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Quadratic Equation Lecture Notes
Quadratic Equation Lecture Notes
Equations
1.
Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Polynomial:
y = ax2 + bx + c; a ≠ 0
a = leading coefficient
b = coefficient of linear term
c = absolute term
y = f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
In case
a = 0, b ≠ 0 ⇒ y = bx + c is linear polynomial
a = c = 0, b ≠ 0 ⇒ y = bx is odd linear polynomial
Cubic Polynomial:
y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d; a ≠ 0
a = leading coefficient
d = absolute term
ax2 + bx + c = 0
b
Roots of quadratic equation: Sum of roots = −
a
y = ax2 + bx + c = 0
c
−b ± b2 − 4ac Product of roots =
x= a
2a
D = b2 – 4ac
Where D = b2 – 4ac is called discriminant.
2.
Q. Plot y = x2 + 2x + 2
A. y = x2 + 2x + 2 = (x + 1)2 + 1
D = 22 – 8 = –4 < 0
x 0 1 2 3 4 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 ∞ -∞
y 2 5 10 17 26 1 2 5 10 17 ∞ ∞
Q. Plot y = x2 – 4x + 4
A. y = x2 – 4x + 4 = (x–2)2
D = 0 ⇒ y ≥ 0, x ∈ R
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 –1 –2 ∞ –∞
y 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 9 16 ∞ ∞
Quadratic Equations
3.
(iii) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)
when a > 0 and D > 0
Q. Plot y = x2 – 3x + 2
A. D = 32 – 4(2) = 1 > 0
x 0 1 2 3 4 3/2 ∞ –∞
y 2 0 0 2 6 –1/4 ∞ ∞
y > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (– ∞ , 1) ∪ (2, ∞ )
y < 0 ⇒ x ∈ (1, 2)
y = 0 ⇒ x ∈ {1, 2}
Q. Plot y = –x2 – 2x – 2
A. y = – (x + 1)2 – 1
D<0
Leading coefficient < 0
x 0 1 2 3 –1 –2 –3 ∞ –∞
y –2 –5 –10 –17 –1 –2 –5 –∞ –∞
Quadratic Equations
4.
(v) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)
when a < 0 and D = 0
Q. Plot y = – x2 + 4x – 4
A. = – (x – 2)2
D=0
x 0 1 2 3 4 –1 ∞ –∞
y –4 –1 0 –1 –4 –9 –∞ –∞
Q. Plot y = –x2 + 3x – 2
A. y = – (x – 1) (x – 2)
D>0
x 0 1 2 3 4 –1 –2 ∞ –∞
Quadratic Equations
y –2 0 0 –2 –6 –6 –12 –∞ –∞
5.
Co–ordinate of vertex:
y = ax2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)
b
x = −
2a
D
y = −
4a
Nature of roots
y = ax2 + bx + c, (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R) Know the facts
D > 0 ⇔ roots are real and distinct (unequal) If p + iq is one root of a quadratic
equation then the other root must
be the conjugate p –iq and vice
D = 0 ⇔ roots are real and coincident (equal)
versa (p, q ∈ R and i = −1 )
provided coefficients are real.
D < 0 ⇔ roots are imaginary
Point to Remember!!!
Nature of roots
Consider the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ Q
and a ≠ 0 then
(i) If D is perfect square, then roots
are rational.
(ii) If α = p + q is one root in this
will be p − q .
6.
Examples:
A. (C)
Given equation is
3x2 – 2 (a+ b+ c)x + (ab + bc + ca) = 0
Now D = 4 (a + b + c)2–4 × 3 (ab + bc + ca)
= 2 {(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2}
Clearly, D ≥ 0 ⇒ both roots are always real.
A. (A)
Let |x| = t
∴ given equation is t2 – 3t + 2 = 0
(t – 1) (t – 2) = 0
t = 1, t=2
|x| = 1, |x| = 2
x = ± 1 , x=±2
Q. Let f(x) be a quadratic expression which is positive for all real values of x.
If g(x) = f(x) + f’(x) + f”(x) then for any real x :
(A) g(x) < 0 (B) g(x) > 0 (C) g(x) = 0 (D) g(x) ≥ 0
A. (B)
Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)
Also, f(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ a > 0 and D < 0
Hence b2 – 4ac < 0 …(i)
Now g(x) = (ax2 + bx + c) + (2ax + b) + 2a = ax2 + (b + 2a)x + (b + c + 2a)
D = (b + 2a)2 – 4a (b + c + 2a)
= b2 + 4a2 + 4ab – 4ab – 4ac – 8a2
= b2 – 4a2 – 4ac
= (b2 – 4ac) – 4a2 < 0 {from (i)}
Hence for g(x); D < 0, a > 0
⇒ g(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
A. (C)
As α, β are roots of equation (x – a) (x – b) – c =0
hence (x – a) (x – b) – c = (x – α) (x – β)
⇒ (x – a) (x – b) = (x – α) (x – β) + c
Clearly, roots of equation (x – α) (x – β) + c = 0 are a, b
7.
True/False
Q. If a < b < c < d then the roots of the equation
(x – a) (x – c) + 2(x – b) (x – d) = 0 are real and distinct
A. True
Let f(x) = (x – a) (x – c) + 2(x – b) (x – d)
Now f(a) = 2(a – b) (a – d) > 0
f(b) = (b – a) (b – c) < 0
f(c) = 2(c – b) (c – d) < 0
f(d) = (d – a) (d – c) > 0
Also, graph of f(x) is upward parabola.
Clearly, both roots of f(x) = 0 are real and distinct.
A. B
D<0
(2a)2 – 4 (10 – 3a) < 0
4(a2 – 10 + 3a) < 0
a2 + 5a – 2a – 10 < 0
a(a + 5) – 2(a + 5) < 0
(a – 2) (a + 5) < 0
⇒ a ∈ (–5, 2)
8.
A. D
Let f(x) = (x – a) (x – b) – 1
Now f(a) = – 1
f(b) = –1
As f(x) is a upward parabola
Clearly, f(x) = 0 have one root in (–∞, a) and
other in (b, ∞ )
Q. Prove that x – 24x – 18x + 39x + 1155 = 0 doesn’t have integral roots.
8 7 5 2
A. (x
+ 39x ) – 6(4x + 3x ) +1155 = 0
8
For x ∈ I
2 7 5
…(i)
x8 + 39x2 ⇒ even
6(4x7 + 3x5) ⇒ even
∴ equation (i) cannot be true.
