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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

QUARTER 3 MODULE|2nd SEM|SY: 2021-2022

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

This course aims to engage students in appreciation and critical study of 21st
Century Literature from the Philippines and the World encompassing their various
dimensions, genres, elements, structures, contexts, and traditions.

Lesson 1: Philippine Literary History from Precolonial to Contemporary

At the end of this course, the learners will able to identify geographic, linguistic, and
ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to contemporary.

Do you know any Filipino short story? Have you tried passing it on or retelling it to
someone? If yes, then that’s quite similar to the experience our ancestors had when
passing down their literature to succeeding generations. Even before we were colonized,
our ancestors already have their own Literature. Through time, together with the
country’s history, Philippine literature has grown in diversity and richness. This is best
understood in the light of the country's pre-colonial traditions as well as the colonial
and contemporary culture's socio-political histories. Let us look at each period in order
to see how Philippine literature has evolved.

Pre-Colonization Period
Even before the arrival of colonists, oral and written
literatures were existent in our society. Our Malayan
forefathers used their own alphabet. Because of the
materials (leaves, bamboo canes, and the ground) utilized,
the written literary forms did not last. Because of
their organic makeup, such materials did not persist
long. However, oral literature survived by word of
mouth, such as: 1) Folk Narratives, 2) proverbs, 3)
folksongs 4) riddles, etc.

 Folk narratives - consist of myths, legends and folktales. Myths are prose
narratives explaining how the world and people came to be in their form. These
were the first tools man used to define his world. The origin of the surrounding
world has always been the object of interest of prehistoric Filipinos.

1. Myth - are stories that make use of gods, goddesses, and other fantastical creatures
as characters. These became a means for our ancestors to explain the occurrence of
supernatural events, the beginning of cultural traditions, and the existence of

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 mysteries. A myth may also attempt to explain the origin of the world and of the
people.

2. Legends - Believed to be historical but cannot be verified as true, legends are stories
handed down through generations. These stories are often about famous persons or
events. These may tell of an encounter with marvelous creatures, which the folks
still believe in: fairies, ghosts, water spirits, the devil, and the like.

3. Folktales - prose narratives usually told to amuse or entertain. These are also
instructional in nature, dealing with events set in an indefinite time and space.
Examples of folktales are animal tales or fables and magical tales such as “The
Monkey and the Turtle” (Bilaan) and “The Story of the Orphan Girl” (Subanon).

4. Epics - in the Philippines during the pre-colonization are considered ethno-epics

because they are histories of various ethnic groups.
- The main character or protagonist of the story is considered a hero.
- The hero’s actions are presented without bias; the epic presents both the
character’s faults and virtues.
- Epics often involve battles, which reveal the extraordinary strength of the
protagonist as he engages in acts of bravery.
- The setting may span several countries, involve the whole world, or even be set
in the universe.
- Gods and other divine beings are portrayed as having a role in the outcome of
events.
 Folk songs - are repetitive and sonorous and have a playful melody. They may be
about love and courtship, a long day’s work, or may be songs sung at a funeral.

 Proverbs - or salawikain are short sayings enveloped in rhymed verse that are meant
to give advice to the young, offering words of wisdom or stating how one should
live.. Though they have been retold and passed down from one generation to
another, and the values and lessons they impart to us still hold true to this day.

 Riddles - locally called bugtong, are perplexing questions meant to be guessed or

solved. These are used for entertainment, and they require one to observe, analyze,
and imagine to provide the right answer. Generally poetic in form and come in one,
two, three or four lines. During the pre-colonial period, riddles serve as a form of
folk speech and are about the battle of the wits.

Spanish Colonization Period

The Philippines is a country rich in diversity and language heritage. From the
precolonial period to the Spanish colonization, our literature has evolved
tremendously. Most of the notable literature that we read in our classes reflect Spanish
influence. Spanish colonization breathed a different kind of life in the richness of our
literature. This period brought about liberal ideas and a sense of internationalism to
the Philippines.

