Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Padmakar Nios
Padmakar Nios
dfork dk iBu
12
fVIi.kh
in~ekdj
mn~ns';
bl ikB dks i<+us ds ckn vki
dfo in~ekdj ds eq[; dkO;kRed LFkyksa vkSj n`'; fp=kksa dk p;u dj
ldsaxs(
in~ekdj ds loS;ksa ds Hkko&lkSan;Z dh leh{kk dj ldsaxs(
loS;ksa ds f'kYi&lkSan;Z vkSj Hkk"kk&lkSan;Z dk foospu dj ldsaxs(
olar o.kZu] :i lkSan;Z&fp=k.k vkSj Qkx ds n`'; fp=kksa ds lkSan;Z&i{kksa dh
fo'ks"krk,¡ rqyukRed :i esa crk ldsaxs(
dfo dh dYiuk] laons u'khyrk] lân;rk] fp=kfo/kkf;uh izfrHkk vkSj Hkk"kk&lkSna ;Z
dh ljkguk dj ldsaxsA
fganh 19
ekWM~;wy - 1 in~ekdj
dfork dk iBu
fØ;kdyki
fuEufyf[kr dkO;&iafDr;k¡ if<+,%
fVIi.kh Hkj tk, mUekn /kjk ds ru&eu esa
vk tk, _rqjkt vxj rw e/kqcu esaA
;s r#&r# ds ikr xqykch gkFk fgykdj >wesaxs]
;s rsjk ladsr ey; ds gksaB clarh pwesaxsA
egds vejkbZ] pgds mYykl ?kuk dksfdy eu esaA
vk tk, _rqjkt vxj rw e/kqcu esaA
1. mi;qZDr dkO;&iafDr;ksa esa fdldk vkg~oku fd;k x;k gS\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. olar ds vkus ij izÑfr esa D;k ifjorZu vk tk,xk\
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fu'p; gh vkids mÙkj gksaxs
1. bu dkO; iafDr;ksa esa olar dk vkg~oku fd;k x;k gSA
2. olar ds vkus ij /kjrh ds eu izk.kksa esa mUekn Hkj tk,xkA mlds Lokxr vkSj
vfHkuanu esa o`{kksa ds iÙks vius dksey&dksey gkFk fgykdj [kq'kh ls >we mBsaxs
vkSj ey;iou ds eknd gksaBksa dks pwe ysaxsA vejkb;k¡ egd tk,¡xh o dksfdysa
mYykl ls >we mBsaxhA olar ds vk tkus ij lkjh izÑfr esa uo uohu rkt+xh]
eLrh vkSj mRQqYyrk vk tkrh gSA bl eLrh vkSj rkt+xh dk o.kZu djrs gq,
dfo us mDr iafDr;k¡ fy[kh gSaA
fuEufyf[kr dfork dks y; ds lkFk nks rhu ckj if<,%
nf{k.kh c;kj pyh] nf{k.kh c;kj gSaA
er eq>s iqdkj l[ks er eq>s iqdkjAA
[kksyrs jgL;ca/k eqDr izk.k Hkwy&Hkwy
HkhM+ gks jgh v/khj] [kksy&[kksy }kj js
er eq>s iqdkj l[ks] er eq>s iqdkj jsA
12.1 ewyikB
vkb,] vc ns[ksa fd jhfrdky ds Js"B dfo in~ekdj us olar ds lkSan;Z fp=k dks fdl
izdkj izLrqr fd;k gS%
20 fganh
in~ekdj ekWM~;wy - 1
dfork dk iBu
1- olar
vkSjS Hkk¡fr dqatu esa xqatjr HkkSaj Hkhj]
vkSjS MkSj >kSju iS ckSju ds g~oS x;sA
dgS in~ekdj lq vkSjS Hkk¡fr xfy;ku]
fVIi.kh
Nfy;k Nchys NSy vkSjS Nfc N~oS x;sA 'kCnkFkZ
vkSjS Hkk¡fr fcgx&lekt esa vokt gksfr] vkSjS Hkk¡fr
& vkSj gh rjg ls]
,slh fLFkfr ftls
,sls _rqjkt ds u vkt fnu }S x;sA 'kCnksa esa O;Dr
djuk dfBu gks
vkSjS jl] vkSjS jhfr] vkSjS jkx] vkSjS jax]
Hkhj & HkhM+] lewg
vkSjS ru] vkSjS eu] vkSjS cu g~oS x;sA >kSju & >kM+] >qjeqV
ckSju & ckSj] Qwy
Nchys NSy & cus&Bus ;qod
n~oS & nks
2- Qkx g~oS x;s & gks x,
/kk, & nkSM+s
,dS lax /kk, u¡nyky vkS xqyky nksÅ] nksÅ & nksuksa
n`xfu x, tq Hkfj vkuan e<+S ughaA nxfu & vk¡[kksa esa
tq & tks
