CL

ASS9A,
B,C:
PHY
SICS:
NOT
E5:
Av
era
ges
pee
d:
F
orabodyhav
ingv
ari
abl
emot
ion,
aver
ages
peed=t
ota
ldi
st
anc
etr
ave
ll
ed÷t
ota
l
t
imet
aken.

Av
era
gev
eloc
it
y:

F
orabodymovi
ngwi
thv
ari
abl
eve
loc
it
y,a
ver
agev
eloc
it
y=t
ota
ldi
spl
acement÷
t
ota
lti
metak
en.

E
xampl
e:At
rai
nta
kes2hour
stot
rav
elf
romBur
dwa
ntoHowr
ahwhi
cha
re

100k
mapa
rt,
andi
tta
kes3hour
stor
etur
nfr
omHowr
aht
oBur
dwa
n.

Av
era
ges
pee
d=(100+100)÷(2+3)=200÷5=40k
m/h.

Av
era
gev
eloc
it
y=0÷(2+3)=0.
(Si
ncenetdi
spl
ace
menti
s0)
.

ACCE
LERAT
ION:

I
fthevel
oci
tyofabodyi
svari
abl
e,t
hebodyi
ssai
dtosuf
fera
ccel
era
tion.
Acce
ler
ati
onisdef
ine
dastherat
eofcha
ngeofv
eloc
it
ywithti
me.

I
fabodyhasanini
ti
alv
eloc
it
yu,thena
c c
elera
test
oafi
nal
vel
oci
tyv
,af
tera
t
imeint
erv
alt,t
hentheacc
eler
ati
ona(orf)=(v-u)÷t
.

Uni
tsofa
ccel
era
tiona
rems
^-2i
nSI
andc
ms^
-2i
nCGSs
yst
emsr
espec
ti
vel
y.

I
ftheveloc
it
yofabodydecrea
seswi
tht
ime,t
hea c
cel
erat
ioni
snega
tiv
e.
Negat
iveaccel
era
tioni
sal
socal
le
dre
tar
dat
ionfordec
ele
rati
on.i
e.I
fv<u,

ai
sne
gat
ive
.Re
tar
dat
ioni
sde
fine
dast
her
ateofde
crea
seofv
eloc
it
ywi
tht
ime
.

I
fabodys uff
ersequali
ncr
e asei
nv el
oci
tyinequali
nte
rval
softime,the
nthe
accel
era
tioni
sunifor
m. Accel
erat
ionisnonunif
ormorv ar
iabl
e,i
fthebodys
uff
ers
unequali
ncreasei
nveloci
tyinequali
nterv
a l
softi
me.Simil
arl
y,t
herecanbe
uni
for
mandnonuni
for
mre
tar
dat
ion.

Gr
aphi
cal
repr
esent
ati
onofmot
ion:
Ag r
aphispict
orialr
e pr
esenta
tionofdata
.Inatwodime ns
ionalgr
aph,weplot
twovariabl
es.Theindependentvari
abl
e(e g.
timeetc
.)
,isplot
tedalongthe
hori
zontalax
isandt hedependentvari
abl
e(displ
ace
me nt,vel
oci
ty,acc
eler
ati
on
etc),
alongthev e
rtical
axis
.

T
ype1:
Dis
pla
cement(
pos
it
ion)-t
imeg
raph;

F
orabodymovi
ngwit
hunif
ormvel
oci
tyt
heslopeoft
hedi
spl
ace
mentt
imeg
raph
g
ives
omema g
nit
udeoft
heunif
ormvel
oci
ty.

F
orabodymov ingwithvari
ableveloci
ty,
thevel
oci
tya
tanyins
tanti
sfoundby
f
indi
ngthetheslopeofthetangentcorr
espondi
ngt
othati
nsta
ntofti
mea ndt
his
c
a l
le
dtheinst
antaneousvel
ocit
y.

I
fthesl
opeisnega
tiv
e,t
heniti
ndi
cat
est
hatt
hebodyi
sre
tur
ningt
owa
rdst
he
s
tart
ingpoi
nt,i
e.t
hedis
pla
cementi
sneg
ati
ve.

T
ype2:
Vel
oci
ty-t
imeg
raphs;
(
a)T
hev
eloc
it
yisc
ons
tanti
e.Uni
for
mmot
ion.

(
b)Theveloc
it
yisi
ncr
eas
ingf
romr
est
,uni
for
mlywi
tht
imei
e.
uni
for
m
a
cce
lera
tion.

T
hes
lopeoft
heg
raphg
ivest
hema
gni
tudeofa
cce
ler
ati
on.

(
c)T
hev
eloc
it
yisde
cre
asi
nguni
for
mlywi
tht
ime
,ie
.uni
for
mre
tar
dat
iont
il
lthe

bodyf
ina
ll
ycome
stor
est
.Thes
lopewi
l
lbene
gat
ivei
ndi
cat
ingneg
ati
ve

a
cce
ler
ati
on.

(
d)Thebodysta
rtswit
hacert
aini
ni
tial
vel
oci
ty,
andthenmoveswithuni
for
m
a
cce
lerat
ion.
Thes l
opeoft
heli
negiv
esthemagnit
udeofa
cce
lera
tion.

(
e)Theveloci
tyi
sincrea
singwit
hti
me ,f
romr est
,butnotuni f
ormly,
ie.v
ari
able
a
ccel
erat
ion.Theslopeoffthet
angentt
othec ur
ve,cor
r e
s pondi
ngtoac er
tai
n
i
nst
antoftimewil
l gi
vethema g
nit
udeofacceler
ati
ona tthatins
tant.

(f
)Thebodysta
rtsfr
omrestaft
eracert
ainti
meinter
val
,thenmoveswit
h
uni
for
ma cce
lerat
ion(AB)
, t
henunif
ormv e
loci
ty(BC),
andf i
nal
l
ysuf
fers
uni
for
mr et
ardat
ion(CD),
ba cktor
est.

Theareac
over
edbythegraph,i
naveloc
it
yt i
megraph,
repr
ese
ntst
he
dis
pla
cements
uff
ereddur
ingthati
nte
rvalofti
me.
I
nthef
ir
stg
raph,
thea
reaoft
hes
hade
dpor
ti
onr
epr
ese
ntsdi
spl
acementf
rom

0to4sec
onds,
andinthesec
ondg
raph,thear
eaoft
hes
hade
dpor
ti
on
r
epres
ent
sdi
spl
ace
me ntfr
om3to6seconds.

T
ype3-Ac
cel
era
tiont
imeg
raph;

T
hes t
rai
ghtl
ineabovet
heti
mea xi
s,r
epresent
sunif
ormaccel
era
tiona
ndt
he
s
tra
ightl
inebel
owt het
imeax
is,
repre
sentsunif
ormret
arda
tion.

Anyot
herline(notpa
ral
l
eltothet
imea
xis)
,abov
etheti
meaxis,wil
lre
pre
sent
v
ari
abl
ea cc
eler
ati
onandanysuchl
i
nebel
owtheti
mea x
is,
wil
lrepres
entva
ria
ble
r
eta
rda
tion.