PAGE NO.

DATE

Basiu Oqamu hmisliy

Oqamic ahsmis
t kasicalls he sdy oAhsmital asput
Jniad

cabo Chimisy

C 6e
1ssdp
i s s P P Pz
So
So Jh pYo motosa XAQLHRS MUHg ha
mexqu kaloand aH bomd ormahion_tenplmsats
the mkg wodnd or iutaktem Jhi it m

stuukuL omahasme Homdimoa ybidaai

CH Sp Hybidised Cumt no atona
baumdud 4oOuh

3 SpL
 PAGENO.:
DATE:

CH Ck

=s p, 2P

2SPL +T

So au I akbital LA a l umkubsicdixd
Nu e me A dalnplasd m Sp orbh

CH=
Sp

4
 PAGENO.
DATE:

Aidzat.on
OSP

BH sp ubuidsed alsubudsad P-oxb1ts

bands Sp bised axbikal exma

umihboad Hh aad Vasamt Paxkika
A sMaatSo id cam amph OM rom HO
kaXm BRy

wh No Sp hubudlisatim ia in im BH
Sp hae guealu Satibikyoluo lo louue l a s mich
n ,LP auhital mph So wiaA sp?
Aubuid 6xbitals will a aHmd sp3 huhuid.
Oubital wil w mpk So tsouual a
nOMgg9
9amd no (mplmsahmq h
RRNAYAoskHamu BH nat foxm Sp
Natam -orsita

Sam appliy o
CH 4
C&9 pama
Sonbifal has gacute & amai e e nuuku att rauus n
Sorbibal mox utualuy. So owtall emaKgENR
DATE: I
Aadudd.
Maur
Sp Jaau louweu M e y ham Sp
mokeclee o uluyhLhs
dhiy ha
maHR S-chauastou

Spybud ovbita No eTgTrakyay

Sp
hiqkiH L

N Jh alua d um am monla
dosno mtu lute to AMIHO
a amm@nia so id pxaleH to lw-
SameFox H louuOH emaHgq Obital Sp/

Cauben QAOup

Sp

T Fb o m d
 PAGE NO.
DATE II

A 11
A

H 6ond

P 7P Ph

sp

AV
TTCO
Ce
SP
Av
2S

polauR

Siqma6ond is0alausueed

6
orfiral is
shr hd
 PAGENO.
DATE:

axhital r t a m
Anhbandusa
toulaHda c Sn
disanted touwaud
1 axbita

Dw ta dhs pdauisahen, Caub.ons_tsmp hu

a dipda mamint

uhat, is gsal o amy HLa

mimiomiz Hae OeHall Lug Hau syikan
Coyczpk dHOMo LUMo i Nuuleophla
Elrophili te
urhen HOMO nuul0p hile LUMO a
lutsopkilecombima_w qut shabilisatam

Alaoik ao mu dik etueem Hhelinis Sma-

dam shabilisakiom Hato

FOCMO)
u(ROM

Shakilia
 PAGE NO. :
DATE II

Pu
w SYabilfahom

6onotrq TC atbrtat as ai ur at hiça

Nuleophiles - LmG4 Mnd2 S énoxbi-
Nagaiuu, chaugacnaut ral 4puiu containinq Hht
Rpauu
Comtaim Ha MO
Nu Maue mon-6ondinq
4
e huauAD dhy don t gAl
n n ondin SP° JHOM O a Skak1uis
N N Sp3 r e m 6@nc!

om podmq Sp,

M
Me
aigheH mA orbitals( n valua mOH
HOMO ako hiq hi_dn MAHG L J
Pamd s
oueHaa a balg nulophilp th.cum N 0
a a l s a Pa Om nulung.
nagatiuy chauged Nu
HOMO
non hondinq Sp

CN
Sp
hOMO- mau oHn kte attock
 Jho Muwllophu uc
Jh
atm m
wsuall
CN

amiowic Catbon hitaww ho Sp ebial

DATE II
highaLmeugy
m Caxbon in
SM Ca uamid_alot of_koa happim theo
dho CNd mok lulya naQaku
So Hho nom
bondimq atbubal Li laualmJmukg

Ybital

6 hamduhim H
atdadhdla udutsopesihuatam64SL c-
ELutxo phiko
Nautra ral oriusychauged
la nug mpko Ybita (LUMO

qpwboq oi

: -B-E

Sp
D LUMO
Sp

H Tt bomd
Omitcncina
borhila ia
populatod

2mbnu C-60nd
 HO s To pha m O bnd LOM
LUMO
PAGENO.:
DATE I

uem 6 nd Sam h lectkophikc hasast if

the atom at me d o hesm i4
Aullauints louta negahu to pull dewn Hu
cxbital
EqH-B1 HC te
kar Eulm hugh C- band a t aA
am luulophiles pcdauikhaudy maft ut
a ulahusli Aouw n Oulital ia
mpoutant

Som 6 bomda a leul1ophilic uinthaugh

Hhoyhau no dipda momad
Ea-Bx
BAOngl, elutraeilicbuaum ik has
uww wenk baas Br-Br hond_ as dh
Hs 4p axbitalb auo vee in 6ondimg
M d
-So
Me

Jh
mkibomdumq aubikala au oleuw ntugu4
to 1tast i H bamda daid
olotro ngofiunh dikkauune bat a`auoe
Sun foi utn i aka
unpdoinrd 6amd it bonaas weak
B has us uUp at omic
tnA aubitals au
aubital su bondian
Xao dithuk Y lap
pooz meamal *Asbita_ae mot alsd
a
 PAGENO.
DATE:

EauhSP

x ChaugR muak he omaLHILAdinaá Reat Raatisn

mLuIal atam
A L L R a u a s t a u i m gwdh

dhem Le_mLLA
ComseH dho chaLQ

uulscphile do mot alaukspua like H,

Hom O uQaa dhsughiha atonm (auuLy a
peALHuR hauoe a has m plak Ochate_

N-H
H

Addihom_ JNuulhnphilo o caubony|_Lmp-

etsAALdsA allouumq H0am
CN
OMO Sp-
xkital0mc C-O

Na tn lH
R -H-
t

C 9- CN
R H

oid
 PAGENO.:
DATE: II

Hoe ta o om e HOMa0 o CN m.sw

wmto T" Co 6om uhih_Kxoaky dho I 6ond
amd h o o bond mou otwad ma
- j 0-alom

Jh oygm takeS a ram Ha

mudiwm {im Parmlmy yamohs.clisg

uamoydum ndtappio.ca LCasaua-

losauaJappioca ugntaima qluwssidas o awtone

ujamo hyduim whih Lals uifh dnzumes
humam body to HoleanR HCN pihich ia oxic
amd com CaR_deo

uhata diuuion om which mudiophiu

attauha:
Jho mutsephl1 atak mai o m h diu
paLpandiulau to da plom bul at aubou angl
Loto C=o Butgi-Punikz kajwea).
Jhe AOA@M hi ia dui o heimacimwm
axbital uulap_c Haa HOMOuth amd

mianimuson pudaio-a thsHOMO y ha

dlimai im hi OMboml4 T bamd
But abitaaplainahien i dhat ds ned
hana paualllakamiaubita a houe ia
n

msdo Joalluay oloun ta baond so_ho

aptGmic 0Mbitala aualulady at Om amgla
 PAGE NO. :
DATE

Attako Hduidel) am aubanlq

Nuulsophillicattauk oHamat sn
Sn NaH H has uh a aighchakge
_dimaihat i lyAlad wita Baw

Jhkeasomin that ia fallid iS aubidal

A am ideal sizio iaalauact with
dh H- _atom cnlibuhon to 6* oAbital
AM H-X 6omd

HtÁL
ut waile lauhmq uwith C=0
toa mall to iantouait asi
gxoup
Caxbon s moudilhusep 0ubiCaas uita
But t ia na that H
to C=a Camtw adds
iB cam l dsmo u usimg
COmp Sutk -0 comtalmlny unucliopkiur H-al
BHy
 PAGE NO. :
DATE I1

Delacalisahion And onjugaio

Sm eme zims ach C-atom ua Sp hybuuclotd

HAALeauumq a malninoP-aY6i ral wAA X
smaA
Je ami wank of okkene 4uat
oulkene ButHhe phoklasm ceme iaaIT3imple as in
.e wih pas l l iaatehat 6omdinqg

Jhu BLm_to (e 2 possio1GHi4

wim BsnAyme itsel the mA auR

idomtical ut if u had amy_digubsh kutod

hem thik Amp must ue dit

hat Badh fheaR hu i was ksumd
CAmp.ue ackualy idenica
idenhical
Jo kplaim mis
Hepomales beluesmkekulAaid_
dhe auma
Stmenene
ono
 PAGE NO. :
DATE I1

# Jhe MOamaueH to thue

Hoblm
hat all6 p-akbikals Cam f Cemblnh
Combiu
molaaula Oubital Qmd
mu
AM dhis mddeulah_aubital_ akma a lm0
demaik abaue dnd ulauu_dhe
o snzLne

Honte Bineztml dos nof AoAmaloimskad

he _ a m malelaH OHbtal pod
equallsGu al the CcHbom atom

ouU,_ueCan &u dhai T Jm dho boOn,ln-

ao dalocalind e h s au notocalised h.
Spulic deukla ea band Apxaad out
aLRA6 Catom_im a unq

Expsuintntal abuLalisn

Jhr ditluouhom ahudis had lenirn

Hhe C- bamd limgh a 139 5p u
ataumerdiadi of C=c(133 7 C- 1S4F
Multipl bonds ma im a img
Rot'stakaam £q hanatuusoat
Skudu dskoaalisahian af ixm non-
bomd
9 hoy 0omau ecishisaime 4
hamA hesal x sn
 PAGE NO.
DATE I

Bq apuimntalshudyY impanlamiungs
appekeol
QBadh tha skute a ploma
Umlike Bamezimi Hhe deukla _oumdAagla band.
hau difarunt limgh. Bud t Cntral douhl-
homd in Lah_sa ia AanquH dham tha emd
bot dsubu bomd Alsa he Áimgl bond au
Auqhty em eshautuH hanstamdaud
simg Jbond.

H
Cadh end
Cc6md
134p H
Jhio
th C-CSingle C-band
bmd is l46pm 131 pm
Stomd 154pm

Explaimalisn 2
Jh aAONia agaum du o moloulau aubital
uhich auik rom tsmbimaton o6p 0xbital
Jhio moloulak o.ubital lodkuh M h a
maluula Sopobitala cam Gueulap @nly uho
molule ja plamak
 Conjugah on Fo cus on dh Wa ob cbondy a
imkacd whi delocalgioatiom is alate d to teoh
ay
oEolocmds
DATE

Lamjugatiom
wh 2 daubl bamd aue spauatid u
a dimqlbond_Hhe
Hhe2douklo bamd
saLd to w uamjugattd.
syAkm, taeKOLAOm m mimluw
aimo of paubitaly uhich ia tomaqua
alteimate simle doublo bond

aample allimtamd auachidionicaid

0 Alem
AE amatom has 2_dsuba bamda dlikety
atauhud to id than no (omiugahiom 4

CH=C=CH

H-

Sp Aubused
2 pakbita

HoHethe Cmtkal caubom SpLayhuida

h hag 2 maxbitalb which ouo
to
to Lauh ohoH Hanu heimdiuidual p
oubital Camd Can ae
 PAGENO.:
DATE: I

Louwpamdiulau to l a h othiu daA Ouulap

Ne4en In allln-CH QR akso o Aaih
adhu

auaihidioni auud

, CO0

pSp
Sp orbi tals
Mp-0r6ita
Rom tais Sp obital Laalate paubilal rem
OuOHlap

# Buta diin
JheMOMO autaditns'

Saos I bend aad tuo p akbital

Lam ainsapct aubicals that uxtimd
h ewholoComp.

Jhe utadismi tam heught Åo Je madu

moltuuly oalkia sime fo qaiho
Aid y Aide
 PAGE NO. :

DATE I

3ndo

WMO

LUMO
O.Znocd

AtHOM0
Lnoda)
HOMO

TT

onodoy
mtuiatingJhimgsto mate
OJh mumbeu_ef medisJmiuasMA hom-
to
J h Jh P-aubikal makimg p he t ssskim
all AhamaAh Sam y
Jhu oitnat u auaudimqb h
Oxbital mu a m oaiatdeacuibs
Contuibuion aam imdiuidualakomic o
to a_molula Gubital)
a u qLateco in he mid
hauw 9katon cot
La
 PAGE NO.
DATE

Sn jg Hhu ouuest muug4honding askital

h O MtSpkead aut oui all u
Caxbom atom im entimau aubitalJ
ie 3bomlnq imtuadlic

38.nding in

has o bomdimq imtuuahiam letuelm

C Ca amdalso bt. C CqBut am
amibomdimq imtaution l a t C u C
himr nut Baadingiostuaution -|=1

Similauu - Cor 3 Fox

Ovexall, Sm bota Hho Occupiod Tt auhikals
C C ondd
- But im am aatibamdimg imtoxauhos
Lbatueen C paukialy Camcel out
bomdimq imtiuaioa o

Paukial
of amtimdding pauiu
hicaum Hhe cozhii
axbikals in Pa
amallex dhän that o bondinq pau

i th Keadm uhy alldhe bend o

, 3 buuta diime a
nat Sam
Alko itapaimsuhs_dhe middlo hand i q
Simala bond ku ith aiHtle bita olaubls2
6ond hatarta. also plamauy (no rsthe
 PAGE NO.
DATE II

LetJalk_about Rotalion amd Riqidih

Hhe bonda

uhim t look ot fhebomdumq i

but-- Qm T bamd ia mada up 2
paMallel p.aubidals

Sohat
>er L Sralu

Jo Aatata oahout the TC bendHu

OHbitals har fo o_dhoiu Lanttai
mlouauhoa
pasa to Stodo uuhr Hhy aR paupimditulay
Jhsm maky mt up againa
dhis i uu
umauauHablbuauk dl dhe
Ame qaiad usugh T boncioni load
ually Hams
Aaua CA Cy it 9L
am mi mRHg ie
JJ 6o kJma
HageH m sigma Bond, aA dhUA L
linduicol Smmuu
b oknOmd na 6.ond l4
Xotakon ia pomibl
fot diam h
Kotoaiom im ig3
3 butadi
butacu

i l on,
fo sotate thiss 6om 3kJImo
oth sbom
 PAGENO.
DATE I

im i t shaus hat hi middle bondi

1,3-hutadiimshas dloukla homchaaat

#Reautiuia o Butadiem
he MO_diaquamm a 3-Butadisn
On &eeimo
|Falloutnqdhings au abiinued

OJhl ouekallLntugu 2kondimq hutadien

cula aubitali loueu thamtha
mala cuula
male that of
thrme
2 maleulau 0xbital a
Jhis mL OmA Lomiuqalkcd utadilml
butaditne
dham ust 2
maL_Stablo
fhuumoodumamically
laolated_double 6.omd
h eJhe HOMOo Butadisme iahigheu tham
HOMO of thme Jhis iacomaid tmkuh he
Fat ta.ctbutadiimeja mou Lakkue han
ratheAR towaud elutrophilp
Jho LOMO aMhutadiemr js oue im
Umuuqu Hha ho LOMO o hmR
Jhis i Lmaiatnt uih dhe at dhat
butadism is mak aLiue_ thua athem
touaud muleophil
Fxom the obaLuatramgit is uleoA
hat Buuta diim ia ma Stablo e 6u

Which ia 9uok askisaahaz

 PAGE NO. :
DATE

E Cdouu Explaimakiona uompunda

J MuQ o ighi JulaLelamqh ia qin t
the MO J him he COmjumbuam
HOMO D LUMO h t h 9iLues ceduy.

Buiadin

Smal

215 nm
+85mm

A
Aimu+ he miuau diff bat_HOMO amd LmM
iA Small hinu it uld dthnunlau ab.soub
Jughi ok longeu Wauekunodn uam Athent
h maH h
Cormiugatioo dhe AmaluOH
dhagmiug4 Aasmaiho tuum ita HOMO
amd MD amdhimu long4 H wauulena

Ha Botm Haome Cmdbutaodiim absab

m h UV UIQim S£ u atomd he
Comjugaion uhau Auuhdhat gap
HAMO amd LOMO
to absoub biLamirsmall mag
amdqiu tuauelemathouisilke
i4 xamg
Cemplemet auyColu
 PAGENO.
DATE I
xed tolo in tsmajoes
Cq Äytoplme'it_has Ilwnjuqati doublo
Soit absoub hlue quim u ht
amd giuy HOd Golouu

Chlouephy| Sthas C4cdicComjugated

System i tabso.xb at langu
onqdh Colauiy GHOLm.

he All Ostem
x JheAlly Anisni-

W staut uhenphoplml is tHealed uuth

astxom bc wich maLLLA am E romid

SP
Bau
3
Jhe alluyl amiom

Aana Ha Canbon ug hadstauted cith was

Sp atudspxotonatiom iE becam
Hugoma plamau uidh Sp h4huidisation
moking
actouHonatp-ostrt
 PAGENO.
DATE

Cambime_hi
would Mot
Nou,
Nauw u
Mladumadi TT
akbita
P oubita uith

Smstaad u would
staut_uih
3 spiaa
(embime dhimto
bxm3
Paubital

male tulax anbita

onoolt

nada

plame

JhdowatLmangu onkital the allyl

amimuudllhdie hin all combimin
phak Jhi bomdunq imkkaution
|JhJhs Ma Anbita Lq.uuHA node amd n
OM- wa fo Jnlud a modi
alom
maint&iam mmutyof h 8stm i
putheha nado ap amC2 Jhis
uhin his M.akbita ia occupis c mtams n
A domaik om hie dh
Cmiral atom.Simil dheu

Mo aikachon. uetuean adjacwmb

atem
 PAGENO.:
DATE: I

t iacallud nom-bondimg oubitol

m u t hau 2 nocdal plameAll h intuak

a h atamicakbital a u ot ofphanr_
s
sc the LESulkim ma lekudak auhita is
antibancdunq aubi~al

Em4lul Diaqka LOMo

AL HOTMO

wh ia th donai
maCu
im theallulamiom2

Jhi au2 lled radubital amd h

dimsih LomA LOm Sum d bodh: oubitala
Jhis mOm hU A Om dimai& a 3
Cauhon atoma

JhiTh nd Caxban hau a siqnikcamt contribui-

sei-gaabe im sth Jxbitala kut saal
in the Cimixal Cauhon has no denal
ep Du to dhisalthough_ta dinsiy h
Spiad uL uhol modeuue the md cauban
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

cantaim maueRolemsi tham he

midd m
datacalisalion

laeaged shuLhxe
All,l Katiom
Jak allyl hMemiclgl

CJSp huidiand i h tetrahedual ga

mo -iu ham_C SoC-6x ia
mak palauiedh d fntwaMda B uhin
laue Hh Camp An allyl cakiom ia
okmed which ia Sp u h iaona
s g2omdy

RouLAS
 twohUodPorbidJ

PAGE NO.
mok up Mocuk DATE II

Yacamd p -os6ita

aka ho allsl cakasa A amiom, allul Coiom

alaa haue 3 p oT6ital hem u l uAe
Sam MO diq amm o r i

LUMO

AV HOMO

h e2 Jletkon im th ded akbital o u

osbidal ham He
wouldhane
m Cmjugatnd p-abital. So onjugatigm
2adst
siabiuzatio
 PAGENO.:
DATE IT

he PosithueAhagk comUmtroi,
whAR i
Jh luwa mA
_tt
uL 3 4aubon atom

NouwU medtoAR uhene heu iA

alefiu

om th Mo diaquam he_Cotiuilat
middlcindaug tham the Lmdcauban
ss HhuRnd Caibana mus4 le mako
psAiiufham dha middle one.

