ZUHRY

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY
A. Background
The senses are a collection of receptors that form a special organ or tool. While the receptors
are nerve endings that function to receive stimuli, propioseptors are a collection of receptors that do not
form special tools.
The eye is a sense of sight in which there are visual sensory networks that have the potential to cause
disease or abnormalities in vision.
In dealing with diseases or disorders of the eye or the sense of sight, we can use various methods. Living
things are always in contact with changes in the external environment. To overcome changes in the
environment, living things are equipped with organs that can receive nerve impulses in various forms.
These organs are receptors that are capable of receiving impulses. and are called the senses
B. Problem Formulation
1. What is meant by eye?
2. What does the eye structure consist of?

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Definition
The eye is a fluid-filled spherical structure wrapped in three layers from the outside to the
inside. The eyeball consists of a lens, a clear body and fluid in the eye. Sense of vision is also called a
photoreceptor because it is able to receive physical stimuli in the form of light.
The lens is a clear disc-shaped object that hangs behind the iris and the eye bead. The front
plane is less curved than the rear plane. The lens around the edge depends on the ciliary body by means of
fine fibers called the ciliary belt. Intermediation of these fibers of the ciliary body together with the ciliary
muscles contained in it can affect the shape of the lens (accommodation). The eye lens is transparent and
elastic whose function is to refract incoming light and focus the image of an object on the retina. The lens
of the eye in humans is convex so that the image of the object produced by the retina is real, inverted, and
minimized. The clear body occupies the space behind the eye lens here is a clear substance that resembles
jam. The eyeball fluid fills the front eye chamber, which is located between the clear membrane and the
iris, and the back eye chamber, which is around the lens between the iris and the clear body.
Eye attachments are eye muscles that are useful for moving the eyeball, eyelids and connective
membranes and tear radas. The eyelids are the folds of skin that are located in front of the eyeball

B. Eye Anatomy
The eyeball is 2.5 cm in diameter where 5/6 parts are immersed in the eye socket and only 1/6
of it is visible on the outside. The eye also has a structure around the eye that protects and allows the eye
to move freely in any direction. The structure also protects the eyes against dust, wind, bacteria, viruses,
mold and other harmful substances, but also allows the eyes to remain open so that light can still enter.
The eye protection structure consists of:
ZUHRY

a. Orbita
The orbit is a cavity that is pyramidal in shape with a base at the front and an apex at the back.
The orbital roof is formed by the pars orbitalis ossis frontalis, which separates the orbit from the anterior
crani fossae of the lateral wall consisting of the zygomatic ossis and sphenoidal ossis. Its basis is formed
by the maxillary orbital facies. The orbit is also a bony cavity containing the eyeball, muscles, nerves,
blood vessels, fat and structures that produce and drain tears.
b. Eyelid
The eyelids are the thin folds of skin that protect the eyes. The eyelids immediately close in
reflex to protect the eyes from foreign matter, wind, dust and bright light. In front of the eye are the
eyelids, two movable musculofibrous folds that can be opened and closed to protect the tear flattening of
the eyeball and control the amount of light that enters. The lids are composed of subclutical lean skin. The
eyelids are very elastic and easy to move.
The relationship between the upper and lower eyelids is called the canthus. On the outside, the lateral
canthus is located on the temporal rateral aspect of the eye. Internally, the medial canthus contains the
stem of an estuary which allows tears to flow over the top of the lacrimal system. The elliptical gap
between the open eyelids is called a palpebral fissure. The underside of the eyelids is lined by the
conjunctiva palfera. A thin transparent, vascular, mucous membrane that extends itself by the anterior
sclera to the outer surface of the cornea. The position of the eyelids is partly controlled by two brain
nerves: SO III, which is responsible for opening the eyelids: SO VII, for closing the eyelids. When closed,
the two petals should meet completely. When open, the upper eyelid should lie naturally over the top of
the iris, just above the pupil, so there should be no crescent-shaped white sclera visible above or below
the corneoscleral rim (thymbus or border).
Blinking the eyelid will spread a layer of lubricating and moisturizing tears over the surface of the
eyeball. The blinking repllex will protect the eye from foreign debris or particles. The eyelashes help the
lid function by pushing out dust and dbris, to protect the external eye from injury. The mechanical action
of blinking produces a suction force in the upper nasolacriminal system to facilitate drainage of tears.
c. Eyelashes
Eyes are short ones that grow at the tip of the eyelids and help protect the eye by acting as a
barrier. The tiny glands produce an oily material that prevents the evaporation of tears.
ZUHRY