/kks;&/kks; gkjh] ^in~ekdj* frgkjh lkSag] e<+S ugha & viuh txg ls
vc rkS mik; ,d fpÙk esa p<+S ughaA gVrk ugha]
frgkjh & rqEgkjh]
dSlh djkSa] dgk¡ tkÅ¡] dkls dgw¡] dkSu lquS] lkSag & dle
dksÅ rks fudklks] tklS njn c<+S ughaA dkls & fdlls
fudklks & fudkyks
,jh esjh chj! tSls&rSls bu vk¡f[ku rSaA dksÅ & dksbZ
df<+xks vchj] iS vghj rks d<+S ughaA tklS & ftlls
,jh & vjh
chj & cgu tSlh l[kh
df<+xks & fudy x;k
12.2 cks/k iz'u iS & ijarq
d<+S ugha & fudyrk ugha
1. vpkud isM+ksa ij fdldh xqatkj vf/kd lqukbZ ns jgh gS vkSj D;ksa\
2. ^^clar _rq ds vkus ij ru] eu vkSj cu vkSj gh izdkj ds gks x, gSa**]
dFku ls dfo dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\
3. xksih ckj&ckj fdls vkSj D;ksa /kks&/kks dj gkj xbZ gS\
2- Qkx
izlax
izLrqr dfoÙk esa in~ekdj us Qkx ¼gksyh½ dk cM+k ân; Li'khZ fp=k vafdr fd;k
gSA ,d xksfidk Ñ".k ds lkFk xqyky ls Qkx [ksyus dk cM+k ltho o.kZu viuh
fiz; l[kh ls djrh gSA
O;k[;k
vkius olar dk fp=k.k i<+k vkSj tkuk fd in~ekdj dh dfork fdl izdkj eu dks
Nw tkrh gSA olar _rq dh lqanjrk dk o.kZu djrs gq, Hkh O;fDr dks ckj&ckj ;gh
yxrk gS fd ,slk dqN gS ftldk o.kZu djuk laHko ugha] og rks cl ^vkSj gh dqN*
gSA
olar ls tqM+k gS ,d mRlkg meax dk R;ksgkj ftls vki Hkh [kwc tkurs gSaA mls
dgrs gSa gksyhA blh dk nwljk uke gS&QkxA oSls Qkx mu yksdxhrksa dks Hkh dgrs
gSa] tks gksyh esa xk, tkrs gSaA vkb, ns[ksa in~ekdj Qkx dk fp=k.k fdl izdkj dj
jgs gSaA igys laiw.kZ dfoÙk dks ,d&nks ckj i<+dj Lo;a le>us dk iz;kl dhft,A
vkb,] dfo dh dYiuk dks dqN xgjkbZ ls le>saA iwjk dfoÙk ,d xksfidk dk
dFku gSA mldh ijs'kkuh D;k gS\ bls le>us ds fy, gksyh ds ,d fjokt+ dks ;kn
dhft,A vchj&xqyky gok esa mM+kuk&mNkyukA ;g mM+rk xqyky rks xksfidk dh
vk¡[k esa pyk gh x;k gSA mlds lkFk uanyky Hkh vk¡[k esa cl x, gSaA lksfp,
leL;k D;k gS\ dsoy xqyky vk¡[kksa esa iM+ tk, rks mls fudkyus dk D;k mik;
gks ldrk Fkk\ xksih vk¡[ksa /kks&/kksdj gkj xbZ gS] mls lQyrk ugha fey ik jgh&,slk
D;ksa\ mls D;k NViVkgV gS\ dkls&dgw¡\ dkSu lqus\ esa D;k dFkk fNih gS\ D;k
xksih dh ckr fo'oluh; yxrh gS\
uanyky ds vk¡[kksa esa cl tkus dk nnZ nwj djus ds fy, og D;k ugha le>k ik
jgh gS\ vchj rks tSls&rSls fudy x;k] ij vghj ughaA ij vghj dkSu gS\ dYiuk
fganh 23
ekWM~;wy - 1 in~ekdj
dfork dk iBu dhft,A D;k xksih lpeqp
JhÑ".k dks vk¡[kksa ls nwj
djuk pkgrh gS\
iwjh dfork esa dfo dh
fVIi.kh O;atuk ij /;ku nhft,A
;gk¡ Ñ".k ds izfr meM+s izse
dks vk¡[kksa esa vchj iM+us
dh fLFkfr ls of.kZr fd;k
gS] ij ftruh ljyrk ls
vchj /kqy tkrk gS mruh
ljyrk ls Ñ".k izse ugha fp=k
/kqy ldrkA u xksih ,slk
pkgrh gh gS] og rks viuh lgsyh dh lkSxa/k [kkdj mls vk'oklu fnykuk pkgrh gS
fd og Ñ".k dks fudky ugha ik jgh gS vkSj u mls bldk dksbZ mik; lw> jgk gS!