Q. If the equation sin4x – (K+2) sin2x – (K+3) = 0 has a solution then K
must lie in the interval
(A) (–4, –2) (B) [–3, 2) (C) (–4, –3) (D) [–3, –2]
A. D 2
(K + 2) ± (K + 2) + 4 (K + 3 )
sin2x =
2
(K + 2) ± (K2 + 8K + 16
=
2
(K + 2) ± (K + 4)
=
Quadratic Equations
2
K + 3, – 1
Clearly sin2x ≠ – 1 hence the equation to have a solution sin2x = K + 3
0 ≤ K + 3 ≤ 1
– 3 ≤ K ≤ – 2
9.
Q. If a, b ∈ R, a ≠ 0 and the quadratic equation ax2 – bx + 1 = 0 has imaginary
roots then a + b+ 1 is
(A) Positive (B) Negative
(C) zero (D) Depends on sign of b
A. A
∵ roots are imaginary of given equation.
∴ D < 0 ⇒ b2 – 4a < 0
Now let f(x) = ax2 – bx + 1
for which D < 0, f(0) = 1 > 0
Hence graph of f(x) is
⇒ f(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
∴ f(– 1) > 0
a+b+1>0
A. ABCD
Graph cuts x –axis at two distinct point
∴ D > 0 ⇒ b2 – 4ac > 0
Graph is upward parabola
⇒ a>0
Graph cuts negative y– axis
⇒ f(0) = c < 0
Also, vertex lies in IV quadrant
−b
⇒ >0
2a
b
⇒ < 0
2a
⇒ b<0
10.
Formation of quadratic equation
x2– (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0
Q. Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is tan75°
( 3)
2
Now α + β = 4, αβ = 22 − = 1 required equation is
x2 – ( α + β ) x + αβ = 0
x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
Q. Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is cos 36°
A. (1 + 5 )
one root α = cos 36° =
4
∴ other root β =
(1 − 5 ) as coefficients are rational
4
( )
2
1 12 − 5 1
Now α + β = , αβ
= =−
2 16 4
Required equation is:
x2 – ( α + β ) x + αβ
=0
1 1
x2 − x − = 0
2 4
⇒ 4x2– 2x– 1=0
Q. Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is tan
π
8
( 2)
2
Now α + β = – 2, αβ = ( −1) −
2
= −1
Required equation is:
Quadratic Equations
x2 − ( α + β ) x + αβ = 0
x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
11.
Q. If α, β are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 then form a
quadratic equation whose roots are α + α − α + 22 and β + 4β − 7β + 35
3 2 3 2
A. α2 − 2α + 5 = 0 , β − 2β + 5 = 0
2
(
α3 + α2 − α + 22 = α2 − 2α + 5 ( α + 3 ) + 7 = 7 )
3 2
(
β + 4β − 7β + 35 = β − 2β + 5 ( β + 6 ) + 5 = 5
2
)
equation with roots 7, 5 is x2 – 12x + 35 = 0
Q. n+ 2
2 – 17x – 6 = 0, has roots α and β . Let an = α + β
x
n− 2
find the value of
a 10 − 6a8
a9
A. ( (
a 10 − 6a8 = α 12 + β8 − 6 α 10 + β6 ) )
= ( α − 6α ) + ( β − 6β )
12 10 8 6
a 10 − 6a8 = α 10 ( α − 6) + β (β − 6)
2 6 2
…(i)
α2 − 17α − 6 = 0 ⇒ α2 − 6 = 17α
Similarly, β − 6 = 17β
2
11 7
(
= 17 α + β = 17a9 )
a10 − 6a8
Hence = 17
a9
A. α2 − aα + b = 0
n− 1
Multiply by α then αn+ 1 = aαn − bαn− 1 … (i)
Similarly βn+ 1 = aβn − bβn− 1 … (ii)
(i) + (ii)
(α ) ( ) ( )
Quadratic Equations
n+ 1
+ βn+ 1 = a αn + βn − b αn− 1 + βn− 1
Vn+ 1 = a Vn − b Vn−1
12.
Q. Find monic cubic polynomial with f(1) =1, f(2) =4, f(3) = 9
Q. Solve (x – 7) (x – 3) (x + 5) (x + 1) = 1680
A. (x – 7) (x + 5) (x – 3) (x + 1) = 1680
(x2 – 2x – 35) (x2 – 2x – 3) = 1680
Let x2 – 2x – 3 = α
Then ( α − 32 ) α = 1680
α2 – 32α – 1680 = 0
(α – 60) (α + 28) = 0
α – 60 = 0, α + 28 = 0
x2 – 2x – 63 = 0 x2 – 2x + 25 = 0
(x – 9) (x + 7) = 0 D<0
x = – 7, 9
Q. ( ) ( )
x2 − 3 x2 − 3
Solve 5 + 2 6 + 5−2 6 = 10
A. (5 + 2 6 )(5 − 2 6 ) = 1
1
∴ (5 + 2 6 )
x2 − 3
= = t (let)
(5 − 2 6 )
x2 − 3
1
Now equation t + = 10 ⇒ t2 – 10t + 1 = 0
t
10 ± 96
t= =5±2 6
2
t = 5±2 6 ,
(5 + 2 6 ) ( )( ) ( )
x2 − 3 x2 − 3 −1
= 5+2 6 , 5+2 6 = 5+2 6
x2 – 3 = 1, x2 – 3 = – 1
x = ± 2, x=± 2
x = {±√2, ± 2}
Quadratic Equations
13.
Inequalities
Rule:
1. Adding positive number both sides inequality remains same.
Ex. 2 > 1 ⇒ 3 > 2
3. M
ultiply and divide by positive number doesn’t affect inequality but
multiplying or dividing inequality with negative number changes sign of
inequality.
Ex. 4 > 2 ⇒ – 2 < – 1
Q.1 x2 + x + 1 > 0
Q.2 x2 – 3x + 4 < 0
Q.4 4. – x2 – 2x – 4 > 0
14.
Type–2: Expression which can be factorized:
Steps:
(i) Factorize in linear as much as possible.
(ii) M
ake coefficient of x as 1 in all linear by multiplying and dividing by
appropriate number.
A. (x – 3) (x + 2) x(x + 6) > 0
x ∈ (– ∞, – 6) ∪ (– 2, 0) ∪ (3, ∞) + +
• − • • − • +
−6 −2 0 3 x
Type – 3:
Q.2 2– x– x2 ≥ 0
A. x2 + x – 2 ≤ 0
(x + 2) (x – 1) ≤ 0
+ •
− • +
−2 1 x
x ∈ [–2, 1]
15.