RapLALmtaio
 PAGE NO.
DATE

dacalisatio oue3 alams a tomnom

stAutunal Featue

Jhe Cabaxylali amion

The cakboxylae auen aummtd uthem

caubaxslic auidd HLalsLh a kask:

m this stuuctu_uR 0gaim Qai am-iu

hauged atom8epauated from daubl dbond
l img.l band
OH

NaL yskallagHaphsAhsuus both axygLn amdL

Caubombamd ingHh to lethe same i.e
136pm whiuh i inteu medialeatuutln
C-O amd Co

ho=ius _hauos inspAead t Aqally

CU Hh oyqn atams

R
 PAGE NO.
DATE I1

E J h e nikoQHeup
Jhe aituoquaup anaiat_o NiHOgRm
OxuQR alomOmda Cakh
bomded to
O

Jhe Amids Guup i

R N I amial
H

Jhe MitAagLmum he Ommidn usup alseha

|apaiNa elecik.omd thatcam conjugals
wwith I kond o the caubensl
d
qxeip
Fo am_uleuhue Oula ih_dhe t bo2
dhis Aoni paix muath Mp-atbita
Ahia J x miamA that _mikoqia
Sp yhuislistd
t

R
A R
hoauuesd
Niskigona Sp IC aubib
u h LP im hanidi
oxbid a
 PAGE NO. :
DATE IT

> m amide theeLA no_hag m i t aA m

RCoa a lome pau m nikogln sshaud
J t u m fh nikoqzm amd he Guyqen
9
R 2 R
eNR

Ihe Moleulau aubikal piatuuq amid1 tels

A hat au meuwmly digkubuted QueA dh
atema im th T SqRmuith QHealeu
demgik fowaud Hh mo -iu -atom
Aaaloa e Seem rcom (oeiioat)

Jhau A a p.autial doublo kbnol hanoitou

Jetueom Camdd N.
A-

Kome impautamt poimt akaut amios Skuuuu

Jhi amid qHaLAp AA amay

h oJho lon paiuoinituoqem a delocaliztel imta

MOubo

Jh C-N bomd_iastunqthtmd u his

smtiuakiom-it taku dm pauial dakla bomd
haxackonJhu mlamA Aha w noSongeu
Shaus atahion absut the C-N bonod
Auu a S8kTlmal liaan
 PAGE NO.
DATE I

Jhe O i mal L h utham miogin.

HineO uatheu Haam NwWould sik d
Alutxophilic attack
Jhe amid1 qiLp_a a hol madi meu
stabla as aeault o_delatalisakiom
Comiugatiam And ackiuiy

he amid QUupia stabiuard y h

dAnjuq alion o Nicqem S ene pauduidh
LaHbomy| 9Heuup
Due to Hais am amidi C=0 u task
uLaktiuo Laubonyd qxaup
a t o m o_omidu ia uy dLfuunt rm
tha d dhe_pical amime Most amuMs a
LasilspHoknatid lut simte Hr one paiu
adasnik0em io comugdtd iafo
B4Atm id JeA auailali 2or eluoph

So whaamLdeia puooalad
ja pHAbnald _Oy,ln uathon ham
mutoge
 PAGENO.:
DATE: II

Anamaticily
WMAMA

%amazAneis wmusuakly Btaldo hem alkenu

andLA na desuibio as alkime amy make
d

Fa eXample

+Bx-Bx fadcrion,
Pradud

but um
by

Sub sikutod
PHOduut
|BmazLm doeA nof_OHmQmyaddihem
puodut 04shew u4 alkRma

er Not showm.

u h a t wwakas (ismuzems Splial

imd h amsueA Hhis spiuiali
RM llaods at amohepalyemo
Cydooctatatuaene which Dalho i c
 PAGE NO.
ATE

Jhis smpaumd may be hauughf_ta go

Lit stabilih bs _allkuunq aulap wtu
uiulap uluu,
J l Tr aubilal

But culooctatelraem Lnliki (muzLn n n

a plaña s utuuu

hou mo omjugakion batuem aml dd

Hhe dsuble_bomd AIhau9h hau au
altaumat daulrt and Aimgl kond lut
Camjugatiom a hot BUmbLcauini ap-o
a nmot abl1 fo uulap
So he uloctatet roeme adoph_Tub
gHuutua

Thi obRuLuationo nasenjugakisn ca

Lekaauluyabseedimond mgm
C-Chichis M6 2p Cec (3u Prn)
which iae 4pical dimglo dul prerad
 PAGE NO.
DATE: II

Alao, qlockalulaatn bahauwA ike alkam

mot lik henezLne IE coma addikon produt
Cudh 6 amd not Auhshkukd

|Sa bemwKene u not spRuialdue fo_

culic suutuu as alodalutxoia alsa
uudic
Cycdic 6ut doe nof uhouuJuka lenihn
Heata o hyduo qtmafiam of hsnigRn
amd ylbctathoLme

C= Cdaiko band cam e à keduund

H ga Cmdcatalyst like to produue
alkame

JhuJhia a highly saskekmic aAinu allkeune

a e temuerlad to max Skabla alkame

No

whin Cin-uckocteada Aukjaet to yduagenahaa

HhA G kI]mal nRg41a keloaseal

N
+H, +96kJmo

And uwhln uloctatubromsi js duaqunakid

|HlO kJ|mol Aneqyis Holeasedj wich ia
apphoximatelu Hmy ne dubo bond's

6
 PAGENO.
DATE I

-S uwhen uulohaln sdduOgAm

lokJlmo j lean

tH +120kJma
So maw u might dept_fapat fhat ut.
bimazinm dahyduoqmalid approxumat
203| 6oKJmed 94 wt le ultaRd
But utwas fownd Haat yduagura.hiom
bimam Qiues amlyN08 kImal_d

mlaA. b i n i m i h a u e Somihing
daat Ayclocta ktuaeme dosnat hau uik
mak Likstablo

2akJlm

+
g6kme

12okJl.
 PAGENO.
DATE I

Yoyimq henumhan duk ram

l's& wha khapp.ins ueahimq
Co udth axidisimq amd lduumg agemls

O3F1,3,5, 7 delnamelylcueloclalel raeni ia

ARatedwidhShfssop TEShonq 0Xldiaing aqml
at Aau lemp a "dicatianjakaumed

CH3

C3

I i s di caulicen us plama amd allC-C aki

(2 uhimCoT is Jutated uith alkali mulala

a diamion JaLakm

tAlal
mef al

hidiamiam ia adaaPlamau_amd al
C- a o damelemgd th
 PAGE NO.
DATE

Jhe maun dibA betueem olicakiom and

oliamiom widh mat o coT_
MO

CoT nuutaral, nanplamau = 8ILAlt ronn_

COTL dicahiom
CO di.amlomn
Jhr immuam Paini is not Hme_no
Comjugatidatom but un dhe no. asludsn
Jm TT`9skm

9|Sm coTtheueia a ub cemlaumakiom

becauwR th astuaim _coT
Auitauodu fo pMRWmLR a no a
atomaamd deublo bond amd fo uma
Haus 8Htaim_hiy otncang UndeugoSh
Suh
SHuukuu E ha mothmg a odo uuih e im T
Suskmi

Jhe plama dicaktam amd amion also_ha

Auda AHaim but Hhuy adopt hae-
plama akuuk dietosomw othad
foum skabilisation Hhat autuighs hi
skxain_o imq plamak
rhia atua srabilisahoniA callid 0Lokmmka
auokma
 PAGENO.
DATE I

BAmazem has6 Molecnlan Oubital

cam hink_af dhe T maleulau aub1bal
o bemezm aAHLAULing m_Hha Lemknahor
o 6 p- dubital_in aMm

MO Diaqham
13 nodal plans

n 2nodalplo
Pabiral
Av
T T-
haadalp Lnsdalpla

O nodlo
 PAGE NO.
DATE II

aubikals ofohu ton

Iha Icmalulau
Layclic huduacauhan

layoutolneHQL JuLika Lndi

Jhi
i s a utaulau hlcagon

Luund hat Lnu Suediagyamu

t aubitdaHUulknq ram
hi maluuay
aamyHigulau caut
iGmbimahian
skutau o paubitals Cäm e_diduud hrom
Sidtd p0uy.g.cmuHdhapia pain
appuaPuiatilu
daum ulaud Thiu o calld Fakat Diaq.

SomSmp pointa ofthaw diaguam

S t _ padids hRmIMgu Quel oplamauu, yL

auhamqment oimdnital akams any-

LJhaH i o always oni simgle molulau_anbutala

ue m Lmug ham all athoH Bica
Hhuis always Lmaleuula abitalu
a l p- abidal a im same pha
 PAGE NO.
DATE: I

S E huur Wm no.a t o m
hig head m MQ
alaa a simq le MO a
deqsmneHato opitalbs
ahekuue aPau o
pHRnt at hijhegf pont
A MaleuulauOubitalQmd AMomakti,

6 t Lleutuona duiuh meama

RumezRme has
maluulako a
that all ita 3 bendngadaned shollsutune
occupisd,giun
ully

Poaxbital
AV

qcloactatatuaune m a s 8
utuith do not j t
s0MatlsJmlo i a aubitals 6 ot thes
O p the
Thi
l up Hh bomdimq MO Qmd
deqamaHao_nan-bendin MO u hund's Rul
2

Po sbir
A
 PAGE NO.
DATE:

H e n PlamauCol daonot has dond Lond

hellsuut S o fo qaum ih,COT

citatiom o dianiom.

Hikal's Rule i
J h a 1mqloAaw JmuHQ4 abital hald
amd thun hsukLiAiW dequmaual
pai 4 auh a cdomd hll
akkamqmunt iA obkaud

Fax cloaed-sholl auHanqmemt imk wihth

a lth_Oubitaly 6kcu cwulaum l u l
au lud ,un+2Ie muat Le pAai
2 Ruls
Plama ull omiugalad mono.u.chiSHuhu.
wwim (uniT Jhau a laud shel o
all im landim kubitak Ond a
Laopionmally stablo: Siiuh wmp_au Colld
AHomati d
Amalcqus Buakm Ah Tn a
duiuid a Cmi auomahe

EEx2pdiom
Lio amnulins
9 ha n t ] I But ik
Ccemp
uim 5-ia daublo bond wAH_plama
Eh imlu nal amalu wulds a [u
 PAGE NO.
DATE: I

uldiML maMmaldaubl band ha_cng

o o Aus i fa rem idtal Jhia
Camp hina_donot adopt a plamau
Coyakmation andheef ok not
atdmatic LRM uddh io

ut (i8lammuulerme,_uue is alao (untlns

C& ntalaun dos adopta plamau skuduur
I h sdicause i t has Rams-u
double6and axanq ment amd band amq
Can RO hime it 1a aHomaio

Czo Annulame
St plamau instad o hauinq nItA
flun alsa it io nat aNomautic

om- Mamaselie Ring

Napthalene has IOe J kik Can also
thauhtht a umdbimrzrne imgA

Na pahalane alao shuu akomakiechauaukau

kut i d i lesa aomakc than buszam£

MatRoH
A

tetalim,13 erahds
nap halong

band deng.Hhs ian kstrtzisau_

Ast Sam

Anohe Eq mehanef Lto Janhuloe,

 PAGE NO. :
DATE

# Cyclopimtadimei
Auf
haa 2 conjugatid deuba pand
Calbon um dh mg
amSp

Jhs Lmp ua ay to dipxo fonati fo qiw

a u s Stable ami@mn lm uu hal
hu bondlem h_a dhe sam

Stabb cycloPinda d
mumn
>Exem MOpickut akh ddha d
k a ccuuble bond Cmtui6i t
amd dh n2gahuw clhaue Comkuihute-
a Cuukku i makimq 6 alkoqahin
 PAGE NO.

DATE II

Aluuocyclic o maic (empsumd

oomaHc sus Rm faW
Mos hea hetikotycli wmpamol ie, dhu
Qlao (entaim atomy ahty ham C H

Elyudint

N lenepau (@mlai6ut-

Jactasactimq t atrkan suLashiiky

OElutuamegatiuik
whim Hhe is a Xaug dAKuun
M_the_
leckuonigahuiko akoma alm et the
ma u akom adxacta Ha pais
towauda itsel!
Du tourhiki it acquinesa auhial -iuw
aaHo leem R-iuw atom qats Aautialtiug
chau And he pauatam_dhaHge
Paulmgscale
NC C H Li
35 3 8 5 2 2
du to Hh aaug Spau akiom thu U
qnatien oa dipol_mament
Dipra_menuntiu iPHadut haxo
dhe olist butun he chaT
 PAGE NO.
DATE: I

Maqmikuode ospind upn ha lackn.

dikntmecharge Qmd oiataanl._

Sm £zampla oopala mami

CEH

C4i CO And SO SPhubud

O= =O

nnt =0 duelo limtau

aA du_fo dosme pal

heShap ecomi

amo Juams
C C=C

nat O.
 PAGE NO.
DATE: 1

6 Ox ho pata mikaCOmaumatian

Mnat=o
bur
LAatmax
-CI towlcuxo

Padaidabilik - a_utaicla
delpodkd astao abitik
JEJ
h koud oistauIed uiidh JLas

O 1Sen incuurd dipal

tufan a ahaugLd Jon Jo huaugi clor to
auial spues, Hatn ita[neilkra A clud
dia toud shuum

nuutral

dipatu imeluud dipae

lwhem dipo Ja dbHaught clen ta nlul ral
pAWA thin h cdoud iy oliutoid o
shawn
 PAGE NO.:
DATE II

unich a
RAAYpolausal ASimile
hoar
Jhoaratema
wlil he uuy aunoA
allad sot Badusmd C

a u called h a u d he mole

Cdaisibi li ackialty callaleAhouhoh And a l l

a Kild s he nudus callic

mallatoma _uha has deMA

uda md aftrasied ma toulaud
MluLa R uuh_Asuu palauisibik

Kaugkalema
Jhyhau
Jhu- di rd leud amd dheu
dhild namohe and hemua shanald
atuaited uy mAluus_and hq bh
palauusibilk

Smdutiue Efkect Pouman eni haiu

i the Polausatiom o m end dw
to pdaisaiom camoheidond
opuuatha muoughbamols

C CCL
2

uwaem C kakis om Cit leaus 9upA

C mouL daACLLmt So C im Juum
atthata m C Cmd Ha cuclo g - t
LBut Ha
o at am CJs Hhudisatisaie
of
CA om C Jhad miom
Hhis latAou skaut Aduimq m
8ubxquRak Casdhoma amd uehuatu ecem SP
 PAGE NO. :

DATE I

A Similax J t c a m alao apale_dhuau,

&alusmtamd hAough_h spaSuMoumcliid
dho molecul

And a l thRR mithoc g t oOpuahian

is calld peld uts

COOH

CoS

ka tu l d j may m ( ) kbicaum
thy haueCL ham-COO H:
d
cloniiod as
t T _amd

+elut iahanlu deahang

QHaups ike -CH-H-Ch atc

-
quApA i k NO -C -CoOR ÄY-

Hahuidisaion amd Lndluuku u

Sp Sp Sp3 Sanedam S tharat
 PAGE NO.
DATE

Mesomuica Comjugatiuu et)

St ia deimlda dho pcdauuy puoduud
maleuule u daeimtualin o TLhn
etueem aTC bond amd a lam-o

Sf_jaalsa As dalimd a _ a l I d i s k u l t
Anjugalnd Suskm.

Caubomy gMOY
C

An hatumduutiuu H t is alo
p a i l l u t AMAOmAic
Haanlauqu hamimduitu el4ect Lalu
Hh I omdau au muulh m pdauiá-
tha s_Sondemd au ta kea olishitkd

Caaiugahion -

Me CH Mo CH

CH C
Me CW
 PAGE NO. :
DATE: 1

Jhe álabilisahon thacam ULAult duu ctc

dedocalisa tamaf aposíkiu o nq ahur_chaug
Mm am Cam maku oMmahom o
lams pomiule

Stabilisation a phenoxide

eumanln e GAAUmd Sdato

ato
eawa man R = -X-sd-0R -OR*NA
Chwauos ale R COO4-(HO =0. - CN- N0

Hypex Cemiuqation
Jh ulatue t Hheimduchiu
of alky
d
queup i umd ay

Ch
C

ut uhea h alkyl Quaup_aur atachrd

to QM dimsatuualed BqstLm_Iheis_Oudu
oumd fo diskiuhec

Jhia el4ut li^lunbosmi Com w explaimad as

aulk a hypLCeniuq atien
 PAGE NO.
DATE: I1

Hypuamjugakon uusa du dlatali.sahian.of

e mCHhemd oam alkyl quap diuu
atlatlhad to th akomo umsalitatidS4skan
a toatom u wnsalkuHsekkd-6 umahakd
Panbi

ALAult dus tolalinal auulap_o

66e
ertt md vacami p-aHbital

pem C HC= CH,

ER.eMsal expautidancleu f Iaduheld

JhnJhe HAAal of OHdou i n c l u i lfet

CH,CH2(CHCH CHl, 4
SE Cam ue aplaimid dapiuionjugah
 PAGENO.:
DATE: II

HupAMCamjugation
U
dpimdo am h p of
u-alom at theC adiaent fotha
umaakuu ako ESuplem
PMOARU o
H-C CHh Co CHaECH
3

Jhis dliaulymas uHh-CH alhex dhan

CHCH=
damaimg
AmR thlu
abilik, aCA
M a
wndu_dhek
imUHLaARd

d
CComdihon

JhMmo dynamic Stabilih uhskkkad

akm

Hypiu comjugation amaloo w sponsie Lor

thiumodsnami stabili oma_Subshhuokd
nem-kumimal alkemne

FaEg3
C C= CH-CH

n T Hhe aue gpMill_hupAuLBin iugalde

-Haton Ccmpaxid to 5 m hm
dlL mal table

Oxbitad
H2 C.

C 3
 PAGE NO.
DATE:

Steaui Efuta
Jn'sL@mpau Hh behauiau_of
NN dimakhsl amilno0md ia 36dialkyl
deivalhe um bemeAm
M

dimith aanilims damateg to unagan

Gmd makeaid moue Juitodka o
Subs h kuion ea at P-psaihoo
Haweua it 6didk deuvaliw cam i do
So M

Me

Jia is esaua mifhsl qraup at O-p

imteue skauicall uudh mitu atlachad
Dur to his h p aubital sm niroge AN
not aiks a ecomz paualll fo_h p-auha
dhs Jimg amdhem dhaiu euulappia4
op skd
 PAGE NO.
DATE:

Aidik adiik amd pka

O.Rgamic compamnd a malAaubte_im
wdta

Most auq omp au iaSaduld im Waloy-

So Samitimme da_HRqiud fomaka Hium
didalur Jmwaley by(AMLlino
d thln to
iomsamiom Catien)
Aad com o dice.d, ud y Bt
Spium
o

Me
Me NaHCO3

not solubla im AotuldnJn Wal

watea

he auqamicbcatsLan udissatued lu
luupuiqd dhr pH
Codiine a paim killeu ia not uuHY
Salulk in wate buki_comtains ha
baaic N akem that com e pHatonatsd ta
giu 9alt Sadult.

