PRACTICAL FILE

ON

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Batch 2020 - 23

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

TUSHAR KAMBOJ DR. EISHA KHAN
36750601720 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

NEW DELHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

61A, TUGHLAKABAD, NEW DELHI-62
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the practical titled “RESEARCH METHODOLOGY” submitted by

TUSHAR KAMBOJ to New Delhi Institute of Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
University in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the Bachelor of Business
Administration degree is an original piece of work carried out under my guidance and may be
submitted for evaluation.
The assistance rendered during the study has been duly acknowledged.
No part of this work has been submitted for any other degree.

Faculty Guide :
Place: New Delhi
DR. EISHA KHAN
Date: 29 March 2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and this work is not
different. Regardless of the source, I wish to express my gratitude to those who
may have contributed to this work, even though anonymously.

I would like to pay my sincere thanks to my RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

guide, DR. EISHA KHAN, New Delhi Institute of Management under whose
guidance I was able to complete my Practical successfully. I have been
fortunate enough to get all the support, encouragement and guidance from him
needed to explore, think new and initiate.

My final thank goes out to my parents, family members, teachers and friends
who encouraged me countless times to persevere through this entire process.

TUSHAR KAMBOJ
 INTRODUCTION

What is SPSS?
SPSS stands for “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” is a versatile and
responsive program designed to undertake a range of statistical procedures. SPPS
software is widely used in range of disciplines. The software name originally stood
for Statistical Package for the social sciences (SPPS) reflecting the original
market , although the software is now popular in other fields as well , including the
health sciences and marketing.

Why SPSS?
They came under IBM SPSS Statistics, and most of the users refer to it as SPSS only.
It is straight forward, and its English-like command language helps the user to go through the
flow.
SPSS introduces the following four programs that help researchers with their complex data
analysis needs.

 Statistics Program
SPSS’s statistics program gives a large amount of basic statistical functionality; some include
frequencies, cross-tabulation, bivariate statistics, etc.

 Modeler Program
Researchers are able to build and validate predictive models with the help of advanced
statistical procedures.

 Text Analytics for Surveys Program

It gives robust feedback analyses which in turn get a vision for the actual plan.

 Visualization Designer
Researchers found this visual designer data to create a wide variety of visuals like density
charts and radial box plots.

Features of SPSS
 The data from any survey collected via Survey Gizmo gets easily exported
to SPSS for detailed and good analysis.
 In SPSS, data gets stored in SAV format. These data mostly comes from
surveys. This makes the process of manipulating, analysing and pulling data
very simple.
  SPSS have easy access to data with different variable types. These variable
data is easy to understand. SPSS helps researchers to set up model easily
because most of the process is automated.
 After getting data in the magic of SPSS starts. There is no end to what we
can do with this data.
 SPSS has a unique way to get data from critical data also. Trend analysis,
assumptions, and predictive models are some of the characteristics of SPSS.
 SPSS is easy for you to learn, use and apply.
 It helps in to get data management system and editing tools handy.
 SPSS offers you in-depth statistical capabilities for analysing the exact
outcome.
 SPSS helps us to design, plotting, reporting and presentation features for
more clarity.

Statistical Methods of SPSS

Many statistical methods can be used in SPSS, which are as follows:
  Prediction for a variety of data for identifying groups and including
methodologies such as cluster analysis, factor analysis, etc.
 Descriptive statistics, including the methodologies of SPSS, are frequencies,
cross-tabulation, and descriptive ratio statistics, which are very useful.
 Also, Bivariate statistics, including methodologies like analysis of variance
(ANOVA), means, correlation, and nonparametric tests, etc.
 Numeral outcome prediction such as linear regression.

It is a kind of self-descriptive tool which automatically considers that you want to

open an existing file, and with that opens a dialog box to ask which file you would
like to open. This approach of SPSS makes it very easy to navigate the interface
and windows in SPSS if we open a file.
Besides the statistical analysis of data, the SPSS software also provides data
management features; this allows the user to do a selection, create derived data,
perform file reshaping, etc. Another feature is data documentation. This feature
stores a metadata dictionary along with the data file.

