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Module-5: Communication Systems: Elements of Communication System
Module-5: Communication Systems: Elements of Communication System
Module-5: Communication Systems: Elements of Communication System
Introduction
One of the greatest applications of electrical technology is communication systems.
Communication is the process of transferring information from one point to the other.
Information may be in the form of voice, text, picture or a combination of these.
Modulator Demodulator
Source and Channel and Destination
Transmitter Receiver
Noise
Modulation
Baseband Communication
A signal in its original frequency is called a baseband signal and transfer of these
signals directly over the channel is called baseband communication.
Modulation
Modulation is a process in which some characteristic or property of a high frequency
signal called carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
message signal. The message signal is called the modulating signal.
The carrier signal is a sinusoidal signal that can be represented as
𝒗𝒄(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑚𝒄𝒕 + 𝜽) (1)
where 𝑣𝑐(𝑡) is instantaneous voltage as a function of time
𝑉𝑐 is peak amplitude
𝜔𝑐 is angular frequency (rad/s), 𝜔𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 where 𝑓𝑐 is carrier frequency in Hz
𝑡 is time in seconds
𝜃 is phase angle in radians
The characteristic of the carrier wave that is modified may be amplitude 𝑉𝑐, frequency
𝑓𝑐 or phase angle 𝜃. Accordingly, we have three types of modulation:
1. Amplitude Modulation
2. Frequency Modulation
3. Phase Modulation
The modulated signal is not a single frequency signal and it occupies a great
bandwidth. The bandwidth of the modulating signal also depends on the modulating signal
frequency range and the modulating scheme in use. Table 1 gives the commonly used
frequency ranges and their applications.
Table 1 Commonly used frequency ranges and applications
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation is a process in which the amplitude of the carrier signal is
varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.
Fig. 2 shows a modulating signal, a higher frequency carrier and the amplitude
modulated signal.
The instantaneous value of the message signal (modulating signal) is
𝒗𝒎(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑚𝒎𝒕 (2)
where 𝑣𝑚(𝑡) is instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal
𝑉𝑚 is peak amplitude of modulating signal
𝜔𝑚 is angular frequency (rad/s), 𝜔𝑚 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 where 𝑓𝑚 is modulating frequency in Hz
The instantaneous value of the carrier signal is
𝒗𝒄(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑚𝒄𝒕 (3)
where 𝑣𝑐(𝑡) is instantaneous voltage of carrier signal
𝑉𝑐 is peak amplitude of carrier signal
𝜔𝑐 is angular frequency (rad/s), 𝜔𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 where 𝑓𝑐 is carrier frequency in Hz
𝒗𝒎(𝒕)
𝒗𝒄(𝒕)
𝒗𝑨𝑴(𝒕)
Modulation Index
Modulation index is defined as the amount by which the carrier amplitude gets
modified by the modulating signal. It is also called modulation factor, modulation coefficient
or the degree of modulation.
For amplitude modulation, the modulation index is given by
𝑽𝒎
𝒎= (8)
𝑽𝒄
𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 −( 2
)
2𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑐 =
2
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙+𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟐
(11)
Overmodulation
In AM wave, overmodulation takes place when modulation index 𝑚 > 1, i.e. when
𝑉𝑚 > 𝑉𝑐. In overmodulated AM wave, loss of information takes place and hence it must be
avoided. Fig. 4 shows an overmodulated wave when 𝑚 = 1.25.
Frequency Spectrum
∴ 𝑽𝒎 = 𝒎𝑽𝒄 (13)
Using Eqn. (13) in equation for 𝑣𝐴𝑀(𝑡), we get
𝑣𝐴𝑀(𝑡) = (𝑉𝑐 + 𝑚𝑉𝑐 sin 𝜔𝑚𝑡) sin 𝜔𝑐𝑡
𝒗𝑨𝑴(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒄(𝟏 + 𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑚𝒎𝒕) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑚𝒄𝒕 (14)
𝒗𝑨𝑴(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑚𝒄𝒕 + 𝒎𝑽𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑚𝒎𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑚𝒄𝒕 (15)
Using the trigonometric relation sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 1 [cos (𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)], we get
2
𝒎𝑽𝒄 𝒎𝑽𝒄
𝒗𝑨𝑴(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑚 𝒄𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑚 𝒄 − 𝑚𝒎)𝒕 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑚 𝒄+ )𝒕 (16)
𝟐 𝟐
𝑚𝒎
Using the trigonometric relation cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = 1 [cos( 𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)], we get
2
𝒎𝑽𝒄 𝒎𝑽𝒄
𝒗𝑨𝑴(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑚𝒄𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑚 𝒄 − 𝑚𝒎)𝒕 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑚 𝒄+ )𝒕 (17)
𝟐 𝟐
𝑚𝒎
From Eqn. (16) and (17), we can say that the first term represents unmodulated carrier
and two additional terms represent two sidebands. The frequency of lower sideband is
𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 and the frequency of upper sideband is 𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚.