R
V-Me Me

Spai ng Suky
SA
 PAGENO.:
DATE II

chaAgRdkempaumda cam espakaidL bKa

y aid baseakraukioni

ÁpauaBimq a uitku o isaaz aiuaud

amd tsulons
Dimadue BodhJm CH Clh add Na0H
amd shako
CooNa
fox
O
inseiubo ion
Wato
Simule
Jhe aqLuLALA Aayau wuill tontaum ph Coo Noa pka
C layii tontains tudtme pka
Na dhissodliwm Salt Cam leLelrettertE
Httawry tQatoo h HC fo_ ab kaum
dh Ouid bok

Auids And Baka Jhe

LQill
BuonatodAcid ckonatka Puokm
BoR askyph Pyoom
Any
Seuis duiniion
0ud paiu 0uep la
Bar J pau4 danau
 PAGE NO.
DATE I1

pka amd dhe pH A

H=-laqH,o
d

uo 4 1,o add.auid AO add aukali

pHdouay 1 pH AmA00Ae
nutra

9 tor amy Raukin

B t HA AtBH
8 AH Js am oaucd amd A LA Lonjuq.ato bcal ofA
Similouls Ba aJbane B-jsjs enjuG.al aide
pka
pka Aoq adh illium comAtamt
oNdae dissoiahan o auid
pka=-laq Kq
JheoiRAdhe pka dheXouuqRu e
LqJuilLUm_C8Mstamt amd dheSHongu Hh
aid

A oidjs haldinncia.Gd ima Slukion umo

pH
p matchls h i auds pka
pHZpka C aJugal1loaa
ph pka Aci
 PAGE NO. :
DATE

*Fautaks alfukng auidik ooKganit.

wnotuuulp_
SiMmgh_of HA L.ond
Dltxoneqalilk of
3faataka that abl
A
Atcomp to hA
)Makuue Setuent Jhebattouihe Satutnt ii
at Stabiliaimq__dh Lons kaumed dh kai
dh kea_ ko ocu
Q 1etasiaaicstubilik

Jhe neqatiu ashahgo 0 am iw atom

Skabiige Amjugato bae
Jhepka LaluuAmÁLLnd Keuhyouicla
CHuNH HO> HF
Jhis Hmd i olua to dha leut zong
gakui kis
atoma MJmHOOLAla
Methasne Alkaha ad Cauhoyic acid
CAu CHO CH OH
pka=S 3 77
2|Jhe Mnjuat ba amtd ly dapotomatian
o dhes CompA aR CH CH0 CH
CH he mRAaHuLKhang iAnlm -id
C hma CH not uek Stable u t im alkehe
CA0 htgakiu ahaugaja Om_maueAiue Oo
 PAGENO.:
DATE I

Hinuuk i s muh max stalkthul CH

suincQuboayloate ion hiue hauge is
alLlocdokol ammo4 7 cauhce hm h ma
sYalit
Y

tma amdylo heamad

pka =1O pka 16

Sm phemal hesmjugat aid phimo.aids iem

ua mLamjuqakion uh lizmeing omd
hen met stala

Jhe 2 loupaun OR
PRnt on Spl o 6i deul
cUnd do not outap

Jhi LonpauH Cam ueulap i h

ITSYskm odhu uingSpiadimq dhe
u axge m dho O to dheing
 PAGENO.
DATE II

J hJh same odelocali.sakian a haugu ta

shubila amienaolekied Aom_pHalenatina
Caubon auid i famoud franC-
m qimeHal, Rae aue eaa audic dham
Ougem aud ekaunkCM A-iu Bu
a_
J. chaxg Cam e delocaliatol 0 n t o mou

-i Qtom k O NIho bo_uill Le

Sabiuae d aud Cam Lsme_Shrongp

pk
lCHCH-CHa H-CH-CH

Maue audic dham AMuLiy lwLaUsR =iu

dhau p delocaliad AhaAuakm is im
Lomjugakea.
pka
C-(HL H
13:5-
hou s dalocalised su Suskm bud-
is Maihly _pLsimt on o aclem uich io

pka 5

AhaMQA is oAecaluskd oLeH I SyAkm but

maimyet - 0Xygematom_
 PAGENO.
DATE

-C NO

pka= LO Nond
Comiugat Gm

C =N C No
O

As dhe no ofnikoqhup lnixcanes tha delocolid

wmuRAR

Audik af CHh hatofom)

CHCL CHE 2(HBx z (HL

a CBf ww.ot u sighty oluakabiliand

d u to 6atk dlomahamJhi amiom ram
chloxofar m (H6ramu A slüghty skabilad
dun to imtuHautian uwmI bemd

Any 9AALpdhat ulthdkauy the uillhslp

|Any
to atabiliz ae Comjuo.ati base h dheneau
eaM ib Amqh_

Me,N
pka 476

kNC

3 6
 PAGENO.
DATE /

7Elkutuon_
ihduauaimdheematuuka

A he laultc 6bomd palauisatian

am umdukur t
Suhinduchiu let JeLeme4 less
Sign1hcam as he -uhdualn 9Hpp
9uts uuta alay hram dhe-iue shaxga

C
pkq= y-8

CL

Hhaidisatien can alsoaet _pka

AiauS oubidal au huld sleneu osmuslu
bo do am Qe p oubidal h lutncnin dhm
L mate Stahl

Jhat MRamA Spa eueuim AmRMQq dha

Sp hich im uum ÀALouuuim noLAy dh
Sp emik the amian deuuueslhran dhin
G imiHiaRim Stabikh in_dhin aHdiA

CH= CH CH= CH
pk=So pkau pka V

CH-ch
3 tP Ln Sp
-P m SP L in s
 PAGE NO.:
DATE:

Highly conjugatid Cabom auid

Hu pA CH Ph CH PhCH
3
pka8

ws_cam SL dhat_thi mLCt_im

Mjgahomduueu pka dut mat uey uch
Brua Jm odeu to hau fukiu olelocal.sahon
dha 84skm muatde plamakJhur phnyl
Lmg CCLm E cCLng dhematluuLs into
a plam m u C atom 0s dhu osdho:
cXcnh wih auh ah

becsmmo auomakc

Cqclapentadienaalt
altuAuotonaian aum
Oaiom uih 6n amd plamaskuutuuL
ih _Lomjugat1 baa s aMoamaukic Jho
oxit aic

pka= 15.S

But cudohapia etniine fox nam_auamakhc

amio kza himi pka 3 6
 PAGE NO. :
DATE: I

EdomakimqQM.aupdeuaslaidik

Jh denakimg QuGLLp destabiiaes dhe

Lomjugalte bau iaune insdtaal to kekstn;
ApHiadinq aut hakg h y A u l mae

Subs Huent alfut

O
NOL

8:3 NOL-14-
NOL

q 21 0

Jhea iseaue dho neaaku haMgoi-

dulacmlised mo dhi uw dauis
NO qroup

Quiimtakiam.-

umauic Malais CLuL_

Quid: 30L pKa 9
 PAGE NO.
DATE: l

Jhisus uccue dh amisn om m

mali ouid ia Stakued mulh moR_dlLue
to H-bondimq et a _a shaun

X asicily
:8 + H O OH

Cmiugat
aud
KL6 [oul
[:B

BHtHO H0 8
kq 3BHao

Ka niasutshsuw eaclily BH pauts with

wh dha Allutami
o 1to auupia pxakan

Soomaluu H aluie opkao Loniugal

duid dhe wwakuu u s dda bau

plSaCeiauid) vs eaka (n
 PAGE NO.
DATE:

tH,O NHa t H 0
pka 9
tmam NH a a a a k 6.aa GA NH
ha kndaast Rauinq pyolen-

Fatous
OAmibili h o imi paiu foauuphna h
Srabilh.sakon diuecaaug aumid,uy diloaluk

Aliphati Jases
W am imMeOAR thi oleutusn domsi
n mituagen idh attaclingit o
ulaalmgquup i ly nugakin
mihagn en ida denaling qsup

R - NH, R 10 8
pkae lo 6
a

CAZA
CH-CH NH
NH CM3 CML
p k a b o s

I84
77ty
 PAGE NO. :
DATE: II

I'oimt Jo Ju mokd
un_ fetheuirmq oubauu cós.
Al ammA hau pka QuRakeAmam ammoua
A dha pMimauy_amint Me Etnfr, n8u
haug0ppyax am pka
(3 ALL dh 8iKondau amimhaue a pka dhat
aL suqhty higha
Moat Hh Aiukiau amime hau pka slighy
duueu haapumauY amih

Explainalion |Comclusion
8ubshutad amieA o m baaic cdue to

JA Modiud hat subskkuhmq 2

Hatom uidh R qHOup h a XewpHGnoud
e l t uiila m ca 3fh bauiiy lawutas
AtOmp fo amd

So alenquudh_ha ma-auailabik f
Xomi paiuJhei amaru impoitan
autau hat help imstabilising da paniiu
chaugeie, Satvakion set
H -ML
R
N
 PAGE NO.
DATE

u kyduogea attauktel oliuuky to niko00 AAtau

ull e -hemdid widh Saluimt wwalu
amd this shabilize he chokgA ChC
pkq 55
So feut J auluarkm ohe
amdhande di unall basiuh la
Lombined eluko2
Also ha capaibii k to oxm H-band Jhe
Stopped lM u Cam d6caim tha
duaiuecd 0xdo Jhia can e done u
aimg NSduent uuhau_maul_-iue
atam- Sp CH-

Silico iamou Rlestro psihue dham C Sp CH

mo
So id puMhes a domsik m to hu_adjaul
C Jhm SiComtainimq Amp a ma Sp Che C-
haaic
So Jh
d m a i k s 0 n N an alao J_imuiaskd hauaru
beundad
Lnjuaaimqit uddh_-olenaing qvoup
Eos proko

E t a that am duin e donaiky m Also if

AmakingComp ea Baairå Sp y
bund
Attahmn to s uthdualLuanq QHOup Jhes x
h Jo vm Sp Sp ub.aid laubita- nat at a
Jhe P J Lmjuqated tuuih o uithoduauwne
Jhe 1:P
ouamahu Sp2 pka To
 PAGE NO. :

DATE II

AtAalhmemd to u h dkauuing 9Yup

ClC
pkq 5:5 9:6S

81

LJhestuenq
buidisahian
RN RN R
LO3

9:S 3 83
6 3
Sp ChE - ( H

So Jh uiasam A helsmt-peikS
haualu imMROA dat LP_ cLu mo kghHs
6eundod fo uleus mo oM auallakih
o s piako natica

doni pai Jks daim Sp or

Sp hubaid axbidal t io moR kq hRy
amo htma haLdu o proonaR
Jhcs explaims whil LP anikila (c) iu
not at all baaic
SP-
Me Me EN

I08
to
pkaT pk
 PAGE NO. :
DATE:

AkomahicNHogen BaR
L

pka-6 pka=O 68

l lou amilim _leSaM_

pkao
OJhe oni-0i4jaltashid to pbybuiclistd
Catbon
O|1he lomi paiy can alaa lu dulecalised
into dhe AenezinlLLM

fou LAm_juQaken h alami dhe

N muat Sphs huidiatdl uddn hadsni
paiuim Sp huhaldl oxbital his miams
Hat bh hyduogms o Hhe -NHzgsisp
wouid im Same plamra dhe wmgm
But his is nat found h e
ca dmakad dhplam o- NH iaabau
uo awa ron plame o an SoL:2
Just patkally tsniugated Lmhu ums

fh-NH PH-n PhaNA

46L

Ph-NH Ph-NH-CH3 PhN MR

6 u84 515
Bouaki om Ak auApXominn u
 PAGE NO. :
DATE: I

Subsihutrd amilins

So
R pka
O-N0
- O 8
L efd)
P-No O.9 com
m-NOL a4S l s azakiom ceie
6-No lca pku
S Mathoau SubsHkulie
NWL

VMe OMe

heu I k and tM a t omiihaay-

gsop1mitadiaMo makilh

p-Malho xu
m Mhoa
N M e

NH
NOT NO
NO

m gL bavM
 PAGE NO.
DATE

MO paiu doelacali.sakion a C-N

oomdHotakr fo kep he Me qTup
Out c plame ecauat o Skauuhmda
Amido au eakbanea paonated
M_0Y9Ln

h amicloqaLup is uompladuky plamau

udh he mikoqkm Sphbuidis amd
ta lone paiyim dhe p oxbital Jhiuby
Rmahlinq it o cuulap llakuely with
CaubonLL Cakben

N
H

Jhis dalecalisakiaa lakis duay dh HOm

amd almAL_mida au iueaklbagic
Alao du to delocakisakiom dha amide if
pMonatad aui puaonake.oam o
pMaonatzd om N hun HD
wuld a tiu shaugelam Ncatam SimuA
thia ia adiatlmt to ëiuiaich 4 oliciat
So his wld le oneQphcalls unlaunukalte.

h H
 PAGENO.:
DATE l

Also ifamidu weacleloterltstd es pxoknatd on

N-atam hpenihw _chag could not w
olclotalisd t hdh oxyg2n atam ut wsuld
hauuStayeal
elocalised
dn ConiHast uhen O u pualonated he
chaugs ackiuly olslo.caled am to he M
atom hmu cauiam qt Skab1üarel-

R N

Pthali mid

OR

AmLdimls au stuenqaubaR dnam 0midss

im Aamidime C=0 Qmida a Lplaid

C=NH qzoup

AmicliRA au mo basicdhan amidlig-

amd amme
 PAGENO.:
DATE: I

AOmuolime ha 2 atm that_tsuld

J_pHOfonated @nei Sps ubuidusecd
Omd odhenJu Sp3hybudaed

we mught au lapect the Sp alsm

Aohe maupbaaic uut pu.tonako ket
usat Sp_Natom
J i s i s daLAe
ny alteu puoonahmnq
Hae Sp Naton h posihiue chauge
e delacalisedauu bodh nihrogen
H
A

NH

Jhe donAit m dhe Sp miHoge im

Omidm LOnjuQahen udn
d Sp ninqRM
J

uamidiMA auo eu stAmqbon

uamiduines a JOLL4 sHengau
U
baae _as
u m paurd fo NaoH

On otonatien, dh tkue chouge Ás delocalid

suL 3 uo9Lm_akom to gjue Stalla
cahorAIL 3 Natam dani paiuL00pua
todorai Jbut pAchnouhem ou
m Sp -enuyn.
 PAGE NO. :
DATE I

N +2,
NH
N

maedazclime And mdmdazau

Smidax,.alionoJaas a pka a amd
Amidaza h a l a pka

sp
HouR jmidazade is kam kasic ham
nam
wwmuclazcimmbuuaustboth N_Jm
Jmidozatiae_da attached to Sp caubon
Hoe Ámiolaz aa idh il nikoem
at@mi mol bousic Hhampyuicime
PyMlcl
bicauk puidine aas omlya N o to Stabilije
t h t i chauo

Bah immidazdlsamd pyidime ue_aMomai

Imuidazel aas Anpaiu md _thA
Aan pai moJmaiued im auamakuh
aHomai

PYolenattel
 PAGENO.
DATE 1

P o fo nakon acu m_dhiMtagem akem

hauinq Spakae lome pai ecauss
badh Xone pau _LAnibuto amd dhe
LLAultinq delocalised cahion i sil
CLamath'c

Puuidime also puelomalidam il

sp Aome paiu amd ho PYudimium
hom a ShlL auoto mahc asit shill_haa 3 r
tomjugatecd Syskn.

m Pursla dho Jone pauiy om mly N-atan

amdis imilded to tsmplotrdh auomahuk

So A

9E OHoto naion heuRLLH ouNA

Nacta CcubomHattheu ham
SiML th CaHom_i dheM
odulo.colinoe but he Calim io no lengeu-
auomahc So je_ia not at all beyie

oau omah(
 PAGENO.:
DATE I1

Ktwashemiay
ha &RemLallouinqniitte'Ma"
HOCN
R H R

h cakanl quGup_o aldahydohas 2

LaRA amdc caLld allark m it
Sidai& rom Aont falR u bak kau
QuDmq2 diahant prodiut

akan OcN
ik-
ma

CN

A e dhe PMaduuts Sam

SPu kaydhim icle lu Sid amdH to
make Hhe dack ideakcadJhem u wom't
J ako fo odo So

Jha A ukuuL aAR mm=SupLHimpGaile

so_dhy au not idsmicalJhy oue mianar
Jamaga
 NO.
MHHOX
NC
R
H

SouR Lam kall

mei idimita u ttheseAkutuLAA hatau
au minH (U LMagR
ahofhu aAJmamkomaHseA:
Skuutu Hhat auu MA
amd SupAAmpeaalA_on
can dhQ
AiAt0A RmamhomexA a
a
called caAa
Sn obGu Cam u
So5o a Akaky to gat am
miutuke af Lnimho miHO
&nmkamik9
Ano noH
Examp
CN
CN
Me DMe
Me M Me M
wl may dhink dhat both
_dillea motsuule T au

Me
Me AA
Me
 PAGENO.
DATE

NC
Me M M Me
Me Me otaiaa

RLukion inm_muAHay I e IL makes

no dif£auemu Jhy o SupeM impanalto @n
dhlu mIRAe Jmo.gA Jhy a Calld
ackaiual

Q iual wmotuloAdha a spuial pxogaul

LALLA ie_ophcal ackiuikuGtakion_a
plame poauisadight im_Bne diuthon.

namtim haur iclenkicalAMOpAukea upt

Ratado h plana podaxissd liant im dopp dix
hy uhauutdi lamankHyinakhiual lauironhat:

Jhe amoml o Hotakionl)

9 _deplmda ana pa nghAAMLlmk xaion

Jomp saunt amd wcuilanga.
 PAGENO.
DATE I

Åprulke sotation'
hom dhe
absauud amguokctaisni
diucded u padi lemgh X(im dm ad
ComuO ima qm m geta
4Lamky ulauls ig Callbd spRuiicJatakon

uduat
993nn
Eq im apaukie
20

t36 athey namkiomy

ull Le equal
La 186 appole

AtSom imeumudiat kmp

Lalp = O 5
i e no ophcal alhui
PHRR aphcalcuuhuik =china
absemauoaphcal oukik aLchinal
 PAGE NO. :

DATE

Awhad kimd P motuule a opkcally akiue i

Maleulo ithAdhinal comb au apktally

aukw

Moluuls with Cuutaim symmituic ellmimls i

Mcdeul Haat a a aBymmiluit phm

paA mo huauqh id thim it ia not chta

Atong Omolkuduum aLlinal as it hay

a plom Smmoty mnng dhuouah motecul.

Me M

Ay plamau mduude Kamt Ju painal

Jehuseha plami oSymaui ih_
plama he morluule

RH
Cy
Cycic suuuuu masauua plamea
Symmat pongimqdhouoh 2atans cf
daheKamane

Me
 PAGENO.:
DATE:

AA bisc autallodk mo Lmpl catad

uut a Alamu c Summat paARARA ekueg
ad 2O atomamd wo Limg unmukien
Caubonatommumilu bioechmg 2 mul
QHAp

uhile he aldhyolo uamakycluun udno

plame Symmdu
CN

R H LR plamw o pp

plam thuouqh OM
Omd CNho suma
as Lsid Rio px

pHRAeat

Cemte o Smmat
ALMltoASymm u meams dhat
imIuekAiM aLg h emlu Sumnelly-
loauas mdtuul hama eol
 PAGE NO.

