Introduction

Question 1

Draw a layout diagram and complete circuit diagram for a certain room with one socket
outlet, four lamps (lamp 1, lamp 2, lamp 3 and lamp 4) controlled from three places. Lamp 1,
lamp 2 and lamp 3 are controlled simultaneously, lamp 4 is controlled independently.
(Assume all lamps are initially off).

 We are asked to control lamp 1,2 and 3 simultaneously so we put them in a layout in
series.
 Next we used a combination of two single pole double throw (SPDT) and a single
pole single throw(SPST) switches.
 We used the SPDT switches to control the three lamps simultaneously and the SPST
switch to control the fourth lamp independently as shown below.
Question 1a

Draw complete circuit diagram for a certain room with four lamps (lamp 1. Lamp 2, lamp 3
and lamp 4) controlled from four different places simultaneously lamp 1, lamp 2 and lamp 3
connected in series with each other and connected in parallel with lamp 4.

 For this question we placed lamp 1,2 and 3 in series and lamp 4 in parallel.
 In this case we took two intermediate (DPDT) and two SPDT switches.
 We assembled the switches so that we can controll the lamps from four places by
using our switches.
Question 1b

Is it possible to control all lamps from four different places simultaneously by using ?

If it is possible draw complete circuit diagram for each.

I) one two way switch and three intermediate switch

Yes it is possible to draw a circuit using the above switches as will be shown in the figure
below

We modified our figure in the previous question to the given number of switches and as
shown abow the light bulbs light up.

II) Four intermediate switchs

Again it was possible to draw a configuration using four intermidiate switches as will be
shown in the figure below.
III) Two one way switch and two intermediate switches

Since a one way is asked it could only controll one lamp at a time not possible to control all
three lamps using the two one way switches and two intermediate switches.

IV) One way switch, one two way switch and two intermediate switches

Since a one way is asked it could only controll one lamp at a time which is impossible to
controll four lamps using the two way and intermidiate switches.
Question 2

Draw complete circuit diagram for certain room with one socket outlet and four lamps
(lamp 1, lamp 2 , lamp 3 , lamp 4 ) controlled from three places lamp 1 and lamp 2
controlled simultaneously , lamp 3 and lamp 4 are off when lamp 1 and lamp 2 are on.

 To accomplish this we set up two lamps in series and put the other two in parallel
with them.
 And by using one SPDT and two DPDT switches and a socket we set up the diagram
Question 3

Explain working principles of fluorescent lamp by using circuit diagram.

 A fluorescent lamp basically consists of a long glass gas discharge tube. Its inner surface
is coated with phosphorous and is filled with an inert gas, generally argon, with a trace of
mercury.
 The tube is then finally sealed at low pressure with two filament electrodes each at its
both ends.
 These electrode filaments are used to preheat the tube and initiate a rapid conduction of
electrons between the two end electrodes. The process initially requires a relatively high
amount of power.
 The energy also converts some of the mercury from a liquid to a glass. Electrons then
collide with the gaseous mercury atoms, increasing the amount of energy. As electrons
return to their original energy level, they begin to release light. However, the light they
emit is ultraviolet, and not visible to the naked eye, so another step needs to take place
before we can see the light.
 This is why the tube was coated with phosphorous. Phosphors will give off light when
exposed to light. When exposed to the ultraviolet light, the particles emit a white light
which we can see.

a) Can fluorescent lamp work without starter if not why?

Yes we can with the condition that we could remove the starter once the lamp was ignited, after
that we cansee that the fluorescent can work until power supply is cutt off.

b) What happen if ballast is not functional?

Ballasts used in flurocent lamps to control current flow through the tube. If the current in a
fluorescent light isn't controlled, it can blow out the various electrical components.
Question 4

What is the basic difference between ground and neutral cable; explain the advantage of
each cable?

It can be stated that Neutral can be grounded, but Ground is not neutral.

A Neutral represents a reference point within an electrical distribution system. Conductors

connected to this reference point (Neutral) should, normally, be non current carrying
conductors, sized to handle momentary faults (short circuits) occurring in electrical
equipment. However, with the introduction of non linear loads, such as computers,
electronic lighting, TVs, VCRs and other switchmode power conversion equipment, the
requirements for the neutral conductor has changed (increased).

A Ground represents an electrical path, normally designed to carry fault current when a
insulation breakdown occurs within electrical equipment. (Note: Breakdowns can be forced
by connecting (dropping) a metal tool or conductive material from a voltage potential to the
steel structure within a facility.) Connections to the electrical path (Ground) are made
convenient for the installation of electrical equipment. Some current will always flow
through the ground path. This current will come from a number of normal sources.
Capacitive coupling and Inductive coupling between power conductors and the ground path
(conductive conduit, conductive structure members, etc) are the greatest sources of ground
path current.

Advantage of ground cable

In any electrical system configuration, a grounding wire essentially has three main
advantages

1. Overvoltage Protection
2. Voltage Stabilization
3. Safety

Question 5

What are the basic parameters that affect soldering and how can we check if there is short
circuit and open circuit after soldering?

Disturbed Joint

A Disturbed joint is one that has been subjected to movement as the solder was solidifying.
Insufficient Wetting (Surface Mount)

Here we have three pins of a surface mount component where the solder has not flowed onto the
solder pad. This is caused by heating the pin instead of the pad. Which is a common mistake made
by students.

Solder Starved

A solder starved joint simply does not have enough solder. It may make good electrical contact, but
it is hard to verify by inspection. In any case, it is not a strong joint and may develop stress cracks
and fail over time.

Too Much Solder

This might be a perfectly good joint, but we can't tell for sure. It is entirely possible that this blob of
solder wets neither the pin nor the pad and is not a reliable electrical connection.

Untrimmed Leads

Leads that are too long are potential short circuits.

Solder Bridge

The left two solder joints have melted together, forming an unintended connection between
the two.

 A multimeter can be used for continuity testing. Continuity testing is done to check if
there is a break in a wire or track on a circuit board (open circuit). Continuity testing
can also check whether a wire or track is shorted to another wire or track (short
circuit).

Question 6

What happens if two cable?

A) with different diameter are spliced together

The current remains constant; the voltage drop changes depending on resistivity, which
varies by material and diameter. Even though the wires may not have as much resistance as
a resistor, they do have resistance (unless cooled to absolute zero, but that is a special
case). It is possible to have wires of different diameter made of different materials having
the same resistivity per unit length. The resistance of most wires is extremely low per unit
length, so differences may be small.

B) with different function spliced together

I) Ground with neutral

Nothing significant will happen. But it is not advised to use this format.
II. Ground with phase

If ground and phase spliced together a short circuit is said to have occurred.(Shorten the
path of current) When a short circuit occurs, a heavy current called short circuit current
flows through the circuit.

III. phase with neutral

You would get a short circuit and one big arc- flash in your face and hands.