Q.3 3x2 – 7x + 4 ≥ 0
A. 3x2 – 3x – 4x + 4 ≥ 0 + •
− • +
3x(x – 1) – 4 (x – 1) ≥ 0 1 4 x
3
(3x – 4) (x – 1) ≥ 0
4
x ∈ ( −∞, 1] ∪ , ∞
3
A. x ∈ (– ∞, – 1) ∪ (3, ∞) + • − • − •
+
−1 2 3 x
A. x ∈ (– 6, – 2) ∪ (– 2, 0) ∪ (3, ∞) −
•
−6
+ •
−2
+ •
0
−
•
3
+
x
A. x ∈ (– 1, 1) ∪ (1, 4) + • − • − •
+
x
−1 1 4
( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 )
Q. ( x − 4) ( x − 5)
<0
A. x ∈ ( −∞, 1) ∪ ( 2, 3) ∪ ( 4, 5 ) −
1
• +
2
• − •
3
+ •
4
−
5
• +
x
2x − 3
Q. 3x − 7
<0
2 ( x − 3 / 2) + − +
Quadratic Equations
A.
• •
<0 3 7 x
3 ( x − 7 / 3)
2 3
( x − 3 / 2) 3 7
< 0 ; x ∈ ,
( x − 7 / 3) 2 3
16.
Q. 2x − 3
3x − 7
≥0
+ +
A. 3 • − •
2x − 3 7 x
2 ≥0
2 3
7
3x −
3
( x − 3 / 2)
≥0
( x − 7 / 3)
3 7
x ∈ −∞, ∪ , ∞
2 3
2 6
x3 ( 2x − 3) ( x − 4 )
Q. 3 4
≤ 0
( x − 3) ( 3x − 8)
A. 8 8
x ∈ 0, ∪ , 3 ∪ {4}
+ •
0
− •
3
− • − •
3
+
•
4
+
x
3 3 8
2 3
x2 − 5x + 12
Q. x2 − 4x + 5
>3
A. For x2 – 4x +5 + • − •
+
x
D = 16 – 4(5) < 0, a = 1 > 0 ⇒ always positive 1 3
Hence By cross multiplication 2
x2 – 5x + 12 > 3x2 – 12x + 15
2x2 – 7x + 3 < 0 ⇒ 2x2 – 6x – x + 3 < 0
(2x – 1) (x – 3) < 0
1
x ∈ , 3
2
x2 − 5x + 6
Q. x2 + x + 1
< 0
A. For x2 + x + 1
D = 12 – 4.1.1 < 0, a > 0 ⇒ always positive.
+
2
• − •
3
+
x
Hence given inequality reduces to x2 – 5x + 6 < 0
(x – 2) (x – 3) < 0
Quadratic Equations
X ∈ (2, 3)
17.
Q.
2 3
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
<0
x4 ( x − 2)
A. x ∈ (– 1, 0) ∪ (0, 1) ∪ (1, 2) + • − • − • − • +
x
−1 0 1 2
x+1 x+5
Q. ≥
x−1 x+1
A. x+1 x+5
− ≥ 0
− •
−1
+ •
1
− •
3
+
x
x−1 x+1
2
( x + 1) − ( x − 1) ( x + 5 )
⇒ ≥ 0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
⇒
(x 2
+ 2x + 1) − ( x2 + 4x − 5 )
≥0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
−2x + 6
⇒ ≥0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
−2 ( x − 3 )
⇒ ≥0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
( x − 3)
⇒ ≤0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
x ∈ (-∞, –1) ∪ (1,3]
Q. 2 ( x − 4)
≥
1
( x − 1) ( x − 7 ) ( x − 2)
A. 2 ( x − 4)
−
1
≥0 − • + • − • +
x
( x − 1) ( x − 7 ) ( x − 2) 1 2 7
2 ( x − 4 ) ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 1) ( x − 7 )
⇒ ≥0
( x − 1) ( x − 7 ) ( x − 2 )
x2 – 4x + 9
⇒ ≥0
(x − 1) (x − 7) (x − 2)
Consider ( x − 4x + 9) :2
Quadratic Equations
18.
Q. x2 + 6x − 7
<0
x+4
( x + 1) ( x − 3 )
Q. Let y =
( x − 2)
. Find the real values of x for which y takes real values.
A. ( x + 1) ( x − 3 ) − • + • − •
+
y to be real ≥0 x
( x − 2) −1 2 3
x ∈ [–1, 2) ∪ [3, ∞)
A. 2x
−
1
≥0 + • − • + • − • +
2x + 5x + 2 x + 1
2
−2 −1 −2 −1 x
2x ( x + 1) − ( 2x + 5x + 2 )
2 3 2
⇒ ≥0
(2x 2
+ 5x + 2 ) ( x + 1)
( 3x + 2)
⇒ ≤0
(2x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x + 1)
−2 −1
x ∈ ( −2, −1) ∪ ,
3 2
Q. Solve x2 + 4x + 3 + 2x + 5 = 0
+ − +
A. Consider x2 + 4x + 3 = ( x + 1) ( x + 3 ) •
−3 −1
•
x
Case– I:
Let x2 + 4x + 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −3] ∪ [ −1, ∞ )
Quadratic Equations
19.
Case– II:
Let x2 + 4x + 3 < 0 ⇒ x ∈ ( −3, −1)
then equation becomes − ( x2 + 4x + 3 ) + 2x + 5 = 0
−2 ± 4 + 4 ( 2)
x= = −1 ± 3
2
(
⇒ x = −1 − 3 ) …(ii)
Now, (i) U (ii)
{
So, x = −4, −1 − 3 }
Q. (x 2
+ 3x + 1) ( x2 + 3x − 3) ≥ 5
A. Let x2 + 3x = α + • − •
+ • − • +
x
−4 −2 −1 1
( α + 1)( α − 3) − 5 ≥ 0 ⇒ α 2
− 2α − 8 ≥ 0
⇒ (α - 4) (α + 2) ≥ 0
⇒ ( x2 + 3x − 4 ) ( x2 + 3x + 2 ) ≥ 0
⇒ (x + 4) (x –1) (x + 1) (x + 2) ≥ 0
x ∈ (–∞, –4] ∪ [–2, –1] ∪ [1, ∞)
Q. 1<
3x2 − 7x + 8
x2 + 1
≤2
A. x2 + 1 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
∴ given inequality is
x2 + 1 < 3x2 − 7x + 8 ≤ 2x2 + 2
⇒ x2 + 1 < 3x2 − 7x + 8 and 3x2 − 7x + 8 ≤ 2x2 + 2
2x2 − 7x + 7 > 0 and x2 − 7x + 6 ≤ 0
2x − 7x + 7 > 0 and ( x − 1) ( x − 6 ) ≤ 0
(For 2x2–7x + 7 > 0; D < 0, a > 0)
∴ x ∈ R ∙ x ∈ [1,6]
x ∈ [1, 6]
Quadratic Equations
20.