d. The Lacrimal Gland

The lacrimar glands are located at the top of the outer edges of the left and right eyes and
produce small tears. Tears flow from the eye into the nose through the two lacrimary ducts, each of which
has a hole at the end of the upper and lower eyelid, near the nose. Tears function to maintain moisture and
eye health, as well as entangle and remove small particles that enter the eye. Jam, the eyes are rich in anti-
body which helps prevent infection.
e. Eyeball
The eyeball is lined with three primary layers: Seclera, Yuviea (which contains croids), and
Retina. Each layer has its own structure and function. These three layers play a role in the shape of a
round eye filled with vitreous humor (a glatin-like substance between the lens and retina).
f. Sclera
The outermost and strongest layer is called the sclera, the "white" part of the eye. When the
sclera is depleted, the color will become bluish. The osterior part of the seklera has a hole through which
the optic nerve and the blood vessels of the sen free retina pass. The anterior part continues to become the
cornea. The anterior surface of the seclera is loosely enveloped by the conjunctive, a thin mucous
membrane containing the gland responsible for the tear film. The palpebral conjunctives line the
underside of the eyelids and are a continuation of the bulbous conjunctiva enveloping the anterior seclera.
This is so beneficial that the contact lens may "slip" into the eye. Conjunctifa ending at the limbus
corneosklera usually contains a dense network of blood vessels.
g. Uvea
The middle layer that contains pigments is the Uvea tract, which is composed of the choroid.
Iris, and ciliary bodies. The choroid is a vascular layer that provides blood with the pigmented epithelial
layer of the retina and peripheral sensory retina. The choroid coats the posterior camera of the eye and
extends from the ciliary body, anteriorly and the optic nerve posteriorly. The chorus is also the pospolior
segment of the uvea between the retina and the sclera. The choroid is composed of three layers of large,
medium and small choroid blood vessels. The deeper the blood vessels of the choroid are known as
choricapitalaris. Blood from the choroid vessels flows through four cortical veins, one in each of the
posterior quadrant of the inner choroid bounded by a bruch and outside the sclera, the supra-choroid
space, located between the choroid and the sclera. The choroid is firmly attached posterior to the edges of
the optic nerves, whereas to the anterior it is connected to the ciliary body. The choroid blood clotting
aggregates supply the outside of the retina.
The iris is a pigmented muscular structure that gives the eye its distinctive color. The iris is the
anterior portion of the uveal tract and divides the space between the cornra and the lens into the anterior
and posterior cameras.
The iris is also a very postcular structure with distinct (genetically determined) pigments. Eye color
depends on the amount of melanin present in the iris; the brighter the color, the greater the amount of
light that can enter the eye. People who have very bright eyes experience photophobia (sensitivity to
light). The opposite is a person with very black eyes, no two irises are exactly the same, including the
right eye and the left eye of the same person. The iris is the uvea, or fleshy tract and is associated with the
choroid layer at its edges and the bonycillary underneath it is a thin silkular muscular diaphragm in the
middle of which there is a round hole, the pupil. The iris is included in the thin pigmented diaphragm
found in the aqueus homor between the cornea and lens. But the iris is attached to the anterior surface of
the curpusiliare which divides the space between the lens and the cornea. Iris muscle fibers consist of
cycular fibers.
ZUHRY