There are many ways that Spaniards influenced our literature. Since Ferdinand
Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines, the Spaniards have continuously propagated their

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own culture and traditions for the next 333 years. Among their influences are the
following:
 The first Filipino alphabet called Alibata was replaced by the Roman alphabet.
 Religious practices became based on teachings of Christian doctrine.
 The Spanish language, which became the literary language during this time, lent
many of its words to our language.
 European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs,
corridos, and moro-moros.
 Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects.
 Our periodicals during the Spanish colonization gained a religious tone.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF POETRY
Philippine poems during the precolonial period highlighted epics, riddles, folk songs,
and proverbs that depicted the spiritual beliefs and everyday lives of natives, while
poetry under the Spanish colonial period focused on religion and values, which became
instruments in spreading Christianity and Spanish-oriented culture.

Types of Poems during the Spanish Colonial Period

1. Pasyon - a narrative poem about the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus
Christ. It has replaced the precolonial oral tradition that the Filipino had since
pasyon is recited in churches. It consists of five-line stanzas with eight syllables
per line.
2. Awit - a narrative poem that consists of 12 syllables per line and four lines per
stanza. The rhythm is slow and is usually accompanied by the use of a guitar or
bandurya. It expresses adoration of the Blessed Virgin Mary as well as platonic
and courtly love.
3. Korido - another narrative poem that consists of eight syllables per line and four
lines per stanza. The rhythm is faster compared with that of an awit.
4. Dalit - is a religious poem in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
One of the famous poets of the Spanish colonial period is Francisco Baltazar
(1788-1862) who wrote the awit Florante at Laura. Baltazar was considered the
master of traditional Tagalog poetry. His work Florante at Laura was a metaphor for
the tyranny of the Spanish colonizers.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROSE

During the precolonial period, natives created stories about the supernatural,
creatures, spirits, deities, and even the origin of things. However, during the Spanish
colonization, Spanish friars attempted to eliminate these stories and replaced them
with religious ones to convert natives to Christianity. Spanish missionaries published
meditations, translations, and studies on the Philippine languages.

Types of Prose during the Spanish Colonial Period

1. Anecdotes - short and amusing stories that contain lessons in life. Priests often
use anecdotes as part of their sermons.
2. Planticas (Sermons) - lectures presented by Spanish priests that dealt with
religious, biblical, and moral topics.
3. Novenas - series of prayers repeated for nine consecutive days and are usually
prayers for petition and thanksgiving.
4. Novels - long narrative stories, usually with fictional characters and with a
sequence of events divided into chapters.
5. Essays - are personal pieces of writing that use the point of view of the writer.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRAMA
Before the Spanish colonizers came, performances in the Philippines were in the form
of rituals. However, during the Spanish regime, these rituals were replaced by drama.
Dramas were performed to spread Christianity; thus, most dramas during the period
were focused on the life of Jesus Christ. These dramas exist until today and are
performed mostly during the Holy Week.

Types of Drama during the Spanish Colonial Period

1. Karagatan - a form of poetic contest usually played as part of the rites held in
connection with the death of a person. It is based on a legend about a lady’s ring
that fell in the middle of the sea. The lady’s hand is offered in marriage as a
reward to any young man who could retrieve the ring.
2. Duplo - poetic contest held when a person dies or during the wake. Duplo
consists of puns, jokes, and riddles in the vernacular to relieve sadness.
3. Senakulo - play that portrays the life, passion, and crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
4. Tibag - tells how Reyna Elena and her son Constantino searched for Jesus’s
cross in Mount Calvary.
5. Moriones - a festival in celebration of the life of Saint Longinus. Saint Longinus
was a blind Roman soldier tasked to drive a spear through Jesus to make sure he
was dead. A miracle happened when Jesus’s blood touched him. He regained his
eyesight and converted to Christianity. Because of this change of faith, Saint
Longinus was beheaded as ordered by Pontius Pilate.
6. Moro-moro - a play written about the capture of a Christian Filipino army.
7. Sarswela - a play with songs and dances with up to five acts, portraying the
whimsies of romantic love.
8. Lagaylay - a special occasion participated in by women in some parts of Bicol
region. It is a presentation that aims to make a vow, make a petition, or offer
praise and love toward religious icons such as the Blessed Cross that St. Helen
planted.
9. Panunuluyan - presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a presentation
of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn where Mary can give
birth to Jesus.
10. Salubong (or Panubong) - depicts the moment when the Risen Christ met his
mother. This play is shown during the Easter morning.
11. Carillo (Shadow Play) - form of dramatic entertainment performed on a
moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest. This
shadow play is made by projecting cardboard figures before a lamp against a
white sheet.
12. Sainete - a short musical comedy popular during the 18th century. They were
exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long plays and were mostly
performed by characters from the lower classes. Themes were taken from
everyday life scenarios.

