600C to constant weight.
mixed, ground into a homogeneous fine powder (200 mesh) as the raw material for the study.
The dishwashing liquid detergents, used as comparative samples in this study are common dishwashing liquid in
Vietnam. They were bought from Lotte Mart, Go Vap district, Ho Chi Minh city, VietNam.
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2.2. Methods
Crude saponin extraction processing

Processing description
The process of saponin extraction from the Gleditsia was done in the following steps: Put 40g of Gleditsia powder into the
Soxhlet extractor with petroleum ether solvent (320ml) at 75-900C temperature in 24 hours. After that, take the extracted residue
and dry. Then extract with ethanol (320ml, concentrations 0% - 100%) at temperatures (75-900C) over a period of (1-4 days).
Removal of the solvent after extraction extraction in crude product as shown in below Table (1-3).

Examination of processing parameters effect on the essential oil yield

Table 1. Examinate parameter of extraction processing
Description Condition
Extraction time (day) 1,2,3,4
Temperature (oC) 75, 80, 85, 90
Ethanol concentration (wt%) 0, 20, 40, 60, 80,100

Qualitative saponin detection

First, 10ml of distilled water added with a 5ml aqueous extract sample. Second, shaking in 2 min. The presence of form on
the liquid surface for 15 min concluded the appearance of saponins [37]. The appearance of saponins was confirmed by the
proof of an emulsion upon addition of ten drops of olive oil to the 2ml aqueous extract..
Process of producing dishwashing liquid

Processing description
On the basis of literature reports, formulations of dishwashing liquid were prepared and studied.
Table 2. The formulas dishwashing liquid
Components Concentration (wt %)
Water ad 100
Raw saponins from Gleditsia 5-11
Coco Glucoside 3-6
CMC-Carboxymethyl cellulose 1-2.5
Banana peel extract Adjust pH in 6.5-7.5
Pomelo essential oil 0.05

The manufacture of dishwashing liquid products is very simple. The main task is the admission different ingredients at the
required temperature conditions. The main factors affect the process include: material composition, stirring speed, stirring
temperature. The required quantity of water was weighed poured into a becher 250ml, and consecutive components were added
to water in the sequence specified in the formula. After each component was added, the mixture was thoroughly stirred using a
magnetic stirrer until complete dissolution was achieved. The experiment was done in a boiler.

Survey factors that affect the process

Table 3. Examinate the factors that influence the process of producing dishwashing liquid
Description Condition
Stirring temperature( 0C) 30, 50, 60, 70, 80
Stirring speed (rpm) 50,100, 150, 200
Weight % raw saponins from Gleditsia 5,7,9,11
Weight % Coco Glucoside 3,4,5,6
Weight % CMC-Carboxymethyl cellulose 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5
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Evaluation methods
Sensory properties evaluation: Take about 100 ml of the sample into a 250 ml glass. Using eye to observe the
sample, should be practiced in a place where there is sufficient light, avoid direct light, no other color nearby and no
strange smell. Observe the following characteristics: State (description of the observed state, with special attention to
the uniformity of the product), Color (description of the color observed), Odor (description of odor)
Test samples according to TCVN 6971: 2001 (Vietnam)
Viscosity Measurements: A Brookfield NDJ-9S was used.
pH Measurements: The pH of the product is determined by the pH Meters Hanna HI 2211.
Determination of the Washing Ability[38] and Evaluation of Foaming Properties[39]
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Raw saponin extraction
Qualitative saponin detection
The sample appeared steady and persistent foam on the liquid surface for 15 min, its mean of presence of saponins.

Effect of temperature on yield

One of the factors effected on the extraction process is temperature. High temperatures increase the diffusion rate,
the convection of the solvent, thus increasing the extraction efficiency. However, at high temperatures, some of the
substances in the product can decompose and affect the efficiency of the extraction. To investigate the effects of
temperature we used ethanol 60% and fixed the extraction time for 2 days.