Q. Find the set of values of ‘a’ for which the quadratic polynomials
(i) ( a + 4 ) x2 − 2ax + 2a − 6 < 0, ∀x ∈ R
(ii) ( a − 1) x2 − ( a + 1) x + ( a + 1) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
A. (i)
Case–I: a + 4 ≠ 0
D < 0 and (a + 4) < 0
4a − 4 ( a + 4 ) 2 ( a − 3 ) < 0 and a < –4
2
a2 − 2 ( a2 + a − 12) < 0
a2 + 2a − 24 > 0
(a + 6) (a – 4) > 0
a ∈ (–∞, –6) ∪ (4, ∞)
Also, a < – 4
Hence a ∈ (–∞, –6) …(i)
Case–II: a + 4 = 0 ⇒ a = –4
then given inequality becomes
(0) x2 + 8x − 14 < 0, ∀ x ∈ R
Which is not possible ⇒ a ∈ ϕ …(ii)
(i) U (ii)
∴ a ∈ (–∞, –6)
(ii) Case–I: a – 1 ≠ 0
then D < 0 and a – 1 > 0
(a + 1)2 – 4(a – 1) (a + 1) < 0 and a > 1
(a + 1) {(a + 1) – 4(a – 1)} < 0
(a + 1) (5 – 3a) < 0
(a + 1) (3a – 5) > 0
5
a ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ , ∞
3
5
Also, a > 1 ∴ a ∈ , ∞ …(i)
3
Case–II: a – 1 = 0 ⇒ a = 1
given inequality becomes
(0)x2 – 2x + 2 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
which is not possible ⇒ a ∈ ϕ …(ii)
(i) ∪ (iii)
Quadratic Equations
5
∴ a ∈ , ∞
3
21.
Q. ind the least integer value of ‘m’ for which the angle between the two vectors
F
ˆ is acute for every x ∈ R
v 1 = x2ˆi − 4ˆj + ( 3m + 1) k̂ and v 2 = m î − xĵ + k
A.
If there is the acute angle between v 1 and v 2 then v 1 .v 2 > 0
mx2 + 4x + (3m + 1) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
Case–I: If m ≠ 0
then D < 0 and m > 0
16 – 4m (3m + 1) < 0 and m > 0
4 - 3m2 – m < 0 and m > 0
3m2 + m – 4 > 0 and m > 0
(3m + 4) (m – 1) > 0 and m > 0
−4
m ∈ −∞, ∪ ( 1, ∞ ) and m > 0
3
∴ m ∈ (1, ∞) … (i)
Case–II: If m = 0
then given inequality become
(0)x2 + 4x + 1 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
which is not possible
hence m cannot be zero ⇒ m ∈ ϕ … (ii)
(i) ∪ (ii)
∴ m ∈ (1, ∞)
Q. he set of values of ‘a’ for which the inequality (x–3a) (x–a–3) < 0 is satisfied
T
for all x ∈ [1, 3] is
1 1
(A) , 3 (B) 0, (C) (–2, 0) (D) (–2, 3)
3 3
A. B
Let f(x) = (x – 3a) (x – a – 3)
f(x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ [1, 3]
f(1) < 0 and f(3) < 0
(1 – 3a) (1 – a – 3) < 0 and (3 – 3a) (3 – a – 3) < 0
(3a – 1) (a + 2) < 0 and 3(a – 1) a < 0
1
a ∈ −2, and a ∈ (0, 1)
3
a ∈(0,1/3)
22.
TRUE / FALSE
Q. y
(i) For given graphW of y = ax2 + bx + c we have a > 0
A. False
A. True
y
Clearly, y-intercept > 0 ⇒ c > 0
(0,c)
A. True
23.
Q. (iv) For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, we have −
b
>0
y
a
−b −b
>0⇒ >0
2a a
A. Flase
A. True
−b b
>0⇒ <0
a a
Quadratic Equations
24.
D
Q. For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, we have
4a
>0 y
A. False
D D
Ordinate of vertex = − >0⇒ <0
4a 4a
that c ( a + b + c ) > 0
⇒ (c + a) = 121
Put in (iii)
a + b + c + d = 10(121) = 1210
25.
α
Q. Let α, β be the roots of the equation x2 – px + r = 0 and
2
, 2β be the roots
of the equation x2 − qx + r = 0 . then the value of r is
2 2
(A) (p − q) ( 2q − p ) (B) ( q − p ) ( 2p − q)
9 9
2 2
(C) (q − 2p) (2q − p) (D) ( 2p − q)( 2q − p)
9 9
A. D
x2 – px + r = 0 ...(1);
x2 − qx + r = 0 ...(2)
α + β = p, αβ = r (from equation 1)
α
+ 2β = q (from equation 2)
2
( 2p − q) = 32α ⇒ α = 23 ( 2p − q)
( 2q − p) = 3β ⇒ β = 31 ( 2q − p)
now αβ = r
2 1
hence ( 2p − q) . ( 2q − p ) = r
3 3
A. (–4, 7)
If coefficients are real then complex roots are in conjugate pair
∴ roots α = 2 + i 3 and β = 2 − i 3
α + β = –p ⇒ p = –4
( )
2 2
α.β = q ⇒ q = (2) − i 3 = 4+3= 7
(p, q) = (–4, 7)
Q. If the product of real roots of the equation x2 − 3kx + 2e2logk − 1 = 0 is 7, then
k = ..........
Quadratic Equations
A. 2
2
Product of roots = 2elogk − 1 = 7
⇒ 2k2 = 8 ⇒ k = ± 2
but for k = –2, log k is not defined
Now, for k = 2 equation is x2 – 6x + 7 = 0 ⇒ D ≥ 0.
So, k = 2
26.
Q. If x, y and z a re real and different and u = x2 + 4y 2 + 9z2 − 6yz − 3zx − 2xy , then
u is always
(A) non-negative (B) Zero (C) non-positive (D) positive
A. A
2 2
u = x2 + ( 2y ) + ( 3z ) − ( 2y ) ( 3z ) − ( x ) ( 3z ) − ( 2y ) ( x )
1
u=
2
{( x − 2y )
2 2
+ ( 2y − 3z ) + ( 3z − x )
2
}
u > 0 ⇒ u is positive as x, y, z are different.
x = 6, y = 3, z = 2 for these values u = 0
Q. If one root is square of the other root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 then the
relation between p and q is
(A) p3 − (3p − 1) q + q2 = 0 (B) p3 − q (3p + 1) + q2 = 0
A. A
Let root α, α2
α + α2 = −p, α.α2 = q ⇒ α3 = q
( α + α ) = (–p)
3 3
2
(
⇒ α3 + α6 + 3α. α2 α + α2 = −p3 )
⇒ q + q2 + 3q ( −p ) = −p3
⇒ p3 – q ( 3p − 1) + q2 = 0
Q. The sum of the all the values of ‘m’ for which the roots x1 and x2 of the quadratic
equation x2 – 2mx + m = 0 satisfy the condition x31 + x23 = x21 + x22 , is
3 9 5
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D)
4 4 4
A. D
x1 + x2 = 2m, x1x2 = m
x31 + x23 = x21 + x22
∴ (x1 + x2)3 – 3x1x2 (x1 + x2) = (x1 + x2)2 – 2x1x2
⇒ 8m3–3m(2m) = 4m2 – 2m
Quadratic Equations
⇒ 8m3–10m2 + 2m = 0
⇒ 2m(4m2 – 5m + 1) = 0
⇒ 2m(4m2 – 4m – m + 1) = 0
⇒ 2m(4m – 1) (m – 1) = 0
1 1 5
m = 0 , , 1 ⇒ sum = 0 + + 1 =
4 4 4
27.