DATE l

COO4 COg4
M

pn
achina

ahiual

3mpxopX ALkAmate aais Symmikry

Xata teayullukion 0aia)
n kotake uuien opualion (omaiat
o Aatakimg HhHoug h_Om amgl 360 n
ahaut da aais Cedlasusd u uluken
im a plam L o d au

13
C
80
CI

SUmm
M
MR

MR-
 PAGENO.:
DATE I

Oplh Calluy adi Campaumd -

O mp with S.eoq&mi cRmAq i

Jha ptne a simgla chiualiky_Clnd

Skuuutuua eaiula illaats
quauamlks dhiialuk cnd cam isk c manio
a
ht , m _ham ARkR09in CR
A pHiNWmA wou be
Lntem mamio muA a i pHnt

Comp Lep quadivakumt atoomy

N
8
W

OR

lempsumd ith uivalsmi seuraqmic cna

rapt
PYHamid jati
ckirak
 PAGENO.:
DATE:11
Me

Me
chimal
Kom mpeumd dha a chinal uuihout
SkHtogLmic cemb_
NOL
Coo4

NOL Coo
Noh Sup aAmpoyase
clhiua
mRamA that cemtual
Subskkun
bsndlimkimqth
wo
himy9sLLpCmt etasieay
do skauichind xaml
due
Jhis aimdeud ataticam
mtmkia meHs sminlu tn
dhouob Shauuim ing
shoum chinalit.
AHop isoma =`kxLaioomeH
ausimq a t of
hinded Aotakan abaut imgli e
bomd.
Jhuy cam u iLlmmied ak hig
hu Rmp
Almes = {Azi hiualta)
CEC= =C=
C
MAHOY SYm mal ic
plam uffei

ohital- Noplane oSqnmrh

 whn odd no. o doub 6ond h n dhu Sub.
PAGE NO
i Sama plans. DATE

Allem a hucal when S ubs kua a

oluleut

J s a yp o JsamAH uhiulh ns
dh Comnechu of de atemjm_hi hlo
JSOme jo dheSame Buk nlyhe
aamgmimt atomain odillh

Chialiky du b helital shope

Suem a Bimple Aalakd_nnauule Ca
muw Lenfclmahoma mam kom0u4
a
heliuena

uamaydoockane

LSE o a Skaimad
moluule amd Lmallu do
achiuua 84mmeiuic planau
comlaumatue
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

iakhenRuajuuhion
i s a dumbalit ula aduauwng
asummotuic cabon atoms alluumg dhlm to
lw dHawn_ Aapiclly

leska Jike o ckes uuh_aMymmalic C

at tWnlue amd u hauLzenlal uantaIpHsmhng
ww.da amduwHkal ials upMDakonhrq olash
akamim

CH CH
H

= CooH

u CH

CH3
Repusatmking kshsApxajulion

mp that w Akaul dhi plami a paptk

kapt at baten \ha Hul a dh mdauu
Follows dhX OKdeu

Me
M coo
HLLaloW)
C
 PAGE NO. :
DATE:

Makimq iachu uajuion rom wedge-dash:

-
d

Caub.an hain cakways hca e

CH
CHCh-
CH
Kulks
ot iahau PHajuhions
Rakakan abauut 1koc is_allouui
Juhenu Haat a lihun pkajukion ly 1o
dhe uouical 6omd shil end up uwuhca amd
amd
houiznto ims Sill Lnd up hauizntal.
CoOM
-OH-
18 on
CHa

Ratakom _abaut_ Jo s nat allou

u ischtu puajauhien uyou
weuldAhangi he Cm hguuahom
J h whca 6ondecem
hauzenta
COO

H
 PAGE NO.:
DATE:

buut Jh ieut asaumes hl aizsntal honda

Lemiy faulaud Hom h willL 6 Hng_
motruk

Om com akao keap on Quay al LAt

amd otale dh ahou3 9Houup

AbsotuloKAmaguxahon
0 L-
lycaualdahde of he Simpl
l i k a l _compamd un Mauut3KawRof
duis chlmist aak ik as stamd akdl agamst
uchenhquuatienof auu Lmp Ceuld e
LempaLod

Jhe 2 mdmhamu oalyualdahy.os 4

alellod a4 D- Omd L
ChO

CHLO4- CA OM_

CHO CHO

-H 4-

CH,On
Loyaaldakyds 0-dgsCual

An4 emp_halCam h latd to gimix

dhmulas 9100mD_cr L tnpiquMahon
sta
Cmino aud _ qupttcctretuttyole
 PAGE NO.
DATE I

But it nor CmuuiMias uuh emp udh no

SRHOOqLmu Cmu o hone no
elaked to
glycaualalukueo
amd
iAmaquakon
An ammmetuic atam
Spakal auam qmemt whih hoas pewilta
u Call tøanfiquaah
Jh ahn -mgoid -
Pruloq Ceukion
Ahe met udelyl auepkd
o an naming Sqsko-
conaqúwakam dchisalih
Fac CLtom Jy
aMUmg.ed
baaedon ut13-0 skuuu Ra S enlquxo

Pso.ceduue
0Assiaqing Puiaik
aten wih highax atomic no
highuy puiOxily aau
In coasz oiso apesdhe hiai
ha highaupuioxi kis
cae o Ro cLR neck atom
0 0ubkeaka
Jueat deullr and Juip bamd aa
alh bendid to ik
a ApaMau_atom
 PAGE NO.
DATE 1I

-C=C R- C

R-Cz N-H R-C-N

R=C=0 R-

uimq a 3-p duauutmg ut he u -pAlouik

QAupawy em 4ai amd wiuv Hhr motuuu
uudhde and Second hiud p uaoliabngd
tnulasds yu
9 dackuuak -R
amiclocky S
Esamplai
Alamimk, COO
clockuuise But sins u prion
L loulad w So en
'S

CHO
 PAGENO.
DATE I

Me HC CHO4 anhdockuin h isu

So, R-_
So

Chixal Aompeumd uuhauk asymmakuiccarb

0AlLomR
=CEC

r a m

p l a r a a Sjdlp
d n-aM h

Mdeuudo hai a cleneu a moLLR0iohe

FO

S-e

OBiphunly
a
 PAGE NO.
DATE:

mutpe=
X Auuahamiaku uuthaet skueaqzmicsinlk

Mamy modo cul hau maue han 3kxiogeni

Cemti

h t amaideu a casr uith 2 Aqmmaic cealko

r w

Solaue pasai&la cenfimaiom oum le seln

A mae nq theaR dh maluuuka with Laniumaic
RB) (S.S) cLuA mamiameA alao
RS u S,R)_aue Lmamko mu
But (R,Rand (RS c ss)Rs)aue
calkad diaskxoo mauA
diaAkuaomaus
Maluula dhai a Akuioiaemiu uut na
Jea miuHay Jmagraaioalld diaskaeamtHa
Jh
Jhy halur appasik t l , QR_Som ut
n t at all_ckmtu
 PAGENO.
DATE

DiaskuRo meLLs Q not idenhicalJm

po popaieaJhuy hauun dibleront
a t a l emwtommat.

naaimum_ no o Skxioisomu S

dihkomabtutamo

Eq2 ahlaka luut ama

cz
BY

S
ct
3
CH3
Semanuo muM
m
H

whi uu_dhe amymmltuc C-atom hau

idenh.cal subsHkumt dho geue0 isomaA y
not 0qual o
 PAGE NO. :
DATE:

dibuomo butaao

-rB
CH

(SS sR RS
S UeOISraw
Sam omp-
Jho
Jho a any 3 enp_c Hhee wsani
dh diaskxooiodmeu_ ulghthau
apami o Sym muu heMu_miy
idinha

Meao aom paumdaa

Comp_hat aH achiHal imskad c hauimg
a mmiitue Caban

Jautaic Auic _
CoOu

OOC

Ss)

nooc
meso-kurlanic at e/
 PAGE NO.
DATE II

MisJuans somauLsm

2 Butema ds a planaumatuulkaml Hho

CUQ 2 Waus SAukhM

CH

Jh axeskuoiscmaK dhakoluff wm
plaime oSubshauem akoumd CEC Cmd
Cmd
a Coallad is- omA LAGmiN

J o Jo bit -Ram JsemAism dhe 2

Gp om ead_debeldsulde band muat
e dic
Rlcuhiu Atabiliks -
Rdaktus stobiih cam wdetumimod uy Lempa
tha haat uduecwhin Jauh Lemp w
uduagmatad
Eq Liaubuténe n Myduo0amahonild
8 6 k.callmad 4mexo4 ilk ams isomiy
4ild 1 6 kal|moi mko ci2-6utamaA
gte len staulta
 PAGE NO.:

DATE l

Xuhatil a y- akama cuu dELeuomt :

9Pall 4 Suhshkutat atlaulhed to the C=
dikleueml dun wR E-z SyARm c

iutof aall
ll wit! guRpiaik fo ha
Subshhuakuag Caka-Jngcld -2loq
SA0 ula
9 higha utah iouik qHOup cH_n sam
sid i i z
ppesikside E Ln

M N Me
=
M n
E
M P

M
Z-iso AG) usEisu
O-C o
CH CHL= CHL

Ch-Cy

Z-bo
 PAGENO.:
DATE

Sqm = amdAn
whlm C kith atlaked to N à C=N,h
Sun- and ami-cam.le med to dishmguu
hn

fq whn
e C

amti

mos y whwn H&O

au on same Sidi Sqn ahawse i

Moue dham daubt bond Cuomutical isana

0 wmen a comphas 'n na dault
bond o9Aamekuc

But uhn tha mds o

idomh.cal hem
t _ / -
o ggo mtuic iso mH

C
J thaue 2 doubh
omd
 PAGE NO. :

DATE

C=C

(2,2) EF a 2g 92omchric om

E
C

C C

faumdfaumd HhatEz z E ase Same

wcau Saag md

whim-mo o doubla bomd a odd uRmdda.a

Sano
-

Smp.Paimt:

J giulm mouR iakiy _ouuE

i iuln ma puiau auH
 PAGENO.
DATE:

4_AkuOLOmeH FeXom gomatxic u R,S

J

SE a Comp pWmt wim aSRHOO9Rmic

CRaalka adoulo bo-nd dhem4
SRaxois omoH ao pame
M

CH =

RpcuH Spa
Z -Ss mOM

EIsom

Ecapion SntouuomuLAAAiOm Jut. ciA -Hom

Som tm_ duo fo utouim uukuchon h
SRuoiAamOH s matFaumd

C
R

duelo HLskuckd Aotaiom

abeul dublo bemd J1 i not panil
hat sexoISomo oud
 PAGENO.
DATE

M Cm Ph
Ax A

Ch Pn M

At XauR kmnp Ha 6amd otaham j a H u c d

utat higha Emp hauuin t he Hokahom
ql dud

me
|Qur toatunded Lenjugahom, d bcukiy hu
otahon u u d hinu Pxotakion Ouuy
moku uoky
Ci JHamaim Cyuli s4skm
Cclickyakam alao hau aLomuuitoal isona
W

uhenall Subshlmta atauhed to

Cia_diflxink (w}Y 22)
Also whin XYW, _ a e olfleuimt daLn
 PAGE NO.
DATE
whun

MR
Me MP
H M
M
Me

dlpai

Emdo- EKO mamlclau'

S jn a Spual
SLLnd ypa SkAOis.omlkusm
Amhudg ed Hmg Ayakm
S a n i
Stel

Endo
 PAGE NO.

DATE: IT

SzpakakonofEmamhomeauaduhon
(eAaluion sam e Maied u t uaimq
a Lommpamlmt_dhat a amho meuialy pt

uOOC
OMe
OLONMiC
mi(t) S
diasee0.isomex
Ssole
J , omado
 PAGE NO.:
DATE:

Lonfoumakiama Analusis
emaumakiom ame Ja oimed ashe olilk
shap akamup ydaeLempouumduih
u t a atomattadhi JM dhe Sam uay

lo get dikleumt tonl,omahem uk coam xodal

abauk aA aetp mamy Simgle bond au R iko
2but uu dam huia Ha bond im u
camt Aotat_aksut deult: boad.

onotmalio
SematimA aoml modcule kan mly e
Jntecamulute.cl (u btakimq hb&nols
Jhis ate callod Lonliqukaion
Comp_uudh_diflkuemt smliqukaioaai Callud
SRHAOSOMOA

_ceaqukoalies PHaM
M

M
 PAGENO.
DATE II

Baxiu da Ratahions

Rotakiom akout himgl hand iuJoat at

Leomtimpuokuai
u t t h e u i m bauiRH lo kotakian umthami
oabout 1akmal

tRKmat
JheHotakion authutaolitna isAtilhighu
dur to paukaldousu bond ahaHaatun aSinqle
aond 30 KIlm

Jm amidey_dar saiRH fa oBakiom is

muuhqAintu 80 kIlmalkecau mjugaka
C-N bamd has paukial dauble ch bond chatatx

Jha but-2-ms dda alien Halakon i s hauduy_

pemilk du to_aquiuemank edauae amoumt
oiak

* lmaumation aEhame i
y is d h Hotakom ahaut Singlobond

Jo lmaueAhia u uil camlasmahion cf

ham Aas 2 aluime Lamlamaion.
Stagged
(eclipRd
 PAGENO.
DATE

m iupaed Ahe eaA CH bamd

tampltl Alacka_dhi u o thafau kanda Matau

m staqqiMid theAata a C bomd oik=

appaawa wm_etuermd h MRa C-H 6ad

benc
Jbamc
A

Staggeued
JU iclipaid
bauhoe pichoni
Jh

elipud comptmahon shLgoLuud teniA

uwmann'sPojuiom
Jho C- atom miaM dh uQY athe
juchon rant 3 bomd
Ihe C-atom htneH j retr Hap y lauge

Ataggaked eiped
tll
Jha Atagqaued Omd ecdipatcd confoumatioa
thame u nat_joltnicak im miugy
Jh
Jhe Staqgoodis lou M dham
Staac
 PAGENO.
DATE I

Attedpard u l kJmal taauLaliu oth

bands Matalkamal bai houoini
bamd #dikedual amgl Jousi.on omgu
bad
tidaliaandasdh amgk akuun a C-H
bondat kh MLauALabon amd a C-H
komodat dhe ouaubon
kaStaggeud niumakion =6o,8,omd
Cax lipssd i k J o 1 2ua

Jha SmRHGy
JJ
u l ouagHam-

akha

lauge

6o 20
30036a

H u i t in seom Hhaluliptdia sighstim

SnaKQy h m moaf unstableOml asliolat katakem
til lead to a Lonomakion dauten n Eeug
nation
Jh mmollulo l masHy Hlmalm staggaOd
amd will nl ainlypas dhxough dhe
9 dhan lpud nemalienta naut madu
Stagquud
 PAGE NO. :
DATE: I

R.sason uhy sulipsrdhighn i

ham shagqLued

(1) Jhe Am dhbondkpel Laca othe

is maaumumm whem bomds au_
alingadio ipsmd conlakmata
4
upu ww-

Jho May J ea stabuisimqnoAackon

C-H C bamdimg ahbidal an lT
COmd C-H mibandimgiOtbtal dm
nd C qeateot uden 2
Oueitad aue achy 1 dhis dappkms_Gny
m StagqeuidCamomahama

>Both he Aetatten Hiam, Q wm ukokakam

abaut a y bomd
 PAGE NO.

DATE I

Conkokmai.an Ho Paopamr e

lo6- C.

HRe h C-C- C bcond amq js mat 109-5

tnahedhad amg ut in 2 4
And n-C-Ha_am Hhe Clmtaal Caxbasm un
Aliqhky uw ham l09.s° uithis lo6
in hicauae Hhe -chond Kpl aulh
odhiu bnau dhah CH bomds do
Ae

JhkatahsmalscuMkieHia nou Alighky gutotss

dham axAaamiee u kumd
Jhin aalso Aellod he qeati ueOulaiom
bekueam dha oplanax hond i e thA
AlipudCamamatioma
 PAGENO.:
DATE

Lonfonmakenim dtamt

ludhbutan! dhungaBtakls lo Qal me

iemplicaltl 3kuc epulsien Atauul o
Aom_ma AignikcamtamdAonAAi bul
to uotahiwna h o w e

Not alU sta 90uud uon{akmahen_aui

Similau nuihR kipxd M
MA

80 300
LSyalecp SraqgRnd elip Srag alipae skag9
pLuplama
Synilina miclina h ai
Cino

Nak Hhat Comamahom with dihedua

amgl 60 l 300 muwAd ma9
oLalaadhen RtmArScumRnig-
Lum_12o amcd ouo-
1SmSun piui plamakoamdamipiiplama, hi
C-M bond lir m Samg plam

yn pRuplonak amipaiplamax
 PAGE NO.
DATE: 1

in Sundimalamd.amkiclionaldhy
slop taulaud(Sn _Cuuwa lamk hrom
L@n amahau.
Me Me
Me
MMD
4- Me

Suncina amkelinal
S y np l a a e

Synpoiplan

orkiise

N a h u s

Sncun cnhineu

OmipAuiple

6 120 180 240 3o0 36o

Jhe amkpauiplamak Comaumahon i mostslalk

_ea

camcam dhoue oe diank hutama maleuulas

HOLpidly mteuuomuuimqbrtwei Sunclimal
m d amh piiplomau
csnoumakan pcmim
Quickly thuaugh_Rcdipsed_uenlamaio
 PAGE NO. :
DATE I

ConfoxmatiomalAnalysia o lisyadin i
ing Abaum

u aAAumeallasaltuualcd Caubouyc
iaagaRach Sp3aybucliseod4daso
tuka bond asaqlai muust w 09Se

but m a plamasuwku, h atom

olo nat hau duauy a shoasim dhu bomd
amal
Jho umlouna anglo dapends en mo alem
in a kinq E daia amqlo dillkn h@n lo9 9
Jhok Seml stkaim lm_dh malkuule
plamay

A6
lana hiq hly shalned no.si Some Sraur
Smim
p Somo stcuLm No smun
h Akaim dHRaals apidly Lon n :3
Amdlaas min Val at ni6uuhich
J Mot NapLckd_0L to Om
loLsmaiduuain
Guaaum phon eAimgAkumq plo.nak
Js not ught
 PAGE NO. :
DATE

mallon uing43,4 o5)

co pxopom
Jhe3C e im Hapam must liz m a
pomi Acanmit i alulayA pamilds o dkaLu
a plan dhuOugh 3 poimt

AlLC-CC-Cbond lmqta a Sam hema th

3 -Cauban atam a at h Ceumey o he
qutoial tuianlo
Jhis moleulohaur c@naicdiHabluAhauw bliau
meat o dho bond amq l e s duuaionq dauulu
sm'i09.5Alaa al c-Hhomda &lpmo

t ia also nat posailii o_Aataa amy ha C-cbond

amd sa all hiC- bomd aui nsd to
elipe ha tamakmahos
Gaulobut ame
a oMy lamaH Comdmaion,#a ad CH bene
ou lüpaRd-
 PAGE NO.
DATE

Smuuabutan heuinq dishoxts rand

aplma Camasmakas um0tdgat kodu
d lipsimq utik Xiduus Hu band
amqlauuhaymaLnq ha bond ang
skain winq-Shaped con tosmaion

Cuulopantam
qyadopimtang is MmotsHaim Llm dhcugh
ih plamau sml omahan aend amqle
cle o 09.5 Jhoue j a Shain im h
Muulo to de tolipmd C-H bond.

Jhe mimiMMumimg4 Comamatia

adoptdis balamieo Hi 2 0ppsnq Had

Cycdohea amea
AOmbwukom Laulta shus hat
ukadstanija ComplutilsHaim
amgle sraun No ulipSm kLNo Band-

dohaname

aajin Amfakncuhco
 PAGE NO. :
DATE 1

Nawmamn xc
Jh uiu alanq m C-C Ahauuy dhat dhiug
iA no lipsmq C-Hbomd wm this conf
AIL 6ondo ant ully staggouedd
Boat canomakiomi

Boat Camamaianja 5EPe

Fatt
hRcauR
paus o C-H_aA ulipard Qmd Jhu
i'pahuilany bad mtiuacia ekakem dae
Haq.sta C-4bend
ALhough bofh baat amd uhau an a
skaim dhaiu
XuL apirox 5 kIl
JmJKO LmoHgy_nam bcat
Jh ipsim imiuacham of ocmt Cong Cam
ddsliqatH. uskmq h 2 sid
C- bond "Jhus
wllHaultim
cOnokmmhan uwich ia kJma dauC kuist baai
Smig tham simpl_beat im
 PAGE NO.