The pupil is a cavity that occurs in the center of the internal ring of the iris. The pupil is round, regular,
and has the same size and response to light in both eyes. Anisocoria, or dissimilar pupils, is a normal
finding in 20% of the population. Whereas in other populations, dissimilar pupils indicate central nervous
disease. The pupil is located somewhat acquaintance of the center of the cornea. The constriction and
dilation of the pupil in reaction to light occurs as a result of various neuronal connections. When light
enters the eye, the photosensitive cells will send a message to the constrictor pupil muscle via SO III. This
will reduce the distortion and glare that occurs due to excess light entering. Low light levels activate the
pupil dilator muscles, which retract the iris and open the pupil. Five times the energy that enters the eye
when the pupil dilates. Photosensitive cell damage can reduce pupil function.
There is also a cornea in the eye, which is a transparent structure that resembles a dome, which is the
covering of the iris, pupil and anterior chamber and helps focus light.
The ciliary body contains muscle fibers that aid in the contraction and relaxation of the lens zonula (the
structure that hangs the lens). The ciliary body plays a role (important in maintaining intraocular pressure
(IOP)) with the secretion of aqueous humor, a transparent, high-moisture fluid that fills the anterior and
posterior cameras and is then channeled through the Schlemm canal.

h. Retina / Mesh Membrane

The retina is a layer of light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eyeball, which sends
visual messages through the optic nerve to the brain. Light entering through the cornea is passed on to the
pupil. Iris regulates the amount of light that enters by opening and closing, much like the slit in a camera
lens. If the environment around is dark, the incoming light will be more, if the environment around it is
bright, then less light will enter. The size of the pupil is controlled by the pupillary sphincter muscle,
which opens and closes the iris.
The retina is made up of 3 layers of cells:
Neuraepithelium layer
Bipolar cell layer
Ganglion cell layer
i. Aqueous Humor
The aqueous humor is a clear and watery fluid that flows between the lens and the cornea (fills
the anterior segment of the eye), and is a food source for the lens and the cornea produced by the ciliary
process. The function of the aqueous humor is to support the wall of the eyeball by applying pressure
from within and feeding the lens and removing metabolic products because the lens has no blood vessels.
j. Vitreus Humor
The vitreous humor is a transparent gel that sits behind the lens and in front of the retina (filling
the posterior segment of the eye). On the border with the lens, the vetreal membrane is thickened
consisting of a posterior layer covering the corpus vitreum. The anterior layer forms the suspensory
ligament of the lens which attaches to the ciliary process. In the corpus vitreum there are no blood vessels
whose function is to increase the enlargement of the eye, support the posterior surface of the lens, and
help attach the retinal pars pigmentosa.
k. Lens
The lens is a transparent biconvex body located behind the iris, near the corpus vitreum, and is
surrounded by the ciliary process by changing its shape, the lens focuses light onto the retina. If the eye
focuses on a near object, the ciliary muscles will contract, so the lens becomes thicker and stronger. When
the eye focuses on a distant object, the ciliary muscles relax and the lens becomes thinner and weaker. As
the lens ages, the lens becomes less flexible, its ability to thicken becomes less and so its ability to focus
ZUHRY

on near objects also decreases. This condition, called presbyopia, is divided into 2 parts, each filled with
fluid:
1. The anterior segment: from the cornea to the lens, contains the aqueus humor which is the
source of energy for the eye structures in it. The anterior segment itself is divided into 2 parts
(anterior chamber: from the cornea to the iris, and the posterior chamber: from the iris to the
lens). Under normal circumstances, the aqueus humor is generated in the posterior chamber, then
passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber and then exits the eyeball through a channel
located at the end of the iris.
2. The posterior segment: starting from the back edge of the lens to the retina, contains the
vitreous humor which helps maintain the shape of the eyeball.
Light catches the eye, then enters the retina, through: cornea-aqueus humor-pupil-vitreous lens humor-
photoreceptors in the retina. From the photoreceptors passed to the fibers of the optic nerves then to the
center of vision in the brain, visual sensation.
ZUHRY

MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

TENTANG MATA

NAMA : MUHAMMAD ZUHRY NOVANZA

KELAS : IX.3 SMPN 4 KERITANG