Q. If α, β are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the sum of the roots of
( ) ( )
the equation a2 x2 + b2 − 2ac x + b2 − 4ac = 0 in terms of α and β is given by
( )
(A) − α − β (B) ( α + β ) − 2αβ (C) α β + β α − 4αβ (D) − α + β ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A. D
−b c
α+β = , αβ =
a a
b2 − 2ac
Sum of roots of second equation = −
a2
2
−b c
= − + 2
a a
(
= − ( α + β ) + 2αβ = − α2 + β2 )
2
Q. ( )
If α and β are the roots of a x − 1 + 2bx = 0 then, which one of the following are
2
A. B
Given equation ax2 + 2bx − a = 0
2b
α+β = − , αβ = −1
a
1 1 α+β
2α + + 2β + = 2 ( α + β ) + = 2 ( α + β) − ( α + β) = α + β
β α αβ
1 1 1
2α + 2β + = 4αβ + 2 + 2 +
β α αβ
= – 4 + 2 + 2 – 1 = –1
A. x = 3+ 5 ⇒ x−3 = 5
Quadratic Equations
2
( x − 3) = 5 ⇒ x2 − 6x + 4 = 0
Now, x4 – 12x3 + 44x2 – 48x + 17
= (x2 – 6x + 4) (x2 – 6x + 4) + 1
=0×0+1=1
28.
Q. If p(q – r)x2 + q(r – p)x + r(p – q) = 0 has equal roots. Show that
2 1 1
= +
q p r
A. Clearly x = 1 satisfies the given eqn then other root is also 1
r ( p − q)
Now, Product of roots = 1 =
p (q − r )
p(q – r) = r(p – q) ⇒ pq – pr = pr – qr
⇒ 2pr = pq + qr
divide by pqr
2 1 1
= +
q r p
A. BD
2
1 1
x + = x + 2 + 2 = 16
2
x x
1
⇒ x + = 4 (∵ x > 0)
x
3
1 1 1
x + 3 = x + − 3x +
3
x x x
= 64 – 3(4) = 52
1 1 1 1
now x5 + 5 = x3 + 3 x2 + 2 − x +
x x x x
= 52 × 14 – 4 = 724
A. C
D = 25 ( + m) + 4 ( − m) . 2 ( − m)
2
2 2
= 25 ( + m) + 8 ( − m) > 0
29.
Let a, b, c be real numbers with a ≠ 0 and let α, β be the roots of the
Q.
equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 . Express the roots of a3 x2 + abcx + c3 = 0 in terms
of α, β .
A. α+β =
−b
, αβ =
c
a a
for second equation
abc bc b c
Sum of roots = − 3 = − 2 = − = ( α + β ) .αβ = α β + αβ …(i)
2 2
a a a a
3
c3 c
= ( αβ ) = α2β . αβ2 …(ii)
3
Product of roots = 3 =
a a
Clearly from (i) and (ii)
roots are α β, αβ
2 2
A. α + β = –p, αβ = q
γ + δ = – r, γδ = s
now (α-γ) (β-γ) (α-δ) (β-δ)
( ) ( αβ − ( α + β) δ + δ )
= αβ − ( α + β ) γ + γ 2 2
= ( q + pγ + γ )( q + pδ + δ )
2 2
= (q + pγ – s – rγ) (q + pδ – s – rδ)
= {(q – s) + (p – r) γ} {(q – s) + (p – r)δ}
2
= ( q − s ) − r (p − r ) ( q − s ) + s (p − r )
2
Identity:
Know the facts
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 is identity, then number of
3 distinct real roots of quadratic
roots are infinite and a = b = c = 0
⇒ Infinite roots
Quadratic Equations
30.
Q. Find the value of p for which the equation
(p + 2) (p − 1) x2 + (p − 1) (2p + 1) + x (p2 − 1) = 0 has infinite roots.
A. It must be an identity
hence (p + 2 ) (p − 1) = 0 and (p − 1) ( 2p + 1) = 0 & (p2 − 1) = 0
1
p = –2, 1 and p = 1, − and p = 1, –1
2
∴ common value is p = 1
A. 2p – q = 0
q = 2p
and p–1=0
p=1
hence p = 1, q = 2
31.
Symmetric function:
If f(α, β) = f(β, α) ∀ α, β
Then f(α, β) is called symmetric function
of α, β
A. 5
− , −
7
Quadratic Equations
4 4
x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 ⇒ (x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
x = 1, 2
If x = 1 is common root then
3(1)2 + 4k (1) + 2 = 0
32.
5 + 4k = 0
⇒ k = – 5/4
If x = 2 is common root then
3(2)2 + 4k(2) + 2 = 0
14 + 8k = 0
⇒ k = – 7/4
A. p
=
5
=
2
3 10 q
3
⇒p= ,q = 4
2
A. x2 – 4x + 5 = 0
D = 16 – 4(5) < 0 ⇒ Imaginary roots.
Also, coefficients of second equation are real hence only one root cannot
be common
1 a b
⇒ = =
1 −4 5
⇒ a = –4, b = 5
⇒ ( 2sinθ − 1) = 0
2
⇒ 2sinθ − 1 = 0
Quadratic Equations
1
⇒ sinθ =
2
π 5π
⇒ θ= ,
6 6
33.
Q. If the quadratic equation x2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + cx + b = 0 , b ≠ c have a
common root then prove that their uncommon roots are roots of the
equation x2 + x + bc = 0
α + γ = −c, αγ = b
α is common root
∴ α2 + bα + c = 0 …(i)
_ α 2 + cα + b = 0 …(ii)
– –
0 + (b − c ) α + ( c − b ) = 0 ⇒ (b − c ) α = (b − c ) ⇒ α = 1
1.β = c ⇒ β = c
now uncommon roots
1.γ = b ⇒ γ = b
required equation, x2 – (b + c)x + bc = 0
x2 – (–1)x + bc = 0 {put α = 1 in (i)}
x2 + x + bc = 0 Hence proved.