Figure 1. Effect of temperature on yield

The results of the extraction temperature survey are shown in Figure 1. Based on the graph shown in Figure 1, we
find that as the temperature increases, the saponin content increases but to a certain temperature, the saponin
content does not increase significant. As temperatures increase, saponins move more flexibly and mass transfer
increases, thereby increasing the saponin content. However, when the saponin extraction process reaches the
saturation state, the increase in temperature is no longer effective while the cost increases. So we choose a
temperature of 850C for subsequent experiments.
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Effect of time on yield

To investigate the effects of temperature we used ethanol and fixed the extraction temperature of 850C.

Figure 2. Effect of extraction time on yield

The extraction time is also an important factor important influences the extraction process. Figure 2 shows the
effect of extraction time on the yield. The longer the extraction time, the higher the yield, but at a certain time interval,
the yields are not significant increased. Extraction time of 2, 3 and 4 days for saponin content significant more than
the extraction time at 1 day. Increase the extraction time from 1day to 2 days, the extracted saponin content
increased. However, at the extraction time of 2 and 4 days, saponin content increased not significant and no
significant difference compared to extraction time of 2 days. The results we get choose the extraction time of 2 days
for subsequent experiments.
Effect of extraction solvent on yield.
After fixed the optimum extraction conditions (time, temperature) we evaluated the effect of extraction solvent.
Ethanol, methanol were often used to extract saponins from Gleditsia. However, to application in natural dishwashing
detergent, ethanol is used because this is the type of safety solvent. In this, we used ethanol with different
concentrations: 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%.

Figure 3. Effect of ethanol concentration on yield

Result of this experiment extraction experiments to build the graphs (Figure 3) showed the relationship between
the solvent and yield obtained in different. The results showed that the solvent concentration significantly affected the
total saponin content. When at a concentration of 40% ethanol, the total saponin content was highest (total saponin
nearly doubled when extracted at 100% concentration). This results are consistent with the
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information: Saponins are generally soluble in water, methanol, dilute ethanol and are difficulty soluble in high concentration ethanol [40].
When increasing the ethanol concentration from 40% to 60%, the total saponin content did not change modified. So we have chosen
extraction solvent of 40% ethanol.
3.2 Dishwashing liquid production
The pH of the extracts banana peels
The pH of banana peels ash derived solutions are 12.5, which confirmed alkali production from banana peels.
The extract solutions were used in the study as a pH regulator in the manufacture of dishwashing liquid.
Effect of Stirring temperature to process of producing dishwashing liquid.
The stirring temperature affects the stirring process and the quality of the dishwashing liquid. The results showed that, at room temperature
(300 C), the components are difficult to dissolve, so the duration of stirring is longer, the degree of homogeneity of the product is not high.
At stirring temperature of 50-600 C, the ingredients are well dissolved, the absorption time is fast, the product is highly homogeneous.
When the stirring temperature increases to 70-800 C, the components dissolve very quickly, but appears a lot of foam. High stirring
temperatures may also affect the activity of surfactants in the mixture. Therefore, we chose a stirring temperature of 50-600 C to
investigate the other parameters.

Effect of Stirring rate to process of producing dishwashing liquid.

Stirring speed is one of the important parameters affecting the process and product quality. The results show that at low speed (50 rpm),
the solution reaches low homogeneous, long stirring time. As the stirring speed increases to 100-150 rpm, high homogeneous solution.
The high stirring speed causes increase dissolution process, heat transfer, mass transfer, so the stirring time is shortened. However,
when the stirring speed increases to 150-200 rpm, the foam generates more, sometimes go up high, affect the system. So we chose a
stirring speed of 100 rpm to investigate other factors.