DATE: I I

Axial amd Equtanial

H

JhiuLauR dupkA oH m a tip Sdk wukcaly

up a daum a callud qcia dhr odheM
Shck aut alwayA sidiuuauys Lquitakual
AN ha up -oni Halkeanatta let unea
Aial amd AQi to alH

* Rimg mulnsidn pping oCytlahdamsi

S mm.omo 8ubsikutrd Asilo hliamedeo au
somiu diutectable - me ciudh Subsdiduwnt
INLataxiabamd tha ihSubshiulat att
qLatouial
but aain at comemip, aly ome SAl of
Siqnal s AAmim NMR:
uul atXat Rmp dhaNmR @uRA 2 Siqnal

So_Hiu mLans_hat at keem Rmp2

AAmeu au apidlsim Amuchanq but ou
LeuutukimypaiÜnultai@n j Kiduud
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

JuAl lu kotahim
dHA akinqKam lmwui a Ri

N hall chau
6
HA

Ha
5 hall h

hall Ga ha boa

bsad

uis uist
saad

houH

iadsan dhak dhaha e to uinq

Aelohucamk a u3 kI|mol aMd Mcte imwhaio d
ahaut S 10 au 25°c
Rinq umuOHAim also jmtiH
Arohon Hali toSco rat_ tohamgrs_ alaL Equa
Le datacká u NMR
Hii sml Siqal
 PAGE NO.:
DATE I

ubsiuted ylohaxam
J anona Substututecd uclo hecane dhi Can
aist 2 dilk hdim l oN
Onwdh aual Subshdulnt _amol ama wm
RQLLatauial subhkwnt

istoumd hat thuJensum wth

Subsikumt acialis kighuu ia LMIGu hat
im equa

whwn X= (H2
iqhH Jm hrom na u 73KI.
&aasm
IheSjdaatdhat dhe adial etepia
J dastabilise
L da pulai@n ulus dh adialquaup X
2Hatamn Same Sidi of Hs
ing L3 diasialimteuauhiom

As qyoup gats lauoeu, dhi imtenankom

AMAKRCNRA amd thia compokmou oleiaa1kA im-
 PAGE NO.
DATE I

V JhAlsmd las@ni aaindhiGtak

LQuatakial comatmi dh -
ami pIALplamak to 2C-Cbod bamd
i
whle in
aakal -K bsmd is Snclina to 2
C-C 6ondy

-CH
Sras

CAL gauiks ktorauh

Jhe allauing tahla Shaua dha pxales afa no.

ofSuhskkumt fax equaoial o azial

K = Comco Eaua comb

L@m_a QaialCom

OMe 224
Me 19
20

i-Prop
t-But 300o
 PAGE NO.
DATE II

* N k ha Pallowing
Ahough th amaun okter Meimuau
ww adau Me Et< i-P <t-But_but iB not
9uk as sapeckd:

JhaumtkoamJn quatoial tan u jut

negiqiblo Gn q0ingrom Me to ehyL
And d imiROAR AAem hyl o iso-proyl
A anlyJ a alkor 2 Joy e t -buky y
laas miukaned upfo3o0o

Jhs du to Hatakiom of Hhe C-x

bomd So Hhat a H atam a
laylL iso-propy psimitowaud d
Mekl-
nRauiahuduo qinuJhts AQduning nlManhcsá
But Sn t-u hoa j nai
Subshhlmt atam m
hlan i imIROLAQd_mami rold
( Jho SameOnamol OCcLuA i h a muhoxy9xaup.
JheueJs aMIula Ratenpxo pokkomof
OMe mam dhe aaial
aial Me Despik dhe OMe
Hp lageu dham Me

dhoe uo diHecCamome mekiylhelaheres

inteaauion_btueei
maylQHON_amd h oxial H-atom But h
9n me 9oup HhoXygem
amd
a n d imour h
acl as ink
mly qrouyp alaybs
dh MA
 PAGE NO.

DATE

AUhat happena idh moka dhan o subshihumnt

n dha ing 1
AhAgdha aM2 mouL subsihud on h
skuiaisam@kism Jpossible
Fa q

Ying
HO.

ciA HAU thouig imuaism to. ALLAndidanitalL

Csm amahion Bom O aLR Otuupying pe
uppside of hr Cuclohaxamo uino
OR

OH

HamA hou d is m tom J h boh

qHoupa 0ialCLmd muh_bodhhodh qHoup
qHoupA
Louiaiallauia abaue dae plame o dho ung
Qnd oh is brlouw

13 di.subsh tasAd aco hsaan.

Botha eithoH aniaJ ov e9pao nt

 PAGENO.
DATE II

JHama im bodn_CombomAH A p omd

omu i daum

DiPLeMBntSubsHikwmt t
m adisubshhueted ayelohxa dhe Cn
wheu boa a difluint suhshhend a
euoafauial pcaiioo ul__kassd
ut uhim SwbsHtuumi waual amd
odhuiu aLunhoialHat peARd
Cmlamahon w dop md is subshtu
CromiHalb, th
auaud Can illl l
whl maaimui no Subshtumh au_

9E_bomLmaumauion hau _w Samo n

o 0uidauial
Subshhntn
Suhsikumtd @ni uih laugex
wkh auut amd dhr
QLp wll loHAdfol oat SmallkuH
O

ato nal No 24ihons.

Noaia
AGE NO. PAGE NO.:
DATE DATE

Y
up omd
NO Ons Sub eqLuad lol
o- -8 favoed One i a l lBY
ha OH (smala)
akins aouial
dhe_ nk Y

ihendau Me

kauawKid
T-Pr
2OUalamd_
auauxd aaguia Lequ
SubsHtuL eQuallaaua
willl L lkonaudonau Hhot duuthuy wllalways e im
eguen.Aial 0sihan So 1busmes adi to
Sou uich CmaxmatiamwllL Aat

'MR0
Same no
wih laue LoncLdmio doaia
Smalleu4

LRd imto 2Quah

No 2aitonal
 PAGE NO.

DATE I

A Aan o Lusene
CHO

B-0-guuont
8)

CHOu

SE i faumd hat aalal J mgu Stable_dham

Rspruled Stis du to amo miu c canbsam
olieck
9Jodh dkmdimuy atouoalemmi
Subshhulnt adiawn fo ahelena.ct o
uithima Cytlohirameuimq to phYAaoRl
CAm m.cuha Jmskad a s hmduLecd
Fa

o Me ,0

OMe
33
Jhiy LaunR Jm aoial pasihon d h
x_ CDMoLopf a lono pai doAiH
wtuch m l t i n staubilusaian d aaia
Lorkomon
 PAGE NO.:
DATE: I

C-C

(rechiae ntterortiakss
ca Aims
imga Cuwd
diaslixeomtxy_ahpaailr
i m g hasto allah Suulh _dhat
i t ia adial at paint and 2QLLatonial af_

md
Hing Camljoined toP ia 2q
pa b o h aä ahntmk pai
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

eadiu Smbamidiato
Cabocatisns
SpLLLOA udh C-Aaulng
ulyy -balen amd a psaihudhange.

Sp ubudind

mat Sp hybudised Jecauseum

Sp huyhiuidisahio Sp3 axbital
ull ueotvaiamtamd due to uthi
dheuR Juaiuld e GuRaiHkeauulaicn katueen
bondianq paih

CW

Staubili'hes i
OALkyluaxbo.cakien
Jho
Tha Atabilk_odillueat alkyl saxbocahem
jo Qiulna
 PAGE NO.:
DATE II

Jh_lasan
Jhe iu du to t eck c
alkyl48Lap_allauhed loLoba.cahenudhicl
itadu auticaliat a diasipate he hauge

Adacalisakiom pi dhakge yhypiMCnjugaksy

Jhe stabilik ofalkul_caMbacahion caum w aplaihed

lay piy tanuaoatio 9n thia th e
au_dulocalised ianto Lilledp-oubita c he
tiu CaHbon_atem Ihu spHiading dhe chaR
all aueu akl
J
qraut

Caubaken ha mcR peaibiik-

d
hupiHcAnjugalinSa i mLst ska lto._

Cemjugatien wuihdsul1 Mnd i

Layicokism ámLinaR an eniugahia
Stabiliky a J

allyl Aaxbouafion

CH CH-, CH
9 i Stabilutd amluyula keet
CCLMbecahon-_
ally

Cmd hy nu COnjug
 PAGENO.:
DATE

3 ha Relfad, t Aet and upmo

Ea-
M M oncH M ,Me MC MO

Binzylicuakbacakon
am4lic canbocaiom ma Staldo dham
akk coaubakon.o CW allylic caxbocoah@n
C

Ph C Ph,C ACH,

Pxoasmae o Subskent m len3ylic Coxbraka

OwlmJemz Subshuted -LQmd-R
Qup ike NO S a i t Aimeuuls i
demai rom Cauboc.aio Makina i
stalko

O-duui
-I R elt
metadouiluaiuw
maq tiuocha io Onls due bo=Lead
OM dAStabisalian ham O-dow
 PAGENO.:
DATE I

Paua_duuiuakue
Jh Shemgtha-L amd-R A4

So oxdeH 14qiwm Q

No,
NOT
NOL

R m u of T amd tR_9uoups
Swla_QuALLpA stabilists Hhe Cation

2 mita

PuestnueotK amd -I qoup (outg)-=

atabili dukoaacd
nd axem tR Stabiik 13 nuanRd

daatabrli Rtabiine
So mOxtho Hao wull u stakius akonoLal

Fan mata
Sakon

Fos Paka- stabilisaHion dmam ox Mo.

Osdho>
 muty
ycdapsuoplacaliom-
yalopyopylmatiny| sakians aauR uUy-Stal

Jhey a n mmaueAtalde han m3u

Caktocahien
Jhio8puak stabilikyis a uisult cf Lomjvouh
et unenda luen oihital ylopuopulun
Omd dha Vauimtp-atonmic oxbital odhe
CakionlcCoubom hia iradfo dikocausah.c

CH3

CH
C

CHS
Praamiao ohou &ubsiaunt n akyl caxbaat
atom uum Usp_to Caubo couh.om hu
me g mo one pcuu 16 stabliy (cHbeo
CoLHon

CH3
CH
CM
 PAGE NO.
DATE IT

R
M
Me

Stabilisinq PouA
o

RN 2R NH Nu OR 2 OH O
dabtabili sinqPuM
No C CN

idgehaad Posiian difkult in aubiaha

Perma

(nsmRHatiam Caubocaken-

elik Janisatien
-X RT
> R +H
R-NH,_ HONG RT
 PAGE NO.
DATE I

Faacaubacatisn i

0Combi naion i h nutlophilui

R Nu RNu

(2 uminahioxm
-C=z +Ht

(3 Add. toumaafuualad Comp

R

Maleulak Reakkamq mimt

Cau.ba.cation Umdiuoo OauLammlmio
pxadu maoshalk canbaca.lien
E OCuukA b4 ShiE alkal,_aulwny

CH C
2

R
 PAGENO.
DATE 1

Coubamisns e
Ihie_o M qakiueluahaugLd spLuLLa um
wticla Cauban Cau4 3 bomds amd a
Xom paiu o Jhus makiaq ho Cau ham
iutky choio
Jhe Caubom i sphuhuidissd u shap2
MOda

CaubamisnA ou boaea m dh_ pka mcL

th auudik mcuo dhi Stabiila
t stabiliie
0 Conjuqalion
Ash aHw ckhaugei ma dtat dalacalie
dda stabili a CoHbamiúnUnueaAls-
R
R
SP
Sp
Jha d s of dutasing atolbrh

nolatA
Caxhomit diuud uAm
o uDd to Laubanyl_LAmp
alate au
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

Jh Lnalates a u AOnamie skabrlls!

R
R
A R

oSubsdHktnt jm njuaaion
Subsihlnt Hhat make -iue chagN do
dlocaliatd tob malu -iuvatam muloy
stabilik canbamisy-
N C=
J h 0.deu o f
stabilik
NO Co R CNY CooR>S0, R> SoR>Ph_
2SR>H2
|No Roc Coo 2So CN CON, > X > Hz_
Poakmt oS P
Btabiu o S P Lontaling Gubamuan
Amureanks clur to deuslakisai@m c to
Vacamd d orbita
SmueaR S haxauten:
Jhe 0Hdi of Stabilik
dileom Shanaute AofCObauan uuh
CR=C >R= R c
7 Ax
Sp
Sp3
 PAGE NO. :
DATE: T

ie Sp2 Sp 2Sp3
Jhe
attatt rauted to muulu ancd oHeatuskshilily
3Imdluahiu l f t i
Jhe aHda Stabilik m ca xeqaudsof
tLelut a
CH2CA C

AAemii_o Cdhdualuino qxupstab1

Coubami@m

AMomaiih
HE Kabamion_i 2akamahc dhom itb
stablia
o edopendodienk amlom
X ClmiAaliom

R-H R

R CO

Fat
Addiion to £lectxo phile
R + R-yo
 PAGENO.
DATE

SubsSubs HAuion
RC

o2
 PAGENO.
DATE:

frtt
Canbensih
Jhi a Ocd 8&pluiesm whith a Cakom.
a a dhe Odd

Eg NO Na CL

>Ihe auu satuamalsd orkus amd eamaitmt spuns-

amd Com e dungp udaim dhe (Hstallatiu
o dau mallss

PJhLL 9LomaluLiA diEliult to AHidic

Jhuaae plamad dop4uamidal Qgometuy
dupiMdimaendhe oraup atlahol

CH Sp Posbikal LSOMO

Sp y

C alArlara
Sp
 PAGE NO.

DATE

Jheu ae _ duiuimt üke cauboakan

Stabiliies i-
0 6 Akl fku Radical
Qndi 3 CH
CH R- CH CH

du to tI eet oR qkoup amd alao

dh upuLomjugahen

Bah atuackimq GHsup am C=0, (N, No

amd donainqquoup oca, RN
hauStabilisim f u t n a uadi co imAmidiul
a
akt amadjaunt cabon ush Pull a t
uwhich auikAdu to WJO nan Q

Conjuaaicn'
Al E addial omd emz| uredico
O mo Stable dnam alkyolue to
clalocaliscuhia a un pained
CHL CH CH
CH CH CH CH
SA.
Cm
R
o goad
 PAGE NO. :
DATE: I

Pha C Ph H 2 Ph-
Skauichimdua
AAAL AaditalsO tulmdyshaut uued utt
Somo o thm suuuiu almast imd1yimitay.

moAt stalHe
TEMPO emstabla .

moLaion
O Jhakmal uduage a weak bonds

R R +2CO,_

PHOido

2 R+N
 PAGENO.:
DATE

Azo is iaoluyiyaniki

NC

Pho to uysio

Fat JJadicls

R' R-R
Abskaukion
RO t H-Bx ROHt8x
R C=C

KaauHamq mimt
R
CHR
CH

Radical Caution amd Anien i-

Ta ca cahon
 PAGE NO.
DATE: 1I

Caxhems
hy a MiuLual, divalani, highly JunGuh un
catbom mloH midiato_

sCH Mhylkm
sCCLdichlduoCobae
Caulem wAuallu Sp huoouidised
Ih aue 2bomdinq
amd 1 non- bandinq
alut rem amouiaoot wih the cab.sn

JhaHe a 2posibii of aHamqmAmi

CUeM
SE COm ima paitLda wnpaied
n Simqkt Caubem dh Spimo nom_
hendin au nauidJhu nm bondlimy
opoui is im OmSpSp hubidised oubit Jading
Vuamt p-oAhital.
mp Por6idal
R
A Sp oxbikal
R

9n Hiplut sanlsme, hi a_nm bondimg

ha AOueHalad Spin md boh sp orbital
aubito cemtain L
pOrbital.

R
 PAGENO.
DATE: I

Sp tiplut
Casbime CwOulinzas hoCatom
wall w Sp hy6uidised amd 2 mon bondad
S h o u l d qo Umlo ACh uimspin
paMa paMallal OLctoHund's u l

mat canra Juplut caubom u mou_Sralk

wcauar h mixgy to e gamed y 6.ing ia
dhe m p-aubikal rom Sp us
mauauint to cux ten apulaim dhat
iat Lekunetn 2 i m a Singui xbital
daterhiom

Me Me M
CM
E Singlut, spims a paindL
CCmb ond imM Conuix kd hh
ACHT A CW

C=c
M Me M

Coissi0
AR ,m
SoUmbe
 MiAmR o
Omalo Canteno
amaloq
PAGE NO.

R-N R N DATE:

Simgut up-
RMIxahon
deiminahio

CH N CH-N=N:HA

CH=Cs0
Kiaskiom

Addikon o CEC
CACL

nARAhianimta C-h6omd
CML

CH

R CH RCH=C 0
 PAGENO.
DATS:I

Nuukso philic &ubsh kukion ak satwxatd anbhon.

Sn i s chapka, w e a qamg o Studu

suhshhution a Cwich io Sp

Phs

Ph C Ph PhS

Muhamism abouuw H0a -

Jha a 2poibil k a swuh &k0.

Oh aumq qyoup Jeauls Samd them
mulliophula atauks
hS
P'h C

Jh muh i S

Badh happlmsSimultamiaaly SN

P PHS
imehic idimts o S amd Sy2 Jet mRuh
badh mhamism A RudenkramH
Kimemahicy

Fast
 PAGENO.
DATE l

|9n 193o i t wa disuWAd thot Aam nulkophle

sub. ae SoHdoyral dapinds Gnly
onn
Co atkaaldy wiilo seme ato d o1d
n S2, Jh1xe iajust ank sep uhithull
alao Le dheAato olztuumininq skpamd Aal
uinolo kia dupimda an hisAp
SaB kintkc HhtaxL dha atoo a u
totheLOne Mauti19 spuis
Bato=kLngu Br On
O

dhis mdhjaight dsnHat mu

Linnauly depsnd an badhnBuBr loH
i uwasJiud sapuimutally
muh was namad Sub.Julaphiicd
Od

Sqnilicam oSSa2 Aaka Eauaiom

O Caiws Jeat £or svzmoa
S ' s LomaidoH a Aa l t MeT u NaSMp_

Me MeS=M I

Soi it ia S a , dhn e k [MezM

MeL m o NasMe s
a S M e )

ka MasM e
 PAGE NO.:
DATE II

Ouwxall xal e u : K: k LMeIaMas

9 MeSNa J Lonat, kaLMeI

LMeI is wnsi, Yk L SMe

Jhat mama kq =kla Mes k tMeI

0slope o 1 vs x Ka = KNaSMe
-[NgSto] vlsy = = kMeT
9t Konliims dat the pauyomamu o S
a dlap.emds upom6oth nuuleophile
C lutro philk
So iuw want to isplau I rm MeI
waimq O nloop hilp
pka of ey ar
O 16
RCO modercu
HO Sla
RSO, 0 Sl i
OH A uRuy qood bcne And bcaiuy
dhouh nultophilu anid
ola a qood uopli
doulaMod C

2
Da Aso h Skuutuue o c-elatxophle
maileX mulh
We can chamoe tha Xoaung Yun_or
tlon Subsuhon a t cH roupp
 PAGE NO.

DATE I
Pka Coyu'd
+3
C to moderat
r 9 a

impS1 a a l e drp.lmds m
Nuulaa phil
auung qxOp_
Càubom Skelotoni
KmpScduuent

Siqmiliramca Sn aa Aal Eqlualban

omaidou a achon
OH
OH

w kaumd dhat dho Hat okdig uadkpamd

nly om dh_Lemc ofA-Bukysiomide.

JeaA he ea"happensim
SRp
OLJha 6x deoaes qmaualt4_a lanboccuh o
OJhan Oh dom mak ion fo ataakroxmin
alkahai

RDS OH
O

Jha fox oCakan_jy RDSaaCanhotalio

nylault SnLue
 PAGE NO.

DATE

Jhe quaph^ o th 2iLandiiom ay w

diswmed ake a

E-Buy
O

Jhe Oa"' iscalldS)\Sub, imuulaogkilic, lad

Jha nan -peRmo of w.ulkophil1 im sal
quakiom mof only mean: dhafJs Con
dos not mato but dloo juaHiy hon

Same xa
Sm kox a nuulophilo
him Mat ok S una dap imda n
Cabon Sklat o
Liaui ng gsuup
JUhich muchamiSm will he
Amp plexnc lu
motJompautomi autor canbam.skulblo
Soidh LOmp_dhat hox msta.ble cauba.cah
dhyuillLwmdpxg o Sl uule odhou ha
mo ohau way ez
RaAspt_ SN
me Piimony 3
Sy
no mocr hll
S No
 PAGE NO.
DATE I

Sy1 R eokkiond
JheAmRguPMalile diagramfoxdho SN aa"
9huy
JtuRm hukyl branid1 and wata locka
Gke-

Intemidi

Houtod
Produud

Aacoorolih

Bca dha ko.umalion of caubocaion is slou

i
anAieHon_
Jha lMIMQ or Hansidiom Statas cko xly
Jinkad a stabilio Caubo.cauoa
Raaio Aalsuiuih uikisaauudaophila uill altouk
9t daten mined Skauc bindxamaL
atauk i fasleuLat Lghinduutd pa Fa
Lonju.odtod Sulkm4

Fox E
 PAGENO.
DATE: I

im zyl Cahon ju alooAu sdalke ult

auttcudk_dakes pla onls outcaban subiha
o maimtao aHomalki hj

o iphel cakisn do foxm ahu

Ph -C Ph GH-
Ph
P

Ph Ph

Pidime hou hupa Amauino HCprkar

mak HOa OmGoin

lono pa ni i
Me O CM AAmg pLnauy e haug n dom
wmdaxQo
J SN Becoune of p EAe lcap
Me O
MeO

Me0
 S 2 Reaktions
àda knou) hat moat muukophilic Subat prim
CaHbonecAs _dhtauqhSN1 ea"_

EHhaua SNL ua

R R OMe
aH
Fa.x famation catao4 a8H@nqbaski
Nauis uaRd to fom alkosido LOm_Leca
|aluonals a a k aid CH-Lis Rlbatxopl

WiH_maue auidiu phimof, NaOH aut as

uiient bae Co Fokmimophunoaida
mm Jhom dimuthsl aste sull'ak i s umd
d
as elout xophila

M
Naak
o
S
Jho JuamsikonStata

gnS a hi tuomnaition Stadu lould

pom heneMu bond ispauRy Pokm
omdold bomd ia pauRa Lshxakin
 PAGENO.
DATE I
Nu C

bitak TS
Jhe Llko pila hasa Lom pai that
attacka das6 cubital oC-xband

NuA
5 6 o n d
d o

M
oxS Nu uLLA
w bond
Fon
Sm tamaiiom stati, dha Caub@n atom
aA a p abital Hhat shau ompaiy
o etueomdhe oldocmd mw ibomda
Thueaue dhe C-glomis aanaikon stat
a planaH i h nulaopila_at 18
 PAGE NO.:

DATE 1

|Adiaemt c=c C=o TC3Bkm imwxea,

Someimey allyl amd JeiyA g1p nA

dhe S mLchamis n

Camaidu tho Lattiom o allulbromido teidh.

alkaxide to £oxm akaiu
oR
og

rTTTH-

>AlL sempsund ALact uapidly uuth SN_oa

kacaR Hhe SC S4Alemob HA_adaLmt =bond
Lam stabilize e ÄLaMAiHom shat Juy
Lejugaton

Jh paubita at h Ra"cemtue to make

heme i& ia
2 pauial bomd uuh anuy 2 e -
olapiciont So amy addGhmal dens y
ram adjaemt T SGAknm
i tam qatho
stabiise he aMALhan_shate

B4Atm_aub Jm_a uRY

Almli 84ARm ak dhe n m n uMq
for
Mngdae T
miog ion
 PAGE NO. :
DATE I

Am.omq Hh Fastist o all Silstatian

whuuothe luauilmggsuauupi
adjaont to a_
caubomyl u p
AUidadhuomo caubony tampeumd 2
nihbauumqwaubem atom auAbada
pouenuly slast xophillicsika
eauh has a LuMo T*cAO2s ¬C-x
oh dhtm ømbimp to katmne he
LUMa to wich iy lauMAJm Anigy
ham boh
ultophillic adack uullata hakumean
e coel is laHQ2t
B

of hisntuahon ah gusup
Jecam maur lulro phillii dhate-datu
due fo petmuR ok aheu

Egi
ph P hPh

ph
 PAGE NO. :
DATE IT

K Comtuast Batueemi Svoamd Su2

0SexRiceita
lscmaide Sn 2 appxoouh cf teulia
Cmpaumd
R
R

u g pq Yontotbt-

AP tho gtaub dhue Ou 4oumqla of l095

n tu8tamsidion State dhane aH3amglo o
2 0 am 6 amqu Hne a Signiicaat
msLLntc aiudim HemiAauge i

SEA uaup islauge hinumeuR cHauding

SN

Sn CaR SN dhu RDSishedons of

Jauina QHLLp dhe Juamsidion Stat for
d

R S+
R
TS

Jhe s usntaims aAnga takeH amd

maue polauised C-X Jbcend Jhe stauimg
matuia i tualhedaland jn iatuusimedkiata
Cakon dhu a jut3 amq o120
Aikiaiy_ haltu QLhca
 PAGENO.
DATE I

JheJMamsiiani state uill eem he wa4

founud he Canbocakom wcauue dh
R 9LAypA au malu AuMAuiRULay hrom

2 auochemisky
o am Sp2 a h Suás duemy_
Amd up kwninq. Jmid aud. ti Jhiueau
SNLA0a" uads to wmuwral@n aomiq
P
H S

9nSN Oa a HAAmicmixaue
loumecdyAseNu Cam attauk hrm
oth Sideswd
oM
So CIF HO
S6FS
{5 6uhahnod 209
M
9 AKmic mi
ONo ophcalahu-
Aue H,o a m attcuuk m 6cm sicday
widh i q ual puoba.bili
 PAGE NO.:

DATE I

heabeug ugao SA Jbutamod can procaed

dhMoughSnlmekamism ay makianq hydoxu
Jnta gaad uaum qroLyp

Pyvici

Bun
pMF Sw2

B) Snu0Aic

J h elat o Solmt i
SN 1 ackt@n imeda pcdau Solutnk

kiuaus dh RDS imusluss umn

oinAamd dht iialto h i a ROCeM
uil_u imLLantd a a f a u Sctuuet
ulaico Saluato dheae iony A921drt

Jhe uansidton stalo- maus klaklsd dham

Ataukinq matuala amd Sa is stabilied
lu ar polaly Satuln
A Soum uKe RiO or_R COO aue unko

R
moxe polaised
 PAGENO.
DATE 1

Sp1 Na n th odiu hamd kauiu

A pola sctuemk orapxoic Sctualmt.
polau dhan dhu
Jhe tHamsidian stota jo m
Jotaussd amisn as dh uhaug ipaeltaa
Sp.ked Lutueen atomy
kor
-

R CHa T NaBr
Hanaateme LsRd as Saiueni eLa
i faila saduate TOP making it mow

DME OM.SO ak good apratc StuuenhE

etauhayelimdue itmic conp u t fail
to Sduat amion uAelu
NY

Aukeneu dodk at lutuonic esntu eeus

As u dcu2axlian, dha IISqAdtm_
Stabrlis2A dar Lamsidiom Stato im SN HA
Qmd aubecakm m SN Ran

Jhe k S Slaiua" appli to

H C=C e i h ) amd cao(eda
But m C SqARm m SN ea
ghe C=o detiiet Aqskm dsstabiiat)
dhe Cebocation l disleux SLAa
 PAGENO.
DATE:

uih oluauuing o donauimg 9uoup

t dhu muhamim to
can also a
fallad

OPMekho hlorolea, n
YSy

MeO
M M

E donaimq qioup sBabiuye Calion htmie

aueA SNI ua

chobud
2 p-Nio ear Lem3yic
C N oS I

=
E u h d u a u r g d1ouphighy edastabilisas

Caxbcation 4 s fauaus SA mol

fawou SN
ut
(Ny

N,
 PAGENO.
DATE I

Aauimg ups
Halidns s-
lim hakides as Jeaun9 gxeup maLm
autou s wok
OJheSHomqnotC-bond
JheSrabitkofxuan
Jha skabilik, o xioncam lw koumd y4
uaim pka HX pka quanlikea dhe skak1i k
oa Omon kulatiuto utaiLonjugat auid

Haliale C-K 6and pka) of Hx

F Jmal): 1 3
CI
Bx 67
54

JheC-I band is
a m d pka
value o HIAhus a t ik is
m@st aidic amdhtnir i t icnis cLAi
So Lodids a 90o ooinggxp
J

OH Joaimg910p
Alchs homsalu0s domot ueauEuuuth uulop
MLLLUAa JauimqqHO
e c n 6u Jm us u y basic amd i h
uucliopha'la ueu AÄnq lmeugy io displau
ik weuld u maur han shonqsmugb
 PAGE NO.
DATE: I

do maue a puolom m_dho aluadha

H
R tHMu

But ue ulam to ue alkshad asMudsonhu

aSoJhe Simplast suion on this lo
AHOemato PH 9xoup udh sH@nq auud
Me

-OH HC
P K
Me M
n

-e

Subs.h.kuhion o O wA
Anothe wa
to makr J a Qaod Joauaa

hat kakma4 Se4hsoaclai to aygt

J
alemesmt
P_ S
imQyalkL|pHajani cla i h _PBxK
Maliaq
bY ,6

t C0-P6r,
Sraute ain
uuame o PhospP
 PAGE NO. :
DATE IT

Sulphonat wsk
Mtaiidluky uail uny lo maki ou qup
aadd loauiaa qxaupy o make it sulplh@nat

ptouaaisulf.amata asimadeujulabm
aleahainuhp ladutR sult.ornAdauid
mpM0ARaA_e pyidiak

MO

M
N

A Nu
M

Mitsumau ALaAkion

Rathau dham usiaaq2sps to Luout on

Aulonot qxaupamd han displasimgid uit
mLuksophle t Js pGMIUA o u a mothod
dhat allau ua o Put m_aldhod Skroigh
lim Oa miituR amd at_dha Spl pracud
m n eqoJhis J tolludMikunobu
LOali@n.

m ais iauh.on dheakeadaoJeusmis

aloctsophila us utakAnd
uilophule_
dheue ax 20 oheuAeoq O Pha P (mulsophilu
pEA0 d i g l azoditatboylal
 Omugalioauid| anbr
DATE: I

PhgP
R ou t(ANu) DEAD R
N=N Et
O

Michamism
Jhephasphimr i a t uih N= N Lweak) Tt SysE
to g
giuam
iu amio sabilasd y na kagnsp
N Co_EGE
PhSH

co
Ph Ph P
Ph,P
N -
Et Co
co,
abou Aa"Himoes
J h o amion pXoduusdjm
ron HNu P
PhP
Ca -N-co E
Ne COEE +Nu

chaxd PJ dhsm adauked y alett

Nouw tiuly
JLaR O P haueSronq a n i

Ph,P
A
CouN-N-co EE_
 PAGE NO.
DATE:

Ethausas llukuophile i
HaOMA aledhablo matauulo dhat do no ou
Lia muuleaphils:
IHE amd Cto axe uidsly uskd as Sotuemt hoc
dhi kaAON

Jo mmalke dhemAOct med to make O

tualy haugndso dtaatit_kam auapt
mateuLadi, omd lao dhou muat w a _
good uaaphita.
To dlo so uat elhou wth HT oY HBY wudh
pxoonale OLGen Bx
BxaHO also 900dd
MulloohhilohLaae adauk wlL occ at e
CObon uidh J s himdoud u S meck

+MeT
bhau lauis auid widn Lmphaubita u_
Copabla a 0Rp hmg a lmo payalao wok
ule

Br
 PAGE NO.
DATE

B
O-B6 RBYSh,I,
B

,O

Epoxide a Lkctuophile
EpDuido a t uud muulaophilo LWm wih
prodica uis aud Jhi aumg
am alkoxide in RO qiup A4

So Iho nkuuemaking
dha ino shain
dhiamsudh uladh
6 ma ( ia kad df lo9
A mdeulo m uuls Ahalte ik H uina
SaYaL UImuLd
opmiaq So foHAkon
ideallog amglo

SN atlak Nu
n epoude

R,N
 PAGENO.:
DATE II
ua"_ epauidles
attakd o_amodhu u q
R N
R2N
Jha Nuuhophila jn S 1 Reaskiona=
Rato S HLahem dount depemd on nuukesplul.
D Awgbaad hu wA 900d clmdSn uRa"
Ritti nRaaston
Sn SwlMiauhion, Juem a Rak nuuliaphulk may
MLat Cmd giw pxoduct
poaybagicand
MuLliophilic Jucau
Aitagn at om m lo liuQ SorhTsl
R-C=NO
Huueeu iL et euf butamaf is oascduud in
a ikila u somq auid ia adduol, a ocau
--ON-
 PAGE NO.
DATE
R-CEN 2
HT
N-(=R
Jha muulsophila im SM2ulartionb
WiHo qRm Nuultaphile'-
AmimlA au 900dMULLaphile Juut uia" u
ammonia R- Hauely adulsamu
OSmol pro duct
Jhr polKem s daa ha praduut S usubsh
bsih
adloast Oy_ uliophillic Hhoum skathag
mataxiak S o t Lompataa co.X Ha ui
Clu halide
P R-NH, +PM
R=y-
Ru R R-NHL
 PAGENO.:
DATE

On
OnAodukon fox pup of pumáu Acondou
amd NHau amuh

taA PAuimaly amin w Na lagda)

JhisJimta &iatomic speiiesmullkophiüc
at bodin Lmda isallmdeu Aod c - able _o
mAut ittom elactsophilicsilk
=>V=
R - N=N= NtA
LAH
-NH-
u uwuh R- LLuum ih
raduut e o lonqa uukophilic
Azide alao aut uith poude watMtNHCT

M
ph N=N=N Pla =

h P
H
 PAGE NO.
DATE

Sulphuxas mmultophik

amiomRS a t aA Laullmt
Jhiolat
muiliophil m Sn2 Ha

Jt w WnaugM fo umbim tolSH-Pn)t1-PntN.

R-X gag.0ad yaild
Jhidlaau mouCLudiHhamwaluQmd

uapidproonaamalk e m sulphy t
Ougem qiu dhe dhiolati_omi@n dhat autg_
hlsopkile io Sp2 A0a n.

O R
St

SR
+

Fox makimoy dhiot

Jo mak aliphaic taial tueot R-y wm
NaSX

SH t

Suide
 PAGENO:
DATE

Jhe pxodut iasils wndeugo pkakon tansle

foxm Sulpida

So ue uauallyUA auion n_cd

ducalic
aid

SH
#`Lxangih olifCeemt Nultophile in Sl saa
SmCane o Caubonyl 9xoup MiLLluophillia
panalltahaii b t it not aluway te
Can oySakuated Caoom 2o

t's uhom Sulh Palueu whwm nct

thooutm ddhat ia faumminq mAw bomd to Caubom
A Same 0O dhe Lamg c mLlcleophil- Jhm
uuophiliky paHallila 6aaiü
i e iEda hudlaaphilealadhecLAo hRm Hha
On Pho AcO Iso aRÁmLemimq
Mdeoplil _dhom

amd dhe oMdeu uuill le OH pha 2 Aco 2Isc

Pu pka o H Mu
I6 3
2 PnO to
3 u 8
Ado 9O
 PAGE NO.
DATE T
mu QmonA a Lakoiaida aue LAar
dham
uuapkil uigheu
S he atoms thak axkaumimq tha_nuw pdis
bomd o Cobom
he amgR Jh
ALulioph1le au LenAidu
CmodhAH fouta m p eVL t a n t utte
ham
As w hawolimuARd RS aullid mn
multophile kena RS JA tu_nLulso philu BLcauAe
dhom_RO uRM_dhag h_ RO a mgHehcAi.c uimqs&
C-
_pka of HNu rat
Ph Sn 6J
PhO to.
alchiw
Sis plaimly a lettou nuleophilo dhan 0
fox a Sakuateo caxbon Leaume
Eleut sostakatrauon
In soatuuated caubem atom cauysinq a
deawm qrup palouisahonJdpikolu
much impolutant
ALhauah dhuo Som painuih dal-kulsad
C-
bomd im caubamsl_caubas
HOMO= LUMO
Sna muceaphie' atdDLk dn Aakiuntod_ccxbe
dh muulsophil domatin iia t a saubhib Jho
Satuuato
 PAGE NO.

DATE

Lc* amihomdimq 0ubitals au ighonim m

dham non bamdiug Xomp-paiy omd ha
hiqheu_ dha satug o dha multo phili 's lam
p iu dhe Jetka is dhi aUulap
Jh 3.Sp domR pauu Bulphuu auulap
Jutteu ih oxbital e h CX bamd
_dham do t leuuau mOuo Sp lomdpau
JU
LOL.cauAe _de ighou mug o Aulphuu l
buimass
L_dhim desuM im toh
C- akbta
Jhe cGmilusisn ddhat _dh aiuulsophi l Lt brom
Leuwolausydhe pAuo.odiccahtaOAmOM
eckiur
o
-, telip A_
oeap A

RSeT RS ROT
RP: 2 R^N
o L t _ amd haud wwluophiles
Jhox wuALophil dhak a f prmq wih
Satuuotnd C-atam O calls saft nuulLopil
RS RP)
 PAGE NO.
DATE

Jhow_dhat aue mgw baaic 0au

ell_uidh nttto-phlie C=0 gxoup au
Callud aud
Sof uleapkila Kaq Mabbly id
dithtaehiqh onDG4
Haudmulsophiu =Small, Spikyunh l4n
held hiqh chaug
dansik 9

with cudaim 8ubshrat

0 Rato o Rackiom ia qMeatu tham ezputul
Osleuoclhtmis C i a taumid

UshaLd paix to of adioLBmkto Lg

SN

Pighbouinggrouup pauiupaio.
M

C3
lo
 PAGE NO0.

DATE

Cs

Ch

Y
SS HAAshion Subsiultom nuulo philic inlbr nal

Jhem B aluahol ia uateod u h SocL

hn1 ho aubshhution takea plau wdh
uatemki.om otD Compiouahion

CL
R

CI
Edapoun

R R R R'

-S0T ChlauoSulphi
 PAGENO.
DATE

RAauhiom Sec akdhol wim Pykidiu

uudimr js nat waed osALagat la-
S Aa LwcauAR i wulL uesultJo
LOmi9wMah.

C
Bouuk sielt ataukE
RI
 iamimatien,Keactio

ofeut eeltkgl buts)

holid
Subsikuhon

slou

M ill
JUa" hi JHIa
SN
uat whoteueui tha nuulopkile
go wh Sam
uRy Shr@n9 huulaopue
Sa i Gu aue wAim a_ Ge
kat won t hamgk ueaakion hame
Bu lh pHO duut o dh

h a1ha eackion skops eing Sabskkukiosa

am
alkime _faHmed

Stoa > O t B

*Eimimakiom hoppima whemthe nulsophil

atanka imstad o aubom
+HO t Bx_

a C J acktnq a qcad baR aa ik is

ataukih dha H-alom Jhouoh H-atemiu not
auidic "but pxolon ALmáualcam accA RcaLuss
Jcinq qHop As an atak
B fauad ho Adu takin9il -iu
whauos bouk
 PAGENO.:
DATE

n RDS bah t-hukl ky6romda i hduait.

CU mualued lmu huak Lqu"i
Oduu dhe mushamis mja alked
inmimoion, binduurlanlE2
Aat= ktBuroH
|AtS_Lamsidu, lmadaaH a :
Slo

Br

Aa a Br dassnat aRut hecaubocakiom

matiom Hat Sacauhcaion willalao kom
ALLAM_k ho x
acet Io Hisso limimokion tom ake
plau Fas dhia w ndaiaud wuthagu
LLUMtouiom AOU Rak nuileaphi le
thaim
Jm_uomt LUmattauk tiw Cauho
ofha Cabo.cakion

HSOY- uttHSOu-
Sl
 Highe He pka ok AH 6uite o ulophiG
PAGE NO.
DATE I

Jhe HSOu- Úa mot_imuolued im RDS a Aalso

uy bad nultnphiloNuithe HSO basic
But jk is JLmauinQ Ma kon heue himue
aulimg a baRSt i Jicaue it aaaly
2m febl a_nuuleophi o
Hat = k lt-6u OR
Thus ua" tallud alimimation umimaludan.

EEmimatiom vsSubshkuioa
asiukS houd uudaphilo iminalion
Sof Subs H utin .
Jh mau basic dhamudleophile Hhr mau
kiy ia elimimaticn-auGd
Eq SHang ban Eto Lathaxide Jaads o
limianakian uhilk a Lutak bas ELon
keada fo subshhution
EtOH
OE E
pka
EtdHL

Eto
pkaEtOH=16
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

Si3e
Jakamuulophile, alaking a uca wntu,
a tatCaSubsHkutionkecas i t
hcLtopam dkatgh il)subshkutmt.to at

Luulo i t iomuulaoAie to attauk H-atom

iuth mauo aponkd 1 llm hiadeued
htadtpu/Ru lmimak@n La

aA Skaut Lsimg basic muloophile

Haat a maubulky iminaliom is pleHud

koX_

t-Buro AL
uey buy

13) JempuctuL

n alimiratiam uia"
Ltauugrop Produ H0
n SubsHhutiom Xla 2 maleuke oxm_
nL moluula

HeeAS J mauo for Jiminah@m 04

lomp o Subi kmou ha
AG AM- TAS
 PAGE NO.

DATE

J Qu Say_dhat a " wn wucdh

AS JbLLAmoA yanëtt ti hLcoMA auouMalte
at high kmp-
Limimai.on_s hemu huseNLLd aLr Sub. at
higla tmp
E1AndAnd Ea Reackioma
So t ' s A what foutou UillprIleA_EL o r _
E2 muhamsm.

Sim Jat a E meh olepemd omban

So wdh higho baseLn E2 u l e
Causuad while E1 mIuh Kan talko plaR
wim wak 6aeae
E2 HO +Bs
OH

But s idlam hinduud alkl halid )

O Juld not e ag0ocba as it iua
y Smallamd Subsiuksn may le pomilk
LAnd alsa uom at low
Jm abaun ua
_Lamc o
Bubshkuisn mau auRAtake
lininatiom

Soimotead
So t- buok Lt bautaauida ua
wxd uLauar ik buulks amd gaçct bas
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

umsiam ofdihuomide t ditns

tuak

Quo
EZ

DeU 8 diazabitudoumdecone-
hia ba dALGmmamlused ba hox
Louonkinq alkul halidoalkaina
Jhia baAr is am amidinn - dalocalisaion ch
LNlono pa dmo_otheh amd
uAulkng.
skabiuisahon amidumutum nimakas it
pahulaulybaaic tis ul hindikad a hmt
atark Kahuu dhan

N
 PAGE NO. :
DATE: I

0GUiminata aXraiokhalidlo Giu alle

DBOU
EL

Subs.ab AHustuw may alleu) E1

m
E Camoccu ony dhoe Subsrat uith
Faios aumatkion '1oskabk1 caHba.cahiom
2aluuc, Jemzylicate:
a alkyl halida may liminat1 '
E uhilu puimau alky halidi 'm4
akiominau J

RO Cn3 R
Substrod Stablacaxbacalkim Produu
R

allylic JDcrrgi c

Ax R R
mayli
 PAGE NO.
DATE

&ubsaus Hhatcam'tlimimato ak
dhu_ donothaus atom_odiakom to
iuimg 9Kep-
Me- Me- ph

Pola kotuumt may also fausA E1

Jhia A awR h4 sabiliseJhr inb4maciate
caubocaiom
E Alimimaian uomalkaholic sekuukon
aun uRLY_LOmmdn

An aud dkstr _cakaluystisuRd o po mok

lam ot watax iamdim diu HaSou HP
dil HCL absSomr c nuiloph1lo imsu
Hhat&ubsihuliomdosnot mptn

HgPo,H

OPh

EL
Ph
 PAGE NO.
DATE:

Biuli uut uu may mot umdouga

slimimdlion alkiom.
FaN E it ia tcauur it_ia nd poaiule
to foxm, plamauH Cabo.caiomaf
paidionu kinR no eliominaho buidgahead

nat plama
Jhe Mala liauimq gSUP
S auimq sup ia dmuelued im Ros
a6odh EL amd Ea Sa tha LShould u
goad-fa Foustaliminahion
Eq Eiminakion a Qualekmey amomanium salt:
Me Mel Me3
KOH

+MeaN
hoR no Stalkr cCLNbocahon Cam faumid hnua

e
+Mcz
 PAGE NO. :
DATE

nnd Simustaldascaubotakon tar

Je Foumed,Iuatnostt So badhEuE
a psilke; lut as nosong b spkR
bhemis suaislE
uehaie&m that Ongusp kam lu
Juuxmtddmto 9.00deaung qxoup
But dis is omly kor Suhshrae dhod undse
E aukion
(OV
9.MpAA nuON a g00d JoaLumg gusup
o E2 Heatiom_aAsong banR wild
Himou rom O Aalsn _dnem @m C
OH a lQauinggopP

SCT
ROTs ROH MsC ROMS
Pymdin MeN
Me
IsM

tBuOk
YOTS E2

tBuo
 PAGENO.:
DATE

Alkams amOuuu Jm iA= hams koum oou

E amd z oum

houmd_dhat EJgomaH ao muo sralip

Man _isemex i e e y a loueu dim

Hmio For Ela Jimdanad E

Juo m fauoMod Foo
H
HLSOu P E
-H
Pn
Pn z
2hguometuy i duouminedat dhe ima
uais Holbmis losd hron wmtumediato e
Canbo.mko
Jhs mu_ bond Jon foun anly ushom vasant
paubita Lanbo.cakisn amdbuuskime
C-H bond aualingsd panallet
Sn_abaus aamplo, dheu ak 2 pomibilikrs-

But ms io me Atal ham dhr odheu

Jeraum lM himduamue

k's mdsamd i h gaph

 PAGO: M
Ph DATE

Ph
M

Me-
TPh

Mo
M Z alkee
Ph
EAonn
Aea"tcoxdiral
9E Ja uo uident dhat Lcamai@n stal
or EidomuX is louuu in 99 han 2
humuo kaunedd

E OO AQiO deria
Kegioaloukiuiky menms dhe puodutt a doul
Jbond

majghpxodut isdho me whihy mg -

Lsubsikted alkone
o
HusOu
Y
majer mu n
3 Suh monas
 PAGENO.
DATE

RLaogm
Jhe iA AMis Simpu Jecause hrsubshitlo
caubocaiom au moustalt
S the caubocaion au Stabiliskd y
h nj ugakisns Sn a Similauway, 'dauso
bomd_alkane au stakilind ushem tha mphy
Omkibondimg aubitali imtunautwttha
Alid 4OxAlll c-H c-C bomd
Jhe ma C- r -H_ bomd
dho mLO stale dhey ak
aupxlmt

-CH
H

1at's A why ths mausubsihuted alkune

JAdho me dho foxma Laxycagku
Me
M

COtbcaHon

M
 PAGE NO.
DATE /1

Jhe Hal depemd upom_he amsiiom

stale dhsoughuhich LAecnprokon ulet.

Kmaal opkolen_kofhon momosubiih

KRQionlad ohugheu LnH94
TS dhom
uirsubsiduded di
JhealoL Jha T S i a l a e mAmioy and
dhemou subshuteo atkena oimad

E2 Simimaion Saaue Lamkiptiplanau

JMamaikon s k a t o

Thedinul Altkuikyn ElALaLkon ak

muuh hig hoH ouloskuimgnemt dimad
aaihom Skato_

> nE2 uackion dhe mw IL Juomd js

oumecd tkttsee y dae ae lap o C - u
6bond amd C s*_amk bamding
bandinq 0ubikal inu bodh 0kbical must
KiR pauallel lo, easb adhey-
Fan his dheuu aue 2
Botn H_amd (Smamakiam
auoSun-pexiplamay
Bon H amdy_a
amk-psuiplama

onkiphuipale
 PAGE NO
DATE

iakoumd dhat amkipoiplamuu

-Mmo stalt Jeauw ik 9omatuy
uilu Sym-pLAiplaan is liprdSha99aad
u
MoAimpautamt mly in amtipeiplantuuu
aR dh n bond uly pauallal
Anki paiplamau n -pAiplanc

moPkeluureo plered
Examplki

PaOEE

81

HaM EJAameH pkidamimak dus to

Raaon amled lelous
.
 PAGENO.:
DATE
CW

Me

Ha
2 muhylLgap-
askasuiplamauqdey
hunduud

E i Lanehon Jam e 8kHADsauikc

puaon foxeliminaien
Haa hu is no haico oamipeuiplamak
Suku

O4 Ph
M Pn
P S-iSmis
H

Pn M

HhisAAmpl bath -mcd -By _o

amipoiplana Jhoeaeto u plam pap,
ha plame u othu outside.
 PAGE NO.
DATE II
And when
bae attauk d o H, t
ApKLCKLOdd ada to E isome Co,aumaki
Me

NaOM P
StGw sp- PK
AO

Lz

Me M
Ph

Now e 2phimylqHsup a am Sameside

hemAs dhey mdup im CISamau.
Alhoug h_ wm bodh waJRA he
H amd
Ph Am dheamipuiplamaA
md Jaamplk
bul t ga nte
imterachnq duue to dhe2phAmy 9up
homoit is adaliu gauhe aiamgmbn
Com le SkxQaspAutc
Stouaospariic Stoxaostalockiue
S ad to piodikion of Rcutiom pahway ha
singlo isomox_a dixectE hoicg t
AAulE of mula dxoa"ueH ohei om is maj
stoO chem dshoukngEiheu aue aukuakt
mcteial No choio Lhargukinshcaluy faokr)
diflem dioskhaasore d
thsTmop produd
duaont produt O d o mi nant
 PAGE NO.
DATE:

Ee 2 limimaion yalossaame i

mm ytlohcame habomds LOm u

oniplana dmly i he a aaial AAuatoxal
bsndianpuiplaaui c-cbsnd
mucamt_taka paut um sliminakon
Mono Sub.shhutod ucloaheran
X

Po Subsihuto di c
Sub

aOE E
3

Me

Hed dhe oicmokRAsomoK oaut kapidy

o giue2puaduut HooCiakoued
asial p03iiom h e aMO 2 pvokon ni pane
to D(
 CA CM PAGE NO.:
DATE

Na Oct

CH3

8Meats_álaut Jho C is Rquataual

unn fauakad Lanoumahian. u it
ia nat Suidalrte: hou_limimahio 6u in
tA isome idA haay |amhipiiiplaa
H u hemu umdexqo alaminatigmb uemqslowh

Simimaion_Eram alkems Ak4na

An amtipeiplamou axamqmmt a C-r y

pemid also m allkemo uinylic halidy

E lininahiom om Jwwimylbxomido im
s atkan Ectha faskn mam in
E E iSommou 8ecauk mE isomoH h ano
yn-poiptama
RN
R =R
 PAGE NO. :
DATE II

E
Rn a 1,1 deicbuemoalkame idh 3 squvalest
R i

8r R

dapto nodad-

Regiosteleukiuiky o E limimahon i-
Kqio
CHL

KOCe&

Jha ppkodut o d elimimmunahom a

AeSubs huted dhan what uut suppeed o le

Jh iA2iamEa Ra Jhebaw uoedL

J wy hindeued SoHhae axo 2
poibilik
4

Me

Lut dhia dA na he Cae

 C PAGENO.
DATE 1

Procluuu Corocn
Reasom
Jha boaeKOC Et) atak mkhs H 6saune
m ae om hindaxed th a i ataakod
to imaxy Caubom u UuUaulay rom ow
aaial
haagunalso Hat lem SubsHkuted sik o
auidic
E2 limimatiom with himdeued beR ypical
dypically
giwa lm Subshutnd daubu bomd ecau
ha foskat E2 a " lnsnotues
at tast suhskkuted Sik dprohonahim

-BuOk (oeu Na OEE e t )

i n d o l d 6unp
morhindertd

A
mai munoY
maja minor

Hofkmamn pxodut
O Bulks Baae
Pao? L.GLE
3 S)kauishndoa a t p_Ca
m e hoa o deub le 6
 PAGENO.:
DATE
EiCB AnisnAsabidiging ueupallsuw
amotho mlchamism-
KOH
AAt S r
A lachon amA E2 Jbuk Sine OH
i nafa Kauim q18up kax ka. A
E2 Alimimalut JA diskaLsud h
Hloo dheuo a caubomsl_qHALYN PHMat
duefoulith dae phokom adjaimt to caubon1l
gxeup RLGm4 L y audi amd dherifa
im uth_Jea""_thd puoon_is kemcuud
Caubamiom is midl
Ho h ba LaM_QMAL pHOkem_
winot atn leauimq qrsun gutinq dapautd
amion Hhus losmed uull sBakilad-
miug atianhkough taukenl qrap
q p qkam_alkAak
 PAGE NO.:
DATE I
ROS
Jhis lmimaien is umimaleuulau cseme
kimd Jhe leauanqqxeup noBlest hrom
dho skautimq mauuul Jutuom d
Lamjugatr ba a staxlimg mo ude.
Sthis pe o Aliomimakioni calleod E1cB
cb Lniugat baar
Ex math Sultonate_as L C
MsC
COZEE
oe
COEEE
t_loak E buk itin ElcB
Ms C
P i d u ne
coEE CoE E
S For ElcB_uOa eeif alke Hhat i formd
JA m mjuQahon_uudm AaNbanyl qiop
B -HalocanbanylAgmpaumd ELCB Aa
9n Elc8 h e sheuld u pHIRMLLc
aion stabii.simo SLP_mAtta pxolen
naLed
 PAGENO.
DATE

Eq pheml qksup Akabilisimg amiom

Bar-

CO2K
t

cok
Srabiu x ydopenfaouien)

E L c b Alimimatisni kmtert
Jhe_Rgiosalekiuy_o Elc6is deuidad u-
peaihom aaudic p.uokom amdl posikien d
dtaa-dase
2 ElcB ua ezo.silukueie 2dhois-
m dhou amdd aq-
pkedmmimakes
OM
COEE
CoEE

CoFU
E
O.

PAGENO.
DATE:

m O
KOH
Ph Pn ph

ARauÁn9 qxoup is paut ok amim Skaubilisiny 9oup.

Phe Eta PhO

CT

Pho
Kelem
Ihe a l dhlauiole uuuidh auidic AMokem niat o
caubamulqAaup umdeu qcmq ElcB uttm
N
CL
eaunaYP
Jhe Katomp iA uly auhue a horm amide alh
dopemaclua)

Phoe? NAR > P hPhO

ud

Pho NHR

Eamahien oJosylalts
RoH TSC tPyidial

C
o
coFU Ron
ROTS
 PAGE NO. :
DATE //

wassianpla SubsHkuiam
Jhe abau Ha

fos omeHul sulfamalu

Mehame SulphonsLdalauda has a atua

a daato aulchloluicde A auidir praen
J Wmaid S Gaaddalm amal hem CL
Ju lost heme id aElcs oa1lia eing
to fom_ at moiylal Laku-
NEE

Sutn
SullemR mAuw ack as elestrophile alkahod
o t as uulophula act atlauksS
fo Q CaubamGm uhih n dhim umdeug0
proko p2 Hanslku lqiu miAyla ti

R-Ó
TH

S Ro
 Bast
Srro
weakly bouat ind
wmwnd
nuuloodo61c nuilaophip
PoaY nuulgop LR n Ro Co8u,tL
AO, Rou)
# Mean

O
MaklC-y No SNL SN SNL

Paimay SN SN2 E
umlaimda

Pima SN 2 Ez E
himolne

SLomdouy SN EL SN E
El SN S E E E
EiCB Elcb ElcB ElcB
ionstabil
 PAGENO.
DATE

EAcleophillic attask |addikon o

Alkne

|Lomidlo_a HOkem of alkima w Bi

L2 dibvomoalkan
|AkmeA docolaunikeA_dae Brewm Bi uwal4

Ke B s - r i s atackimqs_am elautrophil
uim LUMO Tg alkeme sattai
aA _nullooplo uum HoMO H
9 Soalkimi GledL oubital auulinlouaut uita
x- Br 6 cbital giw dhe produat.

iqheat e deasi
m midolte-
So Biaiauk hau
For aJmim Hdut Bx aas o_attack rd.om

Gomonium.
 PAGENO.
DATE: 1

Atack_ Bx_m huomamiuwm im Aa

neumal S2 ua Jho aubitals imuaiud aue
h HoMO odh_buomicle *of ms o
dhe C-8rA
onc

CGuld nov6i
B

B adauks bcam oppssik Sids lcadimg o_inilkAiOm

Oridai alkenes to fakm zpoxides i

Jheue au mumleu of ofhou oxidamt cntaimim
ertuophilic oxyqm atoma hat uLat uidh
mAAlLophile alken amd awm &poeiicde

Mest KMmnlu JMRd

LporidiS/Mq aqmt
JApiuos-Lay boulic auid.
Jhyhauun
Jh am LaHa ouqsm atom utua,
aidic Hudioge AeT oh,
 PAGE NO.
DATE I

itrophu
Xugir
aom auidic dham cauboylit
aud uau
dh tojuaakbaae s no langau sraub1uatd
S daocalisahan. But dhly a leutro pkiu
t h e nuiophula_aktauk displaua
Cabaylak,a 9ood iaLung qxsp
Lumo Peuary taubauc aud)s
HOMOIle-
t
Nu N-OH +RCe
2

+Po

Maun

M
 PAGENO.
DATE

Mos ummonly md AAOxLCanboxy icauid y

mcBA \muka chloxoboreoBinzmic auid)
m-ePGA-

t MRashomism

ITOxbidal adlak ulak cO-o lutrophilo

A pratom ha HLamakruued rom &poxid
au9&m_ to ccubaxs icauid

poidatioa_ SAuneospRihci
Bodh M C-O AuR kaumed on San_rau
of haalkine 's IL bond_dhe geometu
alkenkJkluted wmSALcohem poxid
Rpaxid

Eg-
o m-cPBA

A=SUUluu
 PAGE NO.

DATE

M-CPBA

M o u e subshiukd alkem Lpoudis fasiiu

Comaidau allauinq chaut
R' R3 m CPBA R R3

4
R R

CH= CH Me, Me Me Me.

MA

1 24 Soo 6Soo

Mo Aubshhula d alkam cu mot ony

Shal u t also mae muuloop hilie.
Jhe R-qsap niks_hoRmlMgoH
OMOo daulta bomdtmaki it mu
mukonphilic
SC

_V
 PAGE NO.
DATE I

|JhiLA oliffeuDeS LR cam wd o prmduu

dhe epioxidR omly o mou HRuliue allkame

Eg-
M-CPBA
egtti

uhen2 Lqallu4Subsdihued alkea au puized

So u t peridi Sianq ma odhLm
n du e nuuloophiú uik seLand

NaCO 3 NaaA

E letao philic cddiin uMAummotuca

alkeme e is ugiosleuia

uhonalkimea eated hlutrophi lo

dika H-£sJhak iaasics uhih gat

aH-Br

Ccdoheo d
AT_COmt azm Hin nO_leme pai hms
Cauhaluonis kermad
 a l k y l Wa
M-C
akyl iod PAGENO.
DATE I
HiS dhiol-sn_
whemalkime J aM mmeluucaldha
p A plaun o- mol

Subs.hkutod alkim
UAskal{e cabocalhas
Ph 2n'br

Ph-

Shuble cabo cai

Maxkni Kou 's_Rule

Jha - akon mds up adauhed fo C_o
Lez doulke bomd dha had mau H o
Skaud uuh.

hn Caubocakiom oumzd im abaus ua

Ma alao Aimply loepo lon Omd or
alkine u t hiy alkinAadnat be e
Same alkino Amaue stalta alkine_ma
e kormod

Oud LataluseSmu Saken dalkiss

emaLaal
HOmaua af
guLes bouk H9u mt
Stby SuasHkucd alka
 PAGE NO. :

DATE I1

Etuophilic addihom to diems

dieme ae meL LKleophltc dhem alkm
hiul daay au mauu suasephklh o pmanaha
Eq dmeHal Jbuta13, disns

coly

COuR

n CaR 2, e
catiom u na
Skabili.S.atiom b makhs Qropnoi qutt
qtt mq
inq LSd
eat rara
shakag o notdulocalised beLaR t i
Cayima me
whinH-6 ataks

ISopHem
CaFion adauk at
m hindaud
p
B

Pu bronide.
 PAGE NO.
DATE I

whom Br adauka
Agio

high&p
Sckueht
COmA

fa
Br
wmdiuAlighky difleuet _Lom

So
Cauba
hpHOdduut waa mou stal
auKamo ulo mu aubsihtad amd
So it
Bx we uuthax pat OS
|hemaclynanicalu,

an dh puoduutis kimekcally ueniadlod

a lou Rmp
A
SNL
Jhi 2L_olibromid Lam SilLnat kuuku
oild 1,4dibrmidrblauxR ik
mduugoJ wwleophilic Subahikuhom (S cam
Bramo niUm_ Cahiom wh
15

SN
 PAGE NO.
DATE:II

msummatnitalBYomonium iom optm-

HRgioSteuhuats
Juhem huemimatiomjs daa immuulephuua
Sctuueht ik HO MeOu So Saduemi molkule
CAmp wud Bromide o opem he bremeniuma

MeoM

am ataukmo mauSubsiudad
caubam
So, it_cam hau 2 pathulau
OLSN

.
MoO

but Bromaniulm im do2s Pais t

SN

SNL
b u t cCLt take plaudt mee
himdonod Sie
Hemue_ha mih a nidku puxa SN n
Sp24t u Semwkat imtmdia
shen LaLLn qup Shais to leaue. t
Cuealasa pahal tie chaeoa at cakhe
whuenuulopk o atauk

B
Jh XoaumQ Bx mue ad Rutia
COuRbena aimLe pcLuhal t changs is
Skabilid 8 alkyl qYoyp
Naw Mukto phie Cam atauk m iuays
Lidhsu apimauyLmd c f rmonm iom-
at _mow chauged md uwidh wtak C-Br
Cmd latte i much haj e r Ma .
Meo

oM

Bo minakionJm watH=Bxamohyduin:
NaO

SNL
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

Jh hhemo kuydsin cam aut uwth

baa
amd daprokoinakigm o alcohal kak1 plap
A Kapid Swl muuh qius spoxidlo

Kagio.dalukuihoEpaxida opznimg ndupamda

Mondikom

t'sKomALdAu he umsymmotuical ep.oucle

OMe
(MeoNaL atauko OMA
bauic makhosu dlo at l'Sub
md.

MeQ
MeOMHCL
quidic mahoaud. adakat mo
Sub. Amd.

EAAemdaat as Hautian Cend changa

LpXoduut dhaagea
Case L Aud cotaluied
Aa dha opemimq ouuA at ma SubsHut.ed
Jmd satonatiam aaugn dusR to aud
pxoduupaiklls chaugd tmltmediatr kxambla
R um io Hm 2alksl qraup
mak possilke Hi buld up ot hauge om C
at lekiauy md MeO atauk hu
Mepu Ma
 PAGE NO.
DATE

Cane 2
Sn dhis dheueom probnaktom poalk
atsett as aHAult pOxd ouga
J n o i qoode a i n g qrouyp 9E cam
Leau n u puahed au Ahomg
nuliopkie Pune SNL
V OMP
OM

Elrtuophilic addikom AMo skuospecikc i

wwem Ldohisene iueatoduiHa r m
CCl OLmuc amti \,22AhYomo
CyclakiMOm i abeau
nod

SNV
 PAGENO.:
DATE

Jheu.oebuomimation alktm J skHaspauh

gAomet c&e stautins alke
dalotininey dae whihpraduut diaslekrois@ma
abtaimid

Batamimatian llauimalionazamd E
-butom n ukc auid produuis Simq
diaskuoasoma im qLase (anti addíhn)
Z-But-2-lmp
M

Me Me Bx
Ma Me

E But-d-me
Br-X Mel7 Ma
M Me

s ek xadxa tne pYoduut im diflexak uWeuy

Plaima C- thaio m ha pla

M M
Me

Z E-produst
kuskmq C-CLAmkxal band 18o

Me Me Me MR
 PAGENO.
DATE II

Exom S'uep kenimtatiam

k w ce au dhat
Both E z _ a e ami
Eoumd ha Eproduuk ha
o
Also i t
aplamsoymmt hon aciral

BMomnium ism0AJmlenmdiale u
SsetHOSdackiu synthsio

NBSSo
HO Ph
DMSO

Pn

NBS=N-roma auimiole s qo0d sauw o B

St uuka Ju addiqsmall am0uat
h l Sciulior

Si NS maxaloasmall amaunt aBr hm

B i J aluayp lewaa tAmpaMid
da Sotuem M0,
0Ushod)_
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

Prop--yn o

BS
PTO

whem mehylaydohexene i staaing mateial

NBS
Me

Raosm
intomooltoP

S &Sn

(tTdisls)-
*Addimg 2 huduoxul gusp i dihudtulaon
O whon mukeophilo opima am Rpoxid
tQRmuualle
am akcdha 9k Mllo0philo da uatu him
dhi produt is diol amti dia)._
mePRA HO
 PAGE NO.
DATE I

Jo Act Syndiol
Jhe iagentO8mium Rlxaoxudi y
wrc.

asou ALaula dudh alkenes to dau

OO
2 huduoyl qrup=ne lh i a h lmd
doube6and im Singla Skp-

t Tahodrad Osmad epka(V1)

asmiwnt)

Simple a
yileby
O5tVrTT
emu mest aiiemt smathod uise catalyhe
amauu o s(vu) u aridamt NMO
-malthyl maupholing-N-oride

Cat QsO
NMO

As md pioduutauo Sun, he.cuiuall produt

dponds upon goamatu4 o alkine (skasuil
E-alkAnp
R OM
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

Z-aleme
Qs Oy
ed ra
R

n Ba dhe OM ia addad Sun (ut uataHam

Z alkem praduuut qiuy amh SRHocLmiy
Bulakimg hedsuble bomdwAm plaloky i
O Puio.data lsauaqR
Jo buak daublo hond LOmplal Qs Oy
AA wARd_umenimhon uudh Hhe uagemt
sodiuuxm puiodati Na IO
Jh dials produut hromá puiodat 2okA
Jh
which_driom peRs_to loxm_2 moleulo o
aldehuclo u a uclic mach S1milaH to hat
Osp
Na lOs_alo aut as HOOxidaat_ OsV >0vui) }

asOy NaTOyS
R

hA a 2Suisie 0udah|

T 6cmd 6.omd
wAimqolifhent
iant
 PAGENO.
DATE

Ozonelysis

uk OsO i adds uo alkenr

yaliemech Hmumq 5 mlmbauedunq
wdh 3 h leesaaatom
SEcollap bxaakimG a wiak O-0
bond u C-c bon a qaim 2 C=O
oomd n thq procRA-
MeS
or P'h

MSo b Pha Po

Jhe mtoumidiale of dhiu uea" haue u

wnsralt Cakbom oaida So k uA Ruatd
uih mild eadi duing aqmt fo hopm
&alduhyde y Imauma spcLnRlaXuR
reduuin4J a9Amt2 MasS
Phz
Recukion uim H0 uilod caubaxyiaig
t
R OM
 PAGE NO.
DATE

Reauiom uh NaßH qailda akohc:

R
R

NaBM4
R

uduahiom d Alkome 2
OM way o hsduatiom_ ia do uAR H alamg wih-
Sotuent Ko.

But k difLuult to pkedict whatuM auid

widh hdkat ar dahudbratu h psubsato
HmAa a_Htiabk.

O|Oxmuuakion amd domAuxakion :

ISimuo alkene a Se
mulsophilk dhes_LOn
HLactuih Staledt
metal Cotion ophile Gk Jetamai kom

Akime aAtuihHa2+ Qmd kakm

mRuimium_iom alk huulsophit
Lam alo JaALk_mi ion e
qiw aluahel
 PAGENO.:
DATE I1
Ou

R
ugfoehHO H OAe
R

HOA - H O
Subshhad OAE-

poia
ttak

San aM

Nau to mao_dae mial galm uN_use

Na BHu+

Y HgloAc
NaBHy Soyai lo

Hudualkon. of Alkune
Qy meuwnah@n unuks pakiculauls uell uih
alkua Hgo Ac

Mqto Ad R R Y
R -

Rmo
autoniM

R rgo
Sn dautomuuusahien dhe paJom hrom oxy g
isemaLLed amdouttabhsi toC
Hgo9C
HaOAC
 PAGE NO. :
DATE II

Jo Humaul HaOAc Jue olo nat unuu O

NaBH Simis Caubonsl q raup J pHOARMA
ueak
utak nuulophilo cäm mau _hi HO
m pRnAe oH
JRminal alk na cam umads.

+NaNHt R-BY R
Ha foAe

Huduo.b.au.ationHydratiom okalkime
adding OH gYouP
Jo put Ouat lan SubsHdutrd pAALKon

Bauames Jmludimg both BHa itsel amd

aMalaquta idh dns ou dalkyl gxoup HBK-
add ta alkeng to make a ncu C-H bond
amdama C-BJhoalkama Pushisdha
dukan

B-

And i alkim wA a Sqmmelical d bcran

2mda up at leM 8ubsHueo cauban atam
Jhi Ra" appemsAualLhmes fauh
hmoo KEmouuind H hhaluy yild
Aialkyl bYanid
 PAGE NO.:
DATE I

BH

Jo xepa e C- bond wi C-0

dho C8 bomd
NOOH H,02 Jha misuR GAmRratA
hyadopHOxido amion uo01 whuh adsh
Rmptu P orbital oAserazni Boxom
R R
OH-d -O oH
b

Nau uprodut uYunsralRe

So Sim Oo eak it hueaka
LAs it haPpm 0mallqxaup rom B
Cam miqsali o 0 HlieLuime bxoron

ROH BROu_
 PAGE NO.:
DATE: I

FAF Ru miqmtiom okalkyl goup , h Ou

n Com6auk o displai B_rom dhu
alkohol produt
-B6N then only dhsnom oudic
Subsk kwmt fo Yme d im ydhoboraton uill
U
migrat:
gBUN

uh BH nd up at Jans subshktad poa)

Jh iu pauty due faa lutonic,Jh
a aka dau lu donatiam o to p-orbidel
c So tiu clhkge_bulds at amoHhau
I(iaesubsi.kutec C AlAO BR i 6igqa
Eo odical addidion
 PAGE NO.
DATE:

leutkophilic anomaic Kukshkukon-

RCO

Bu emanRmal

Stagesomeh

OAttauk ly eleutkophil to q iue Couboca

_öolon to_9ius beuuk axotmatcia
M
E

allho uqh delocalise dhw_(ahd E

aMOahc
 DATE l T

Pvod

#Wikahiona JRmy Am

uetlSO o uy Hea "

ua noe d oHNO
h
SHaSO
Yolanaaa ANO

-S o

Bulpho naiomi

Ou
OH
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

tOy

O S t

Rearkiomi
Euindklwmals
So, addCaubom dubsë honts do
auhur Cabon
leutopile

AICh

Fiedel salta alkulakion -

Stimualurs txiatimg emenm wihukiamy
alkyuhhaucd im luis aud
LeACl
ALCa> A1c3
 PAGE NO.

DATE I

Elutuophilic &ubskkhom on bhmsdla

Phimo Miaty tapidy widh B1 i n wheut
Auus auol
Br

Jhia biaue dhe nem baa.disaq dont pau c

O at axugua Lamtuiut to miuuh highi
JU AOMOan dholo lmuHo4 bmcling_

(94

Momo Auhshkud Brominatiom '

mp

85
 PAGE NO.
DATE:II

O qYoup s orho amd paua dukehne No

Not nd
n.
as hu Jo no JcLimih meta_

EOA O-subsHkuemts adkuatiy AAm qm

AL qHeLpAdhat dona do Ceneaiae
CLiva.te i rox loutropkilic Sub
oM QN

Nikakon phismol 0

36
Y.

Cam SepLuskcmolf Bicau

bnkeAmalbuula - bemdiaq m0XHo Subsihet
Jh Jmtxamaalaulo A-bcnolisim 0zho e
HOdwd auailabi.ky ohtormauul
h-bd Hao ha lew
 PAGENO.
DATE: 11

Kolbs -Schmitt. Raoami

NaOy co,eP

AO COO

aspiau

OP Na Na

C-O

aiuat

ioqsm ome -painAnmos ahomgy

Jha _Julcam js iv -i dham
0ouem u _ ho Aanepau higheu iDmio
So mee CLallala dO ma iatoait

LO
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

Jo mmake aomakt amimo lem keauke

MLLddo mak amille e eauiw
kaulminq H
hdmuntisauing So Smongu uim II
Syskmo
So ww_u i lauylale h e Amu

CH C.

du o His auylatiom_dho lom pa

Caubemul qYoup thimu e s ouaulad
hox donahom ta

Shou Hc
 PAGE
NO.
DATE IT

RAoukion ofJatueme M
Me
Y

a (h
t Isl{est
Me

E
atom

Haloeneg
iHULng
ccuhuatimq O r ho paMG
Orn10 Sussi tuhion luwaAR_hron ftu
f z T 2((28
 PAGE NO.
DATE II

Jwo me ubsikumt

Mulhple subshkuhion at Euudlnalls

alkylahon
iedcHalta uakkionuwak weu oml
ita_sralteCauboCaion

mo

Sauhion Exidel ckalt asukatien :Gduolo

C
 PAGE NO.
C
PATE

A C
c
R R

R
 PAGE NO.
DATE

Nuulsophilic Addikon

NaCN, HCN
Me
5-10C
Me

Me
Me

chamgeel
NGL hon Cemdiien ae
HO
NaCC
-5-1o Me
Me

addikon/
to HM
Me
Me
od

micheal addhkon
knouunas
apo
#|onijuqatiol alkemes aue lestuo philic i
nugakien addikon QluA l y um
C=C bondip iommtdialyadialnt
to ab@nl 9raup B-nsakuoted)
mialaph

wsahuatd
Yopamal
anolm» aid
 PAGE NO.:
DATE:

C
MO Me/

#Molulau axhikal_comt red Comiugal adolihia

Meo
H

autolum
HOMO- Jan palh oo
LUMO
Butadim aukotwm

LUMO

o n t a n b e

laAgoy
 PAGE NO.
DATE:

addikon a dit addi kom

ko canbomyl 9roup
Raniom smdihc
Ata a_kmp
NaCN HCN
5-10
AeuwailA

slauryu ullGit onjugat addidh@

o dut_ut dhus uilltake a lomg has him
at iiehau kmp h uaHali ajk

ano hs duim kimsh e Pvoduud

njugoki adA ihon pNaduuut> heumocdynanic

yamo hydum roma haak RAaar

dhe tm o_Caboml_qidupAa ma
B_Caukao So letosmhc
HulAaam
adauhoo o ho_chakged huukeaphle
u l l emiaoepi h dUat_the Canb-

Comi ugaion addihon Produut ja m a shalte

m _C R 9Rf C C s 6 ond
add
XeslmoA - I hond ut kop ha
C-O "r 6.cndiJat utileo dirak
addltho uwgt C - C uils Leeslna
 PAGE NO.:
DATE

C=0 T bond kep C=CI bond

C-0_ [ I6ormd yShongeH dhom lec 6nd
himARLon ado pYo ma Stolk
HCN K CN
6o c
C

OH
Buli
-

7oc to 20C
Bu
amid

Burtu
NAE
Mau aiaw_cakenyl group meLLO Caubconu
addihcom

dhane_daok a

-6umaak usateo uo
chlase.ske
 PAGE NO.
DATE

NaBKyusuallskaauk w i h d allad
ssd.

CHO- PtyEtO Ph
Ph

Excephonal c a u i

Moh
te

NABMG desnotAdue Lsks Omd amide:

dolke bonoi
SPh
Ph SH
5 Sn

Nulso philo uumlsmall =i atomm c htuid

emd to e a l a utypHodmunantsua
plutroshahe _cenbrd_
whils saft Muulkophila ntaima leuGR atem
aRARdomhoay Subit b Lkadot eóck
 PAGENO.
DATE II

*Jhe dB wwwaakualkel caubanyl 9rauup ha

2elotsophilic_Sije O haud ttpkilp
OSot

Caxbonyl_qrup ha a hiqh oaial chaugs

m _axbonsl caub on w i l l Jend do Kiaulh
uih bighmuulsop kil
-CaHban £ormy Soft leutophi ikel
ho out wel aitn S wlophi lp

SfA nuusopki. hato uukophy

RSRSu.
RO Nu2, RMgbx,
RL

wsatuMated Cmpomd

ONiles
eN EtatH

=N
t
 PAGE NO. :
DATE: II

MeNH

CN EtOH
CtO

SH c S

NaBHu
MeOu

-m

Caniugat bubshhukion Rinshion

dheue is dauimq rcuup at B cauten
dhen no HRa cml njugat Suk a

MeO

Meou

OMA
 PAGENO.
DATE IT

Ph
Ph Pn

wdsophilie Akomatiu Aubskhuhom

RN

NOy 8ubskkuhion
o

NMahiom follauRd u4 nuuleo philic sus CN

NO NO
HSO
 OATE
C

dauimq qMup

R:DS

NO

SS muka o uuknphilie akamakc Sub

NaNo, HC HONO
HO

N=o

R - ÜK t N=o

R-Nav
 PAGE NO.
DATE: II

N=N

mzun mudhi Oamim,- amide alo,cons

Maca
M miullco phil is uuy basic dokey up pxa

e-
HUTT Sp
kokspla m sninh

ben 3gn
To
AAimimaian addihio 2a

tB
 PAGE NO.

DATE I
OMe 0,

Moulh
O Me
.C

Juam Subshumt Ja

NaPn

-h
ou
 PAGE NO.:
DATE IT
CHO 40-

140

CMOn
o
CHO

Ch

NO