34.
(ii) – 4 × (i):
a
2α –a = 0 ⇒ α =
2
a2 a
from (i): − +a =0
4 2
⇒ a2 − 2a + 4a = 0 ⇒ a(a + 2) = 0
⇒ a = 0, –2
Q. If Q1 ( x ) = x2 + (k − 29) x − k
Q2 ( x ) = 2x2 + ( 2k − 43) x + k
both are factors of a cubic polynomial then find k.
A. Q1(x) = 0 and Q2(x) = 0 have atleast one common root but both roots cannot
be common ( coeff. are not in proportion)
hence
x2 + (k – 29)x – k = 0
2x2 + (2k – 43)x + k=0 have only one common root (let α)
∴ α2 + (k – 29)α – k = 0 …(i)
2α2 + (2k – 43)α + k = 0 …(ii)
(ii) – 2 × (i)
−k
15α + 3k =0 ⇒ α =
5
from (i)
k2 k2 29k
− + −k = 0
25 5 5
4 2 24
⇒ k = k ⇒ k = 0, 30
25 5
Q. If x2 + abx + c = 0 & x2 + acx + b=0 have only one common root then show
that quadratic equation with roots as their other uncommon roots is a(b +
c)x2 +(b + c)x – abc = 0
∴ α2 + abα + c = 0 …(i)
α + acα + b = 0
2
…(ii)
(i) – (ii)
1
0 + a(b – c)α +(c – b) = 0 ⇒ a(b– c)α = (b – c) ⇒ α =
a
35.
1
. β = c ⇒ β = ac
a
Now uncommon roots
1
. γ = b ⇒ γ = ab
a
1
put α = in (i)
a
1 1
+b+c = 0 ⇒ = −a (b + c )
a 2
a
⇒ a (b + c ) x2 + (b + c ) x − abc = 0 Hence Proved.
A. B
Let α be the common root then
α2 + bα − 1 = 0 …(i)
α2 + α + b = 0 …(ii)
(i) – (ii)
(b − 1) α = ( 1 + b) ⇒ α = bb +− 11
2
b + 1 b + 1
from (ii) + +b = 0
b − 1 b − 1
2 2
(b + 1) + (b + 1) (b − 1) + b (b − 1) = 0
⇒ ( 2b2 + 2b ) + (b3 − 2b2 + b ) = 0
⇒ b3 + 3b = 0
⇒ b = 0, ± 3i
Quadratic Equations
36.
Fill in the blank:
Q. If the quadratic equations x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + bx + a = 0 (a ≠ b) have a
common root, then the numerical value of a + b is ….......
A. –1
Let common root be α
x2 + ax + b = 0 (α, β are its roots)
x2 + bx + a = 0 (α, γ are its roots)
now α + β = −a, αβ = b
α + γ = −b, αγ = a
α is common root
∴ α2 + aα + b = 0 …(i)
α2 + bα + a = 0 …(ii)
(i) – (ii)
0 + (a – b)α + (b – a) = 0 ⇒ (a – b)α = (a – b)⇒ α = 1
put α = 1 in (i) gives.
a+b=–1
Q. If every solution of the equation 3cos2 x − cosx − 1 = 0 is a solution of the
equation acos2 2x + bcos2x − 1 = 0 . Then the value of (a + b) is equal to
A. C
∵ 3cos2 x − 1 = cosx
∴ ( 3cos2 x − 1) = cos2 x
2
2
( 1 + cos2x ) 1 + cos2x
⇒ 3 − 1 =
2 2
2
( 3cos2x + 1) 1 + cos2x
⇒ =
4 2
37.
Q. If x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 have common root/roots and a, b,
c ∈ N then find minimum value of a + b + c
A. x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
D = 9 – 4(5) < 0 ⇒ imaginary roots also coefficient of equation are real
hence only one root cannot be common
∴ both roots will be common
a b c
⇒ = =
1 3 5
for minimum a = 1, b = 3, c = 5
∴ (a + b + c)min = 9
Q. etermine the value of m for which the equation 3x2 + 4mx + 2 = 0 and
D
2x2 – 3x –2 = 0 may have a common root.
A. 2x2 − 3x − 2 = 0 ⇒ ( 2x + 1) ( x − 2 ) = 0 x = −
1
,2
2
1
If x = − is common root, then
2
2
1 1
3 − + 4m − + 2 = 0
2 2
11
–8m + 11 = 0 ⇒ m =
8
If x = 2 is common root, then
7
14 + 8m = 0 ⇒ m = −
4
11 −7
⇒ m= ,
8 4
Q. For what value of a is the difference between the roots of the equation
(a − 2) x2 − (a − 4) x − 2 = 0 equal to 3?
A. Let roots α, β
a−4 −2
α+β = , αβ =
a−2 a−2
now α − β = 3
Quadratic Equations
⇒ ( α − β ) = ( α + β ) − 4αβ = 9
2 2
2
(a − 4) 8
⇒ + =9
(a − 2)
2
(a − 2)
38.
2 2
⇒ 9 (a − 2) − 8 (a − 2) − (a − 4) = 0
⇒ 8a2 − 36a + 36 = 0
⇒ 4 ( 2a2 − 9a + 9) = 0
⇒ 2a2 − 6a − 3a + 9 = 0
⇒ ( 2a − 3) ( a − 3) = 0
3
⇒ a= ,a = 3
2
Find all values of a for which the sum of the roots of the equation
Q. x2 − 2a ( x − 1) − 1 = 0 is equal to the sum of squares of its roots.
39.
Maximum and minimum value of Quadratic Expression:
b
y = ax2 + bx + c attains its maximum or minimum at point where x = −
2a
as a < 0 or a > 0, respectively.
Maximum and Minimum value can be obtained by making a perfect
square.
A. b = –2, a =
1
2
−b
Clearly = 2 ⇒ b = −4a
2a
now, p ( 2) = 6 ⇒ 4a + 2b + 8 = 6
−b + 2b + 8 = 6 ⇒ b = −2
−b 2 1
a= = =
4 4 2
A. −b − ( −3) 3
= =
2a 2 (2) 4
3
y is minimum if x =
4
2
3 3 9 9 −1
hence ymin = 2 − 3 + 1 = 2 ⋅ − +1=
4
4
16 4 8
A. −b
=
−5
=
5
2a 2 ( −2) 4
5
y is max. if x =
4
Quadratic Equations
2
5 5
hence ymax = 7 + 5 − 2
4 4
25 25 81
= 7 + − =
4 8 8
40.