3.3 Effect of components on dishwashing liquid

Effect of saponin content

Saponins are used to make dishwashing liquid as a major component. Their role is the surfactant and emulsifier.
Therefore, the content of saponin has an important influence on the quality of the product. To investigate the effect of saponin content,
we stir at 50-600C and 100 rpm. We fixed the other factors and changed the saponin content as follows as shown in below Table 4:

Table 4. Effect of raw saponin on dishwashing liquid

Components Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration
(wt %) P1 (wt %) P2 (wt %) P3 (wt %) sample P4
Water ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 ad 100

Raw saponins from Gleditsia 5 7 9 11

Coco Glucoside 3 3 3 3

CMC-Carboxymethyl 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

cellulose

Banana peel extract Adjust pH in Adjust pH in Adjust pH in Adjust pH in 6.5-7.5

6.5-7.5 6.5-7.5 6.5-7.5
Pomelo essential oil 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

The product was tested for sensory properties evaluation, pH, viscosity, cleaning properties, and foaming ability and compared with the
commercial dishwashing liquid sample. The commercial sample parameters are the mean of the five common dishwashing liquid in
Vietnam.The results are shown in the following Figure:
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Figure 4. Effect of raw saponin on dishwashing liquid

Figure 4 displays effect of saponin content on washing ability of different samples. Washing ability is one of the
most important criteria for qualitative assessment of dishwashing liquids. Dishwashing liquids that were obtained
in the study exhibit very good detergent properties. The values for the P1, P2, P3, P4 sample were 74.55, 82.73,
86.36 and 88.18%, respectively. This showed that the cleaning ability is slightly lower than the comparable sample.
The results showed that the higher the saponin concentration in the starting formulation, the higher the washing
ability of the product. When the amount of saponin in the dishwashing water increased from 5% to 7%, the washing
ability increased sharply from 74.55 to 82.73%. This may be due to critical micelle concentration (CMC) [41]. When
the amount of saponin in the dishwashing water increased from 9% to 11%, the washing ability only slightly
increased, it is possible that the ability of saponins to reach a limit

Figure 5. Effect of saponin on foaming properties

Figure 5 displays effect of saponin content on foaming properties of different samples. General, the higher the
concentration of saponin in the formulation, the higher the values of foam volume observed 10 s after its formation.
The volume of foam increased rapidly (from 260 cm3 to 282 cm3) when increasing saponin concentrations from
5% to 7%. When the saponin concentration increased from 7% to 11%, the volume of foam increased slowly. In
addition, we find that when the content of saponin increased from 5-11%, the stability of foam is almost unaffected.
Foam stability ranges from 63% to 67%. Foam volume and foam stability in this study are slightly lower than the
comparable sample. From the reviews above, we have chosen the content of saponins in the dishwashing liquid
composition to be 9% for other surveys.
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Effect of Coco Glucoside content

Saponin is the main detergent in the dishwashing composition research. However, the cleansing ability of saponin is not as strong as
synthetic detergents. While formulating diswashing liquid, these natural surfactants are generally combined with synthetic ones to ensure
good cleansing and satisfactory product qualities. In this study, we added glucose coco to the dishwashing liquid composition. Coco-
glucoside is a surfactant produced by chemical reaction between glucose and coconut oil –derived [42]. The properties of coco glucoside
are completely biodegradable, safe for the user. To investigate the effect of coco-glucoside content, we stir at 50-600C and 100 rpm. We
fixed the other factors and changed the saponin content as follows as shown in below Table 5 :

Table 5. Effect of coco glucoside on dishwashing liquid

Components Concentration Concentration Concentration (wt Concentration
(wt %) P5 (wt %) P6 %) P7 (wt %) sample P8

Water ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 ad 100

Raw saponins from 9 9 9 9

Gleditsia
Coco Glucoside 3 4 5 6

CMC-Carboxymethyl 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

cellulose

Banana peel extract Adjust pH in Adjust pH in Adjust pH in 6.5- Adjust pH in 6.5-7.5

6.5-7.5 6.5-7.5 7.5

Pomelo essential oil 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

The product was tested for sensory properties evaluation, pH, viscosity, cleaning properties, and foaming ability and compared with the
commercial dishwashing liquid sample. The commercial sample parameters are the mean of the five common dishwashing liquid in
Vietnam.
The results are shown in the following Figure:

Figure 6. Effect of Coco-glucoside content on washing ability.