American Colonization Period

The American colonial period in the Philippines was also the time when knowledge and
information became increasingly accessible to more Filipinos. The use of the English
language as a mode of instruction in schools paved the way for more Filipinos to learn
and utilize the language in various forms of communication, especially in writing. Many
literary writers in English emerged during this era: Paz Marquez Benitez, Juan F. Salazar,

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and many others whose literary pieces are still being published and read after so many
decades. In this lesson, we will find out more about America’s influence in our literature
and culture.
 On April 11, 1899, Spain surrendered the remaining colonies of the Spanish
empire—Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines—to the United States,
which also involved a payment of 20 million dollars to Spain.

 Education was first headed by American soldiers. This changed in 1901, when
around 600 teachers arrived onboard the ship USS Thomas to replace the soldiers.
These teachers were called the Thomasites. Public education was made free, and the
medium of instruction used was English. This created a new educated middle class
in the country. Alongside the use of English in education, Filipinos learned
American models of thought, culture, and ways of life.

 Since the Filipinos were colonized for more than 300 years prior to the American
colonial period, the Spanish language was widely used during the American rule.
Thus, a great portion of literature written by Filipinos using the Spanish language
emerged during this era. School publications also emerged during this period, such
as Filipino Students’ Magazine, UP College Folio, the Coconut of the Manila High
School, and the Torch of the Philippine Normal School.

 Comics also started appearing in magazines as a series, like “Si Kiko at Si Angge” in
Telembang. Others were satirical editorial.
 Tagalog drama also transformed from merely a form of entertainment to an
expression of revolt against the Americans.
 Sarswela, was later written in English by Filipino playwrights. However, even in the
midst of the American period, the Spanish language was used by these famous
writers and poets.
 During this period, many writers were apprentices in English literature; they imitated
the style of popular American fictionists. It was as if learning the language was also
learning to write in English. However, as years went by, these writers found their
own styles in writing. Famous short stories in English emerged, like “Dead Stars”
by Paz Marquez-Benitez and “Footnote to Youth” by Jose Garcia Villa. These short
stories showcased the writers’ distinct styles that were different from the styles of
American writers.
 Alongside short stories, essays became a popular form of expression. Some were
light or humorous, while some writers dealt with more serious subjects such as
politics and social problems. Most of these essays were published as newspaper
columns.

During the American colonial period, Filipino writers in English started from being
“apprentices” of American writers and developed to being writers with their own voices
and styles. Their further development in using the English language in writing helped
pave the way for younger Filipino writers to confidently write their own stories and add
more to the ever-growing list of literary works in the country.

Japanese Colonization Period

The Japanese occupation lasted for only three years. However, despite their brief rule
in the country, they made lasting marks, most especially to our elders who lived through

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the war. Our literary development paused for a while since there was great censorship
in all forms of media.

 During the Japanese colonial period, there was only a limited number of Filipino
literature in English that was written and published. However, Philippine literature
in general flourished in this period, especially those that were written in Tagalog and
other Philippine languages. English plays during this period were translated into
Filipino or the vernacular. Plays were also one of the more popular forms of
entertainment because the Japanese banned American films.
 More original dramas in Filipino were written during this period. For example, in
this era, Francisco Soc Rodrigo wrote Sa Pula, sa Puti, which is being read in schools
until now. Notable short story writers in this era were Macario Pineda, N.V.M.
Gonzalez, Ligaya Reyes, and Gloria Guzman, to name a few. In poetry, Fred Ruiz
Castro and Francisco Icasiano were only two of the prominent poets of that time.
 Without Seeing the Dawn, a novel written by Stevan Javellana, was published in the
United States in 1947. It depicts the experiences of Filipinos during the war between
the Americans and the Japanese. This novel was later on adapted into a movie
entitled Santiago!, which was directed by Lino Brocka and starred Fernando Poe, Jr.
and Hilda Coronel.
 Among the most gruesome stories during the war were those about comfort women,
and among them was Maria Rosa Henson or Nana Rosa as she was fondly known.
She wrote an autobiography, Comfort Woman: Slave of Destiny, which was published in
1996.
 Some famous Filipino writers who lived during this period were Bienvenido Santos,
Manuel Arguilla, Marcelo Agana, Jr., and Nick Joaquin.