What are the 4 Main Windows in SPSS?

There are 4 main windows in SPSS and we thought it would be useful to introduce
you to what the 4 windows in SPSS are and what each is used for:

1. Data View - The data view is used to store and show your data. It is much like
an ordinary spreadsheet although in general the data is structured so that rows are
cases and the columns are for the different variables that relate to each case.

2. Variable View - The variable view contains the variables on your data set, so it
defines the properties of your dataset. Each row will define all of the various
variables for one set of data. For example, for a numerical piece of data this would
show (amongst other things) the number of decimal places that are stored for that
piece of data.

The variables include - name, type, width, decimals, label, values, missing,
columns, align and measure. Ensuring that the 'measure' of your variables is correct
is vital. The variable can be Nominal which is for strings of data, Ordinal for data
that isn't continuous but can be ranked or ordered or, finally, scale which is used
for a variable that is continuous, for example a distance to somewhere.

3. Output Viewer Window - This window is used to show the results that have
been output from your data analysis. Depending on the analysis that you are
carrying out this may include the Chart Editor Window or Pivot Table Window.

4. Syntax Editor Window - This window shows the underlying commands that
have executed your data analysis. If you are a confident coder this is where you can
amend the code, or write your own from scratch, and then run your own custom
analysis on your data set.

What does data in SPSS look like?

What are the basics Operations in SPSS?

DATA EDITOR

The Data Editor window is the default window and opens when SPSS starts. This
window displays the content of any open data files and provides drop-down menus
that allow you to modify and analyze data. The data are displayed in a spreadsheet
format where columns represent variables and rows represent cases. The
spreadsheet format includes two tabs at the bottom labelled Data
View and Variable View. The Data View tab displays the open data set: variables
appear in columns, and cases appear in rows. The Variable View tab displays
information about variables in the open data (but not the data themselves), such as
variable names, types, and labels, etc. The tab that is currently displayed will be
yellow in colour.

OUTPUT VIEWER

When you perform any command in SPSS, the Output Viewer window opens
automatically and displays a log of the actions taken and the associated output.
Primarily, the Output Viewer is where the results of statistical analysis are shown,
but any command invoked through the drop-down menus or syntax will be printed
to the Output Viewer. This includes opening, closing, or saving a data file. If an
Output Viewer window is not open when a command is run, a new Output Viewer
window will automatically be created.
The Output Viewer window is divided into two sections, or frames. The left frame
contains an outline of the content in the Output Viewer. This outline is especially
useful when you have run many SPSS commands and need to locate a particular
section of output easily. The right frame contains the actual output. Clicking on an
item in the left frame will jump to that content in the right frame. Items that have
been selected in the right frame are indicated by a red arrow and a box drawn
around the content.

You can modify the contents in the Output Viewer by selecting items in the left or
right frame and copying, pasting, or deleting them. To remove an item from the
Output Viewer, click on its name in the left frame or click on the object itself in the
right frame, then press the Delete key on your keyboard.

An Output Viewer window can be saved as a viewer file (*.spv) so that you can
review it again without having to re-run the same commands in SPSS. To save
an Output Viewer window, click File > Save As. Alternatively, you can export
some or all of the contents in the Viewer window to a new document or image file
by clicking File > Export. In general, you can export all content as a PDF (*.pdf),
a PowerPoint file (*.ppt), an Excel file (*.xls or *.xlsx), a Word file (*.doc or
*.docx), an HTML file (*.htm), or a text file (*.txt). Graphs can be saved as *.bmp,
*.emf, *.eps, *.jpeg, *.png, or *.tif.

SYNTAX EDITOR
SPSS syntax is a programming language unique to SPSS that can be used as an
alternative to the drop-down menus for data manipulation and statistical analyses.
The Syntax Editor window is where users can write, debug, and execute SPSS
syntax. To open a new Syntax Editor window, click File > New > Syntax.