Q. For x ≥ 2 smallest possible value of log 10 ( x3 − 4x2 + x + 26 ) − log 10 ( x + 2 )
A. x3 − 4x2 + x + 26 = ( x + 2 ) ( x2 − 6x + 13 )
= log 10 ( x2 − 6x + 13 ) = y (let )
ymin = log 10 4
Range of Linear:
y = ax + b; a ≠ 0 is y ∈ R
Q. y = f(x) = x + 1
A. ∵ f(x) is linear
∴y∈R
linear ax + b a
Range of : y = is R −
linear cx + d c
2x + 3
Q. y=
x+1
, Find range of y ?
A. ∵ y=
Linear
Linear
hence, y ∈ R – {2}
1
Q. y=
3x − 1
,Find range of y ?
( 0) x + 1
A. y=
3x − 1
0
y ∈ R − ⇒ y ∈ R − {0}
3
Q. ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 )
Quadratic Equations
y= , Find range of y ?
( x − 2) ( x − 3)
A. y = ( x − 1) ; x ≠ 2, 3
At x = 2, x − 1 = 1
At x = 3, x − 1 = 2
Hence, y ∈ R − {1, 2}
41.
Linear Quadratic Quadratic
, ,
Quadratic Quadratic Linear
Note:
Always Cross check for coefficient of x2 equal to zero.
Q. Find range of
x2 − x + 1
x2 + x + 1
A. Let y =
x2 − x + 1
x2 + x + 1
y ( x2 + x + 1 ) = x2 − x + 1
( y − 1) x2 + ( y + 1) x + ( y − 1) = 0 …(1)
Case–I: y − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
(1) is a quadratic and x ∈ R
⇒ it has real roots
∴ D ≥ 0
( y + 1 + 2y − 2 ) ( y + 1 − 2y + 2 ) ≥ 0
( 3y − 1) ( 3 − y ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( 3y − 1) ( y − 3 ) ≤ 0
1
y ∈ , 3 ∩ y ≠ 1
3
1
Hence, y ∈ , 3 − {1} …(2)
3
Case–II: y – 1 = 0 ⇒y=1
in (1) put y = 1
Quadratic Equations
( 0) x2 + 2x + 0 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, which is real
∴ y can be 1 …(3)
(2) ∪ (3)
1
y ∈ , 3
3
42.
x2 + 2x − 11
Q. Find range of
2 ( x − 3)
A. Let y =
x2 + 2x − 11
2 ( x − 3)
⇒ 2yx – 6y = x2 + 2x – 11
⇒ x2 + 2(1 – y)x + (6y – 11) = 0
∵x∈R
∴ roots of above equation are real hence D ≥ 0
2
4 ( 1 − y ) − 4 (6y − 11) ≥ 0
⇒ 4 {y 2 − 8y + 12} ≥ 0
⇒ (y 2
− 8y + 12 ) ≥ 0
⇒ ( y − 6) ( y − 2) ≥ 0
hence y ∈ ( −∞, 2] ∪ [6, ∞ )
x2 − 3x + 4
Find range of following
x2 + 3x + 4
x2 − 3x + 4
Let y =
x2 + 3x + 4
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + 3 ( y + 1) x + 4 ( y − 1) = 0 …(a)
Case–I: y – 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
then D ≥ 0
9(y + 1)2 – 4 ×(y – 1) × 4(y – 1) ≥ 0
⇒ ( 3y + 3 + 4y − 4 ) ( 3y + 3 − 4y + 4 ) ≥ 0
⇒ ( 7y − 1) ( 7 − y ) ≥ 0
⇒ ( 7y − 1) ( y − 7 ) ≤ 0
1
⇒ y ∈ , 7 ∩ y ≠ 1
7
1
hence y ∈ , 7 − {1} …(1)
7
Case–II: y − 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 1
Quadratic Equations
Put in (a)
(0)x2 + 6x + 0 = 0 ⇒x = 0 ∈ R
hence y can be 1 …(2)
(1) ∪ (2)
1
y ∈ , 7
7
43.
Q. ( x + 1) ( x − 2 )
Find range of
x ( x + 3)
A. Let y =
x2 − x − 2
x2 + 3x
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + ( 3y + 1) x + 2 = 0 …(a)
Case–I: y − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
then D ≥ 0
2
( 3y + 1) − 8 ( y − 1) ≥ 0
⇒ ( 9y 2 + 6y + 1) − 8y + 8 ≥ 0
⇒ 9y 2 − 2y + 9 ≥ 0 (a > 0, D < 0)
⇒ y ∈ R − {1} … (1)
Case–II: If y – 1 = 0 ⇒ y=1
from (a)
−1
( 0) x2 + 4x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x =
∈R
2
∴ y can be 1 …(2)
(1) ∪ (2)
y ∈ R
Q. Find range of
x2 + 2x − 2
x2 + 2x + 1
A. Let y =
x2 + 2x − 2
x2 + 2x + 1
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + 2 ( y − 1) x + ( y + 2) = 0 …(a)
Case–I: ( y − 1) ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
then D ≥ 0
2
4 ( y − 1) − 4 ( y − 1) ( y + 2 ) ≥ 0
⇒ 4 ( y − 1) {( y − 1) − ( y + 2 )} ≥ 0
⇒ ( y − 1) ≤ 0
⇒ y ∈ (– ∞, 1) …(1)
Quadratic Equations
Case–II : If y – 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 1
from (a)
(0) x2 + (0) x + 3 = 0 (not possible)
∴ y cannot be 1 …(2)
hence, y ∈ (– ∞, 1)
44.
x2 + 14x + 9
Q. Find range of following
x2 + 2x + 3
A. Let y =
x2 + 14x + 9
x2 + 2x + 3
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + 2 ( y − 7 ) x + 3 ( y − 3 ) = 0 …(a)
Case–I: y − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
then D ≥ 0
2
4 ( y − 7 ) − 4 ( y − 1) .3 ( y − 3 ) ≥ 0
⇒ 4 {y 2 − 14y + 49 − 3y 2 + 12y − 9} ≥ 0
⇒ 2y 2 + 2y − 40 ≤ 0
⇒ y 2 + y − 20 ≤ 0 ⇒ ( y + 5 ) ( y − 4 ) ≤ 0
⇒ y ∈ [–5,4] ∩ y ≠ 1
⇒ y ∈ [–5,4] – {1} … (1)
Case–II: y – 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 1
Put in (a)
(0)x2 – 12x – 6 = 0 ⇒ x = – ½ ∈ R
hence, y can be 1 …(2)
(1)∪(2)
y∈[– 5, 4]
x2 − 5x + 6
Q. Find range of
x2 − 4x + 3
A. ( x − 2) ( x − 3)
y=
( x − 3 ) ( x − 1)
x−2
= ,x ≠ 3
x−1
Range = R – {1, y(3)}
1
Range = R – 1,
2
45.