Post War and Contemporary Period

Postwar Literature
Postwar poetry and fiction was dominated by the writers in English educated and
trained in writers’ workshops in the United States or England. Among these were the
novelists Edilberto and Edith Tiempo (who was also a poet), short-fictionist Francisco
Arcellana, poet-critic Ricaredo Demetillo, poet-fictionist Amador Daguio, poet Carlos
Angeles, fictionists N.V.M. Gonzalez and Bienvenido N. Santos.

Filipino Writers during the Postwar Period

 Macario Pineda – He wrote and published Ang Ginto sa Makiling in 1946, which
is the first Philippine literary work after World War II.
 Stevan Javellana – In 1947, he published his work Without Seeing the Dawn, which
is about the experiences of Filipinos before and during World War II.
 N.V.M. Gonzalez – He wrote and published A Season of Grace in 1956. The
author portrayed the lives of the working-class in rural areas. He depicted the lives
of the masses in the province.

Philippine Literature during Martial Law

Former president Ferdinand Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21,
1972, placing the country under Martial Law. As a form of protest and expression in
this grim period, different literary works emerged, aiming to expose, narrate, or express

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anomalies, conspiracies, and leftist views about “military abuses against citizens,
economic plunder by bureaucrats and cronies of the regime, and impoverishment of
the masses” (Lumbera, p. 196).

1. Protest literature, sometimes called as revolutionary literature, refers to works

that express distaste, disagreement, or transgression to the present government,
applicable to the current political, social, and/or economic conditions of the
country when the works were written. A notable example was Lualhati Bautista’s
Dekada ’70.
2. Proletarian literature refers to literary works written by working-class authors
about the working class. According to Salvador P. Lopez, it shows the
experiences and struggles of the working class.
3. Prison literature refers to literary works produced by authors who are
incarcerated or confined in a secluded area such as a prison cell.
4. Circumvention literature refers to literary works that express social and
political transgression through metaphors, allegories, symbolisms, etc. Some
examples of circumvention literature include Jose “Pete” Lacaba’s Sister Stella L.
(1984) and Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim (1985).

Post-EDSA Revolution

In Lumbera’s Philippine Literature: A History & Anthology, he mentioned notable

events of the Philippine literary scene when martial law finally ended and a new
government was established. These notable events were:
 Publishers who produced and embarked on nontraditional projects (anthologies,
novels, poems, etc.) emerged, such as Anvil Publishing, New Day Publishers,
and Solidaridad Publishing House.
 Gay and women writings, including male authors writing about women, and gay
and feminist discourses developed.
 Post-EDSA writings paved the way for the development of vernacular literature,
or literature written using the daily speech of common people, which also became
a source of regional literary histories.
 Lumbera also noted the creative writing centers that seek to hone and further a
writer’s craft. Creative writing centers after EDSA may be grouped into two:

- Academic institutions included creative writing as part of their curricular

offerings. Such academic institutions include the Silliman University, the
University of the Philippines, the Ateneo de Manila University, De la Salle
University, and San Carlos University in Cebu.
- Writers’ organizations that periodically sponsor symposia on writing and/or set
up workshops for its members and other interested parties.

21st Century Philippine Literature

With the advent of the digital world in modern civilization, the role of media and
literature has been affected in many ways. From the strict use of the Filipino or English
language, writers are now allowed to use both at the same time. The search for national
identity shifted to the search of personal identity.