vki Lo;a bldh foLrkj ls O;k[;k vyx dkxt+ ij fyf[k,A
,dS lax /kk, u¡nyky vkS xqyky nksÅ]
n xfu x, tq Hkfj vkuan e<+S ughaA dfoÙk ls vuqizkl] ;ed ds mnkgj.k Nk¡fV,A mu iafDr;ksa dks pqfu, ftlesa xksfidk
dh v/khjrk] vdqykgV vkSj foo'krk fpf=kr gqbZ gSA bl ckr ij Hkh /;ku nhft, fd
/kks;&/kks; gkjh] ^in~ekdj* frgkjh lkSag] blesa fdl izdkj dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
vc rkS mik; ,d fpÙk esa p<+S ughaA
24 fganh
in~ekdj ekWM~;wy - 1
foy{k.k izfrHkk jgh gSA blh dkj.k dfo in~ekdj jhfrdky ds Js"B dfo dgs tkrs dfork dk iBu
gSaA
;k vuqjkx dh Qkxq y[kkSa] tgk¡ jkxrh jkx fdlksj fdlksjh]
R;ksa ^in~ekdj* ?kkfy ?kyh] fQj yky gh yky xqyky dh >ksjhA
tSlh dh rSlh jgh fipdh] dj dkgw u dslj jax dh cksjh] fVIi.kh
xksjh ds jax esa Hkhft;ks lk¡ojks] lk¡ojs ds jax Hkhftxh xksjhA
mRÑ"V dYiuk dh mM+ku vkSj fo"k;&foospu dh fo'kq)rk Hkh in~ekdj dh fo'ks"krk
gS] ftlls dkO; esa yk{kf.kdrk vkSj e/kqjrk vk tkrh gSA os vuqizklksa dh rks >M+h
gh yxk nsrs gSa] ftlls vn~Hkqr peRdkj iSnk gks tkrk gSA
dwyu esa dsfy esa dNkju esa dqatu esa
D;kfju esa dfyu dyhu fdydr gSaA
czt Hkk"kk dk lqanj lkfgfR;d :i vkidh jpukvksa dks vyx gh igpku fnykrk
gSA
in~ekdj jhfrdky ds vafre Js"B dfo gSaA jl fu:id vkpk;Z dfo ds :i esa
mUgsa cgqr [;kfr feyhA ltho ewrZfo/kku djus okyh dYiuk }kjk mUgksaus izse vkSj
lkSan;Z ds ekfeZd fp=k izLrqr fd, gSaA os mRÑ"V izfrHkk&laiUu dfo gSaA muds dkO;
dh nks fo'ks"krk,¡ loksZifj gSa&n`'; vkSj 'kCn&;kstuk ds }kjk izÑfr ds ek/;e ls
_rq&o.kZu vkSj dYiuk dh mYykle;h mM+kuA vkuan vkSj mYykl ls txexkrs
fp=k izLrqr djus esa mudh 'kCn&la;kstuk vuqie gSA
12-7 ;ksX;rk&foLrkj
¼d½ dfo ifjp;
egkdfo in~ekdj jhfrdky ds Js"B dfo ekus tkrs gSaA mudk tUe laor~
1810 esa ftyk ck¡nk esa gqvk FkkA mUgksaus viuh izfrHkk ds dkj.k vusd
fganh 25
ekWM~;wy - 1 in~ekdj
dfork dk iBu
jktnjckjkas esa izfr"Bk izkIr dhA in~ekdj us ck¡nk ds fgEer cgknqj flag ds
njckj esa jgdj ^fgEer cgknqj fo#nkofy* dh jpuk dhA flrkjk ujs'k