The right panel of the Syntax Editor window is where your syntax is entered. The
left panel of the Syntax Editor window shows an outline of the commands in your
syntax, and can be used to navigate within your code. You can jump to a specific
part of your code by clicking on the command in the left panel. This feature is
useful for showing the start and end points of a command, especially if the
command is longer than one line.

Syntax can be saved as an *.sps file by clicking File > Save or File > Save
As within the Syntax Editor window.
Executing Commands in SPSS

SPSS offers two basic ways of working with your data: drop-down menus and
syntax commands.
 1. Drop-down menus: Users who are new to SPSS typically learn the
software by using drop-down menus. These are the menus that you see
across the toolbar at the top of the screen--e.g., File, Edit, View, Data, etc.
These menus provide the options you need for performing specific actions
on your data. Clicking on any one of the menus will produce a list of menu
items. You may then select a specific menu item from the list to perform
specific actions.

2. Syntax Commands: Advanced users can interact with SPSS by writing

their own syntax. Syntax is a command-driven language that tells SPSS
what actions to perform on the data. Using syntax commands (rather than
drop-down menus) is preferable for several reasons:
 Syntax allows users to write commands that are not available via drop-down
menus.
 Syntax provides a useful log of what steps you have taken while working
with your data.
 Syntax allows you to easily edit your commands, in any order, rather than
having to re-select each drop-down command if you decide to change some
part of your analysis.
 Syntax allows you to consistently reproduce your commands, which is
important for validating your methods.

Overall, syntax offers more flexibility, a clearer record, and greater ease in making
changes and re-running commands. It does take some practice to learn to write the
basic command language, but once you learn the language the benefits of working
with data in this way will become very clear.

To use syntax, click File > New > Syntax. This opens a new Syntax Editor
window where you can write and execute syntax commands.
SPSS Toolbar Shortcuts

By default, the Data View window has the following shortcuts for common tasks.

Icon Tooltip Description

Open data Open a data file. Equivalent to File > Open > Data.
document

Save this Save the active dataset. Equivalent to File >

document Save or Ctrl + S.

Print Print the contents of the active data view window. Not
recommended. Equivalent to File > Print.

Recall Shows the list of most recently used dialog windows. Use
recently when you need to re-run an analysis.
used dialogs

Undo a user Equivalent to Edit > Undo (in the drop-down menus)

action or Ctrl + Z.

Redo a user Equivalent to Edit > Redo (in the drop-down menus)

action or Ctrl + Y.

Go to case Jump to a specific case (row) in the active dataset.

Equivalent to Edit > Go to Case.

Go to Jump to a specific variable (column) in the active dataset.

variable Equivalent to Edit > Go to Variable.

Variables View the variable name, labels, type, measurement level,

missing value codes, and value labels for all variables in
the active window. Equivalent to Utilities > Variables.

Run Run descriptive statistics (using the Frequencies

descriptive procedure) on the selected variable. The statistics shown
statistics are determined by the variable measurement level setting.
Nominal and ordinal variables are summarized with a
frequency table; scale variables are summarized using
mean, median, standard deviation, range, minimum, and
maximum. Only activates when a cell or column in the
Icon Tooltip Description

Data View window is selected. Equivalent to Analyze >

Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies.

Find Search for a value or observation in the dataset, or search

and replace a value or observation in the dataset. Only
activates when a cell in the Data View window is selected.
Equivalent to Edit > Find and Edit > Replace,
or Ctrl + F and Ctrl + H, respectively.

Insert cases Insert a case between two existing cases. Equivalent

to Edit > Insert Cases.

Insert Insert a new variable between two existing variables. By

variable default, new variables created this way are scale numeric
variables. Equivalent to Edit > Insert Variable.