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  Technology plays an important role. From blogs, stories are materialized and
turned into books; such is the case for Bob Ong, a popular anonymous writer
who uses this pseudonym. Some of Bob Ong’s works include
ABNKKBSNPLAko?! (2001), Stainless Longganisa (2005), and Alamat ng
Gubat (2003). Stories uploaded via Wattpad not only materialize into books but
are also adapted into movies, such as Diary ng Panget, Talk Back and You’re
Dead, She’s Dating the Gangster, and Your Place Or Mine?, among others.

 Women, lesbian, and gay writings continue to flourish and become recognized
and accepted. More regional works are being recognized, and these literary texts
are now included in workshops and awards.

 Writers also embark on translating their works into another language or dialect
or translating a foreign work into Filipino, such as Remoto’s translation of John
Greene’s The Fault in Our Stars.

 Graphic novels, including comics, are gaining quite a following. Some examples
include Carlo Vergara’s Ang Kagila-gilalas na Pakikipagsapalaran ni Zsazsa
Zaturnnah (2004), Manix Abrera’s Kikomachine Komix, and Pol Medina Jr.’s
Pugad Baboy

 Oral poetry is revived through poetry readings or open mic readings, giving it a
modern twist.
 An unusual kind of poetry genre has emerged through textula, mastered by Frank
Rivera, where the entirety of the poem is written and read in mobile phones. An
excerpt below was published in the Philippine Star:

PRE-COLONIZATION PERIOD

 Folk Narratives
1. Myths
- The Creation Story” of the Tagalogs
2. Legends
- “How the Angels Built Lake Lanao” of the Maranaws.
3. Folktales
- animal tales or fables and magical tales such as “The Monkey and the Turtle” (Bilaan)
and “The Story of the Orphan Girl” (Subanon).
4. Epics
- Hinilawod – this is considered as the oldest and longest among the epics of
Panay. It narrates the adventures of three brothers: Humadapnon, Dumalapdap,
and Labaw Denggan.
- Ibalon - Somehow similar to Hinilawod, this epic is about three brothers: Baltog,
Bantiong, and Handiong. This epic originated from the Bicol region.
- Hudhud - this epic tells about the lives of native Ifugao heroes, the most notable
of which is Aliguyon of the village Gonhandan. Aliguyon was endowed with
supernatural powers and boundless energy. He has the ability to travel long
distances without needing food and rest. Upon arriving at his destination, he still
has the same energy as he did when he started his journey. Aliguyon was invincible

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 in battle; he could catch spears in mid-flight and could fight against many
combatants.
- Darangan - this epic is about the sentimental and romantic adventures of noble
Maranao warriors; the most famous is about a warrior or prince named Bantugan.
Prince Bantugan was the brother of the chieftain of a village called Bumbaran.
Bantugan owned a magic shield, was protected by divine spirits, and was capable
of rising from the dead.
- Biag ni Lam-Ang This is an epic that tells the story of Lam-Ang, who exhibits
extraordinary abilities even in his early years. This epic originated from the Ilocos
region.

 Folk songs
- The lullabyes or Ili-ili (Ilongo); love songs like the panawagon and balitao (Ilongo);
harana or serenade (Cebuano); the bayok (Maranao); the seven-syllable per line poem,
ambahan of the Mangyans that are about human relationships, social
entertainment and also serve as a tool for teaching the young; work songs that
depict the livelihood of the people often sung to go with the movement of
workers such as the kalusan (Ivatan), soliranin (Tagalog rowing song) or the
mambayu, a Kalinga rice-pounding song; the verbal jousts/games like the duplo
popular during wakes.

 Proverbs (Salawikain)
Kung may tinanim, may aanihin
(If you plant, you harvest.)

 Riddles
Baboy sa lasang(A wild pig of the forest)
Ang tunok puro lansang. (Covered with spikes)
Answer: Langka ( Jackfruit )

SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD

POETRY

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 Pasyon
The earliest known pasyon is the Ang Mahal na Pasión ni Jesu Christong Panginoon natin na
Tola in 1704.

 Awit
Francisco Balagtas’s Florante at Laura.
 Korido
- Ibong Adarna, which contains 1,722 stanzas and has five part
PROSE

 Anecdotes
Tagalog translation and adaptation of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe entitled Ang
Bagong Robinson, Historiang Nagtuturo nang Mabuting Caugalian, na Guinauang Tanungan (The
New Robinson, a Story That Teaches Good Conduct, Done in Primer Form) by
Joaquin Tuason.