j?kqukFk jko] t;iqj ujs'k lokbZ txrflag vkSj jkt izrki flag rFkk Xokfy;j
ujs'k nkSyrjko flaf/k;k ds ;gk¡ vkius lEekuiwoZd vkJ; izkIr fd;kA
fVIi.kh
in~ekdj dh izeq[k jpuk,¡ gSa& ^fgEer cgknqj fo#nkofy*] ^txr fouksn*]
^in~ekHkj.k*] ^jke jlk;u* ^xaxk ygjh* vkfnA
ekuk tkrk gS fd dfo in~ekdj thou ds vafre le; esa dq"B jksx ls ihfM+r
gks x, Fks vkSj xaxkrV ij xaxkty dk fujarj lsou djus ds mijkar os LoLFk
gksrs pys x,A vr% mUgksaus xaxk dh Lrqfr esa ^xaxkygjh* uked xzaFk dh jpuk
dhA varr% mUgksaus dkuiqj esa xaxkrV ij gh fuokl LFkku cuk fy;k vkSj 80
o"kZ dh vk;q esa mudk nsgkar gks x;kA
¼[k½ dfo in~ekdj dh fuEufyf[kr jpuk,¡ if<+, vkSj vkuan yhft,%
1. Qkx ds Hkhj vHkhju esa xfg xksfoan yS xbZ Hkhrj xksjhA
ekbZ djh eu dh ^in~ekdj]* Åij ukb vchj dh >ksjhAA
Nhu firEcj dEej rSa lq] fcnk nbZ ehfM+ diksyu jksjhA
uSau upkb dg~;kS eqlD;kb] yyk fQfj vkb;ks [ksyu gksjhAA
2. dwyu esa] dsfy esa] dNkju esa] dqatu esa]
D;kfju esa dfyu&dyhu fdydr gSA
dgSa ^in~ekdj* ijkxUkgw¡ esa] nsl nslu esa]
ikuu esa fidu iyklu iaxr gSA
}kj esa] fnlku esa] nquh esa] nsl nslu esa]
ns[kks }hi&}hiu esa nhir fnxar gSA
chfFku esa] czt esa] ucsfyu esa] csfyu esa]
cuu esa] ckxu esa] cxj~;kS olar gSA
¼x½ izÑfr lkSan;Z fp=k.k ;k _rq n'kZu ij fcgkjh] nso vkfn dfo;ksa ds dfoÙk vkSj
loS;s if<+, vkSj mudk ladyu dhft,A
26 fganh
in~ekdj ekWM~;wy - 1
2- ^Qkx* dfoÙk esa xksfidk viuh fdl foo'krk dk o.kZu dj jgh gS\ dfork dk iBu
12.9 mÙkjekyk
cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj
1. HkkSjksa dh] _rqjkt olar ds vkxeu ls
2. olar vkxeu ij lHkh [kq'k gksdj ukp mBs gSaA ouksa esa Hkh i{kh rFkk tkuoj
Hkh pgdrs gq, izlUurk O;Dr dj jgs gSaA
3. us=kksa ls vchj fudy x;k ij Ñ".k dh Nfo ugha gV jghA
fganh 27
ekWM~;wy - 1 in~ekdj
dfork dk iBu
ikBxr iz'uksa ds mÙkj
12-1 1. olar dh ekndrk vkSj eLrh ds izHkko ds dkj.k
2. vuqizkl
3. olar dh ekndrk ds izHkko ds dkj.k
fVIi.kh
4. jkspdrk] papyrk] Hkko izo.krk
12-2 1. ¼x½
2. fo'okl dk
3. ^dSlh djkSa dkSu lquS*A
4. xqyky fudy x;k] Ñ".kA
28 fganh