Case–I: 5y − 6 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 6 / 5
then D ≥ 0
2
4 ( 11 − 9y ) − 4 ( 5y − 6 ) ( 17y − 21) ≥ 0
5 6
⇒ y ∈ 1, − …(1)
4 5
Case–II: 5y – 6 = 0 ⇒ y = 6/5
Put in (a) we get
54 102
2 11 − x + − 21 = 0
5 5
2x 3
⇒ − =0
5 5
3
⇒ x = ∈ R
2
ax2 − 7x + 5
Q. Find all possible values of ‘a’ for which the expression
5x2 − 7x + a
may be
A. Let y =
ax2 − 7x + 5
5x2 − 7x + a
⇒ ( 5y − a ) x2 − 7 ( y − 1) x + ( ay − 5 ) = 0
Quadratic Equations
∵ x ∈ R ⇒ D ≥ 0
49(y – 1)2 – 4(5y – a)(ay – 5) ≥ 0 ∀ y ∈ R
49y2 – 98y + 49 – 20ay2 + 100y + 4a2y – 20a ≥ 0 ∀ y ∈ R
⇒ (49 – 20a)y2 + 2(2a2 + 1)y + (49 – 20a) ≥ 0 ∀ y∈ R
46.
Which implies
D ≤ 0 and 49 – 20a >0
49
4(2a2 + 1)2 – 4(49 – 20a)2 ≤ 0 and a <
20
49
(2a 2
+ 1 + 49 − 20a ) ( 2a2 + 1 − 49 + 20a ) ≤ 0 and a <
20
49
(2a − 20a + 50) ( 2a2 + 20a − 48) ≤ 0 and a <
2
20
+ • − • + •
+
−12 2 5
49
(a2 − 10a + 25) (a2 + 10a − 24) ≤ 0 and a < 20
2 49
(a − 5) (a + 12) (a − 2) ≤ 0 and a <
20
49
a ∈ [– 12, 2] ∪ {5} and a <
20
a ∈ [– 12, 2]
but for a=– 12 and a=2, Nr and Dr have common factors which implies y ∉ R
hence, a∈(– 12, 2)
A. Domain:
x2 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0
( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ≥ 0
x ∈ ( −∞, 1 ]∪[ 2, ∞ ) = Df
Range:
−D
(x 2
− 3x + 2 )
min
=
4a
− 9 − 4 ( 2 ) −1
= =
4 4
1
∴ x2 – 3x + 2 ∈ − , ∞
4
47.
General second degree in x and y
f(x, y )=ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
A. a = 2, 2h = 3, b = 1, 2g = 3, 2f = 2, c = 1
Condition for factorization, abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2
2 2
3 3 3 3 9 9 9
= 2 ( 1) ( 1) + 2 ( 1) − 2 ( 1) − 1 − 1 = 2 + − 2 − −
2
2 2 2 2 2 4 4
= 0 Hence Proved.
For factorization, 2x2 + 3xy + y2 = (2x + y)(x + y)
(2x + y + a)(x + y + b) = 2x2 + 3xy + y2 + 2y + 3x + 1
comparing coefficient of x ⇒ a + 2b = 3
→a=b=1
comparing coefficient of y ⇒ a + b = 2
Factors are 2x + y + 1, x + y + 1
A. a = 1, 2h = – 3, b = 2, 2g = – 2, 2f = – 3, c = – 35
Condition for factorization, abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2
2 2
3 3 3 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
=1(2) –35 + 2 − −1 − − 1 − − 2 −1 – −35 −
2 2 2 2
9 9 315 27 315
= −70 − − −2+ = −72 −
Quadratic Equations
+
2 4 4 4 4
= 0 Hence Proved.
48.
For factorization, x2 – 3xy + 2y2 = (x – 2y)(x – y)
(x – 2y + a)(x – y + b) = x2 – 3xy + 2y2 – 2x – 3y – 35
comparing coefficient of x ⇒ a + b = – 2
→ b = 5, a = −7
comparing coefficient of y ⇒ −a − 2b = −3
Factors are x − 2y − 7, x − y + 5
∵ x∈R⇒D≥0
9 − 4 × ( 16y 2 + 2 ) ≥ 0
(9 − 64y 2
− 8) ≥ 0
⇒ 64y 2 − 1 ≤ 0
1 1
(8y + 1) (8y − 1) ≤ 0 ⇒ y ∈ − ,
8 8
Now, given equation,
16y 2 = − ( x2 − 3x + 2 )
∵ LHS ≥ 0 ⇒ − ( x2 − 3x + 2 ) ≥ 0
x2 − 3x + 2 ≤ 0
(x − 1) (x − 2) ≤ 0 ⇒ x ∈ 1, 2 Hence Proved.
Theory of Equation
Cubic:
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = a ( x − α )( x − β )( x − γ )
−b
Sum of roots taken one at a time = α + β + γ =
a
−d
Product of roots = αβγ =
Quadratic Equations
a
c
Sum of product of roots taken two at a time = αβ + βγ + γα =
a
49.
Bi Quadratic:
ax + bx + cx + dx + e = a ( x − α )( x − β )( x − γ )( x − δ )
4 3 2
c
Sum of product of roots taken two at a time = αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ =
a
−d
Sum of product of roots taken three at a time = αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ =
a
a1
In General: ∑ α1 = −
a0
If α 1 , α2 , α3 , … , αn are the roots of the equation: a
∑ α 1α 2 = + 2
a0 xn + a1 xn−1 + a2 xn−2 + ... + an−1 x + an = 0 , where a0 ≠ 0 a0
a
∑ α 1α 2 α 3 = − 3
Note: a0
2
( a + b + c ) = ∑ a2 + 2 ∑ ab
n an
( )
α 1 α 2 α 3 αn = −1
a0
Q. ind sum of squares of roots and sum of cubes of roots of the cubic equation
F
x3 − px2 + qx − r = 0
= p2 − 2q
sum of cubes of roots
{ }
α3 + β3 + γ 3 = ( α + β + γ ) α2 + β2 + γ 2 − ( αβ + βγ + γα ) + 3αβγ
{ }
= p (p2 − 2q) − q + 3r
= p (p2 − 3q) + 3r
= p3 − 3pq + 3r
Q.
Quadratic Equations
Solve the cubic 4x3 + 16x2 − 9x − 36 = 0 where sum of two roots is zero.
50.
also α ( −α )( β ) = −
( −36) ⇒ −α
4
2
( −4 ) = 9
9 3
α2 = ⇒α=±
4 2
3 3
∴ roots = −4, − ,
2 2
1 1 1
Q. If a, b, c are roots of cubic x3 − x2 + 1 = 0 find
a 2
+ 2 + 2
b c
A. a +b+c = 1
ab + bc + ca = 0