Bandwidth of AM Wave
The bandwidth of an AM wave is given by
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 − 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵
𝐵𝑊 = (𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚) − (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚)
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐𝒇𝒎
Spectrum Power
The AM wave has three components: unmodulated carrier, lower sideband and upper
sideband. Therefore, the power of an AM wave is the sum of carrier power 𝑃𝑐, power in lower
sideband 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 and power in upper sideband 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵.
The total transmitted power is given as
𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑷𝒄 + 𝑷𝑳𝑺𝑩 + 𝑷𝑼𝑺𝑩 (18)
If average carrier voltage is ( 𝑉 ), average carrier power is given by
√2
𝑉𝑐 2
( )
𝑃𝑐 = √2
𝑅
𝑽𝒄𝟐
𝑷𝒄 = 𝟐𝑹
(19)
𝑚𝑉𝑐
Similarly, if average sideband voltage is ( 2 ) , average power in lower sideband and upper
√2
sideband,
𝑚𝑉𝑐 2
( 2)
√2
𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 =
𝑅
𝒎𝟐𝑽𝒄𝟐
𝑷𝑳𝑺𝑩 = 𝑷𝑼𝑺𝑩 = 𝟖𝑹
(20)
𝑚2𝑉𝑐2 𝑚2 𝑉 𝑐2
𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = = ×
8𝑅 4 2𝑅
2
But 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑃 . Therefore
2𝑅 𝑐
𝒎𝟐
𝑷𝑳𝑺𝑩 = 𝑷𝑼𝑺𝑩 = 𝑷𝒄 (21)
𝟒
By using Eqn. (19) and (20) in Eqn. (18) , the average total transmitted power is then
Sheshaprasad N, Dept. of ECE, BNMIT 9
Communication Systems Basic Electronics
given by,
𝑉𝑐 2 𝑚2𝑉𝑐2 𝑚2𝑉𝑐2
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = + +
2𝑅 8𝑅 8𝑅
𝑉𝑐 2 𝑚2
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (1 + )
2𝑅 2
𝒎𝟐
∴ 𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑷𝒄 (𝟏 + ) (22)
𝟐
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚2
= 1+
𝑃𝑐 2
𝑚2 𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
= −1
2 𝑃𝑐
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑚2 = 2 ( − 1)
𝑃𝑐
𝑷𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝒎 = √𝟐 ( − 𝟏) (23)
𝑷𝒄
Transmission Efficiency
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝜂= 4 𝑃 𝑐+
4 𝑃𝑐
𝑚2
𝑃 (1 + )
𝑐 2
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑃𝑐 ( 4 + 4 )
𝜂= 𝑃𝑐 (1 +
Sheshaprasad N, Dept. of ECE, BNMIT 11
Communication Systems Basic Electronics
𝑚
𝑚2 2
)
2
𝑚2
𝜂= 2 = 2
𝑚2 2 + 𝑚2
1+
2𝟐 2
𝒎
𝜼=
(25)
𝟐+𝒎𝟐
𝑚𝑉𝑐
AM Detection (Demodulation)
Detection or demodulation is the process of recovering the original modulating signal
from the received signal at the receiver. The simplest demodulator for AM is the envelope
detector.
1 𝜔𝑚
𝑇𝑚 is time period of modulating signal, 𝑇𝑚 = =
2𝜋
𝑓𝑚
Frequency Modulation
Frequency Modulation is a process in which the frequency of the carrier signal is
varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.
Fig. 10 shows a sine wave modulating a higher frequency carrier signal with frequency
modulation.
The frequency modulated signal is represented by
∆𝒇
𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 [𝑚 𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑚
𝒕]
𝒄 𝒇𝒎 𝒎
Frequency Deviation
Modulation Index
Modulation index of FM is the ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulating
frequency.
∆𝒇
𝒎𝒇 =
𝒇𝒎
where ∆𝑓 is the frequency deviation
𝑓𝑚 is the modulating frequency
Bandwidth of FM Wave
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐[𝒎𝒇 + 𝟏]𝒇𝒎
∆𝑓
𝐵𝑊 = 2 [ + 1] 𝑓𝑚
𝑓𝑚
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐[∆𝒇 + 𝒇𝒎]
Phase Modulation
Phase Modulation is a process in which the phase angle of the carrier signal is varied
in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.
The phase modulated signal is represented by
FM is limited to a small
AM covers more distance than
Area of reception distance; as distance increases,
FM
signal quality becomes poorer
Questions
1. Define communication.
2. With a neat block diagram, explain the elements of communication system.
3. What are commonly used frequency ranges in communication system? Mention the
application of each range.
4. What is modulation? Explain the need for modulation. List the different types of
modulation schemes.
5. What is amplitude modulation? Explain with neat waveforms and derive the
expression for the AM wave. Also draw the frequency spectrum.
6. Define amplitude modulation. Draw the AM signal and its spectrum. For an
μ2
amplitude modulated wave, prove that total power is given by Pt = Pc [1 + ], where
2
References
1. D.P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath, “Basic Electronics”, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private
Limited, 2014.
2. Simon Haykins, “Communication Systems”, 5th Edition, John Willey India Pvt. Ltd.,
2009.
3. Simon Haykins, “An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communication”, John
Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008