Figure 6 displays effect of Coco-glucoside content on washing ability of different samples. Dishwashing liquids that were obtained in the
study exhibit very good detergent properties. Washing Ability is equal to the synthetic dishwashing liquids used as a reference. The
values for the P5, P6, P7, P8 sample were 86.36, 94.5, 100.9 and
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105.5%, respectively. The results showed that the higher the Coco-glucoside concentration in the starting
formulation, the higher the washing ability of the product. When the amount of Coco-glucoside in the dishwashing
water increased from 3% to 6%, the washing ability increased from 86.36 to 105.5%. When the amount of Coco-
glucoside in the dishwashing water is 5%, washing ability is equal to commercial sample. The results showed that
coco-glucoside is a good detergent when combined with saponin

Figure 7. Effect of Coco-glucoside on foaming properties

Figure 7 displays effect of Coco-glucoside content on foaming properties of different samples. General, the higher
the concentration of Coco-glucoside in the formulation, the higher the values of foam volume. The volume of foam
increased rapidly (from 287 cm3 to 344 cm3) when increasing Coco-glucoside concentrations from 3% to 6%.
When the Coco-glucoside content is 5% or more, the ability to foam is similar to the sample used for comparison.
In addition, we found that when the content of coco-glucoside increased from 3-6%, the stability of foam is almost
unaffected. Foam stability ranges from 64% to 66%. Foam volume and foam stability in this study are equal to the
comparable sample. From the reviews above, we have chosen the content of coco-glucoside in the dishwashing
liquid composition to be 5% for other surveys as shown in below Table 6.
Effect of CMC-Carboxymethyl cellulose content
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the important cellulose derivatives in industries, which is widely used as
emulsifier, thickener, and gelling agent[42]. CMC is a compound derived from nature. So that, we used it in this
research and tested its content effect on product viscosity. To investigate the effect of CMC content, we stir at
50-600C and 100 rpm. We fixed the other factors and changed the CMC content as follows:
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Table 6. Effect of CMC on dishwashing liquid

Components Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration
(wt %) sample (wt %) sample (wt %) sample (wt %) sample
P9 P10 P11 P12
Water ad 100 ad 100 ad 100 ad 100

Raw saponins from Gleditsia 9 9 9 9

Coco Glucoside 5 5 5 5

CMC-Carboxymethyl cellulose 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Banana peel extract Adjust pH in Adjust pH in Adjust pH in Adjust pH in

6.5-7.5 6.5-7.5 6.5-7.5 6.5-7.5
Pomelo essential oil 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

The product was tested viscosity and compared with the commercial dishwashing liquid sample. The commercial sample parameters
are the mean of the five common dishwashing liquid in Vietnam. The results are shown in the following Figure:

Figure 8. Effect of CMC content on viscosity

Figure 8 displays effect of CMC content on product viscosity of different samples. General, the higher the concentration of CMC in
the formulation, the higher the values of viscosity. The viscosity of samples increased rapidly (from 560 mPa.s to 1024 mPa.s). This
proved that CMC is a very effective thickener. When the CMC content is 1.5 % or more, the viscosity of samples was greater than
the viscosity of the sample used for comparison.
From the reviews above, we have chosen the content of CMC in the dishwashing liquid composition to be 1.5%.

4. Conclusion

In this work, raw saponin was extracted from Gleditsia peel by soxhlet extraction method. The optimal parameters of the
extraction process were provided and saponin was the main ingredient for the synthesis of natural dishwashing liquid. The natural
dishwashing detergent has been successfully produced with natural ingredients such as gleditsia, coco-glucosides, carboxymethyl
cellulose, banana peels, essential oil and distilled water. Washing ability of the natural dishwashing liquid is equal to the commercial
dishwashing liquid on the market.
This study has not assessed the effect of specific ingredients in crude saponin on the quality of dishwashing
water, which will be evaluated in the next study.
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