 Planticas (Sermons)
In 1864, Padre Modesto de Castro compiled 25 of his sermons in Planticas Doctrinales
(Sermons on Doctrines).
 Novels
Pedro Paterno’s Ninay (considered the first Filipino novel), Padre Modesto de Castro’s
Urbana at Feliza, Padre Miguel Lucio y Bustamante’s Si Tandang Basio Macunat, and Jose
Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

 Essays
“Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog” by Andres Bonifacio

AMERICAN COLONIZATION PERIOD

 In 1921, the first-ever anthology for essays was published by Zoilo M. Galang with
the title Life and Success. In the same year, the first collection of poems in book form,
the Reminiscence, was published by Lorenzo Paredes. Meanwhile, Justo Juliano’s poem
“Sursum Corda” is the first known Filipino poem in English and was published in the
Philippines Free Press in 1907.

JAPANESE COLONIZATION PERIOD

 Soc Rodrigo’s Sa Pula, sa Puti, Jose Ma. Fernandez’ Panday Pira, while Julian Cruz
Balmaceda’s Sino Ba Kayo? and Dahil sa Anak. Meanwhile, Carlos P. Romulo’s
bestsellers I Saw the Fall of the Philippines, I See the Philippines Rise, and Mother America
and My Brother Americans, and Manuel Arguilla’s “How My Brother Leon Brought Home a
Wife
POST-WAR AND CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
 Textula
Bayang mahilig sa ganda
Inuuna ang postura
Walang laman ang bituka
Kundi gasgas na pag-asa.
Si MEGAN YOUNG nang manalo
Nagbunyi ang Pilipino
May dala sanang asenso
Magkakapag-asa tayo.
Nagkagyera sa Mindanao
Kaban ng bayan ninakaw
Sa Bagyo'y daming pumanaw
MISS WORLD, salamat sa araw.

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Fill in the blanks with the correct term being described.
___________________1. Emerged during the post war period, sometimes called as
revolutionary literature.
___________________2. A short musical comedy popular during the 18th century.
___________________3. form of poetic contest during the Spanish colonization
period, usually played as part of the rites held in
connection with the death of a person.
___________________4. Stories that make use of gods, goddesses, and other
fantastical creatures as characters.
___________________5. Considered as the oldest and longest among the epics of
Panay.

Hinilawod 5.
Myth 4.
Karagatan 3.
Sainete 2.
Literature
Protest 1.
ANSWER:

Abad, Gemino.(Ed.) 1998. Likhaan Anthology of Philippine Literature in English from

1900 to the Present. Quezon City. UP Press.

Antonio, Celedonio G. 2000. Readings in Philippine Literature. Manila: Rex

Bookstore.Bernardo, Miguel A. 1998. The King’s Phrase: Some
Philippine Literary and Cultural Perspectives. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila
University Press.

Dimalanta, Ophelia and Mata, Virginia. 2001. Philippine Contemporary Literature in

English: Tradition and Change(from the 2000’s to the
present) .Manila. UST Publishing House.

Lumbera, Bienvenido and Cynthia Nograles Lumbera. Philippine Literature: A History

and Anthology. Manila: Anvil Publishing, 2000.

Macansantos, Francis C., and Priscilla S. Macansantos. 2015. Philippine Literature in

the Spanish Colonial Period. April 14.
http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/literary-
arts/philip pine-literature-in-the-spanish-colonial-period/.

Saymo, Apolinario S. et. al., 2004. Philippine Literature. Meycauayan,Bulacan. Trinitas

Publishing Inc.

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 1
21st Century Literature|Lesson 1: Various Dimensions of Philippine Literary
History from Precolonial to Contemporary
Name:______________________________ Grade & Section:_______________
Teacher: ____________________________ Date: _________________________

What are the most significant points to remember about each period of Philippine literature?
Can you identify important ideas that describe each period mentioned? Fill out the table with
your ideas. Make your answers short and concise.
Pre-Colonization

Spanish Colonization

American Colonization

Japanese Colonization

Post-war and
Contemporary

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