Split file Stratify your analyses based on a categorical variable. For

example, if the variable Gender is selected in Split File,
running descriptive statistics on any other variables will
produce descriptive for males and females separately.
Equivalent to Data > Split File.

Select cases Extract a set of cases to a new data file based on some
criteria, or apply a filter variable. Equivalent to Data >
Select Cases.

Value labels Toggle whether the raw data or the value label is displayed
in the Data View window. Equivalent to View > Value
Labels.

Use variable Select or unselect sets of variables to show in the active

sets window. Multiple sets can be selected at a time.
Equivalent to Utilities > Use Variable Sets. Note that you
must first define a variable set (Utilities > Define
Variable Sets) in order for this to be useful.

Show all Shows all variables in the active dataset. Only activates
variables if Use Variable Sets has been used. Equivalent to Utilities
> Show All Variables.
HOW TO PREPARE QUESTIONAIRE USING GOOGLE
FORM
Step 1: Set up a new form or quiz. Go to forms.google.com. ...

Step 2: Edit and format a form or quiz. You can add, edit, or format text, images,
or videos in a form. ...

Step 3: Send your form for people to fill out. When you are ready, you can send
your form to others and collect their responses.
SCREENSHOTS OF MY QUESTIONAIRE
CREATING EXCEL SHEET FROM GOOGLE
FORMS
STRING TO NUMERICAL
QUES 1 GENDER
MALE -1
FEMALE-2
PREFER NO TO SAY-3
OTHERS -4
QUES 2 HOW OFTEN DO YOU WASH YOUR
HAIR?
CODING- ONCE A DAY-1, ONCE A WEEK-2,
EVERY OTHER DAY-3, ONCE EVERY TWO
OR THREE DAY-4
QUES 3 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING
BRANDS DO YOU USE?
CODING-DOVE-1, SUNSLIK-2, PANTENE-3,
LOREAL PARIS-4
QUES 4 WHICH TYPE OF SHAMPOO DO
YOU PREFER?
CODING-ANTI DANDRUFF-1, OIL
CONTROL-2, SILKY-3 , ANTI HAIR LOSS -4
QUES 5 HOW DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE
SHAMPOO BRANDS?
CODING-TV ADVERTISEMENT-1 ,
INTERNET-2, PRINTS ADS – 3, OTHERS-4
QUES 6 THE VOLUME YOU PREFER?
CODING -LARGE-2 , MEDIUM-2 , SMALL-3,
OTHERS-4
QUES 7-YOU TEND TO PURCHASE YOUR
SHAMPOO FROM?
CODING-ONLINE-1 , RETAIL SHOP-2 ,
DIRECT OUTLET-3 , OTHERS -4
QUES 8-WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PRICE
RANGE IS ACCEPTABLE BY YOU?
CODING-RS 300-1 , BELOW RS 500-2 , RS 200-
3, RS 500-4
SPPS VARIABLE VIEW

DESCRIBING MY DATA
Using Crosstabs (Chi-Square)
 Let’s Cross tabular
 Analyze >Descriptive statistics> Crosstabs…
 In the dialogue box that pops up, place your
outcome of interest in the columns, and the
variable you want to group participants by to
compare one against the other in the rows.
 If we leave it at this , we’ll just get a count in
respondents in each combinations of categories .
But we want to know how to also get a percentage
for each group . For this we need to select the
cells button to the top of the right dialogue box :
Here we select percentages for rows , columns
and total . Let’s select all three then click continue
then paste the syntax to our syntax file for the
record.

Run selection , then look at your output.

It is also possible to run chi square tests using
crosstabs to test whether those differences
observed are statistically significant .We can do
this through the statistics option in the crosstabs
dialogue box;
1.Tick the “Chi-Square” check box at the top
left of the statistics dialogue box then click
Continue.
2.Paste your updated crosstabs syntax file
(don’t delete the previous one) and run
selection.
3.In addition to the crosstabs results table you
had before , your output should also include
another table at the bottom with results if the
chi square test: