Simplified notes.

BOYLE’S LAW
-Discovered by Robert Boyle in 1662.
-It talks about the compression and expansion of gas at a constant temperature.
-It states that: the pressure of a given amount of a particular gas has an inverse relationship with the volume of
the gas when the temperature is constant.
-Inverse relationship meant that as one increases, the other decreases and vice versa. They increase and decrease
by the same factor so when they are multiplied together, the answer is the same.
-What does it mean to increase and decrease by the same factor?
If one is doubled (multiplied by 2), the other would be halved (divided by 2).
-The equation supporting this is pv=k
p is the pressure
v is the volume
k stands for constant, which would be the temperature.
-P1V1 = P2V2This equation can also be written for comparing the pressure and volume before and after a change in
a gas. The answers gotten should be the same.
P1 and V1 being the initial pressure (in pascals) and volume (in metres cubed) before the change. And P 2 and V2
being the final pressure and volume after the change.
-The law is based on the kinetic theory of gases, assuming the gas is the “ideal” gas.
-Real gases obey Boyle’s law at fairly low pressures, but the product of pv—that is, pressure times volume—
generally decreases slightly when the pressure is higher. This is because, at higher pressures with constant
temperature, gases begin to liquefy and it doesn’t obey the kinetic theory with respect to gases so the “gas law”
doesn’t apply
-The pressure caused by a gas in a container is caused by the gas molecules bumping into the walls of the
container, so when the space of the gas is compressed, the volume is reduced and the particles have less room to
move across, so they bump against the walls even faster and more frequently and pressure increases.
-This law can be used in a number of practical applications. For example, in calculating the volume and pressure of
internal-combustion engines and steam engines.

CHARLES’ LAW
-Charles' law shows how gases expand.
-The law states that the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature ONLY when the pressure is constant.
*this means that when the temperature is increasing, the volume of the gas will also increase.
-For example:
If you take a basketball outside on a cold day. The ball shrinks as the temperature is decreased.
There is also the case with an inflated object and it explains why it's a good idea to check your car's tire pressure
when the temperature drops.
-A higher temperature will lead to a higher kinetic energy so the gas particles begin to move very fast, leading to
the volume increasing.
-A lower temperature will lead to the particles moving slow so the volume will be much lower.
-With all that's stated above, we can then put Charles law into an equation.
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Where V1 and T1 are the initial volume and temperature which will have a value equal to that of V 2 and T2, the final
volume and temperature.

*temperature is measured in Kelvin. Always.

To change from degrees celsius to kelvin, take the value of degrees celcius and add 273.

PRESSURE LAW.
-For a given amount of gas at a constant volume, the pressure (p) of the gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature (T).
Pressure ∝ Temperature
-This means that as the pressure increases, the temperature will also increase and vice versa.
-If the temperature is increased, the particles gain kinetic energy and move faster. Therefore they will collide
more with each other and the walls, increasing its overall pressure.
-The relationship between pressure and temperature (which is measured in kelvins) for a fixed amount of gas at
constant volume can be written as:
-P1/T1 = P2/T2This equation can also be written for comparing the pressure and volume before and after a change
in a gas. The answers gotten should be the same.
P1 and T1 being the initial pressure (in pascals) and temperature (in kelvin) before the change. And P 2 and T2 being
the final pressure and temp after the change.

*Absolute temperature is temperature measured using the Kelvin scale where zero is absolute zero. The zero
point is the temperature at which particles of matter have their minimum motion and can become no colder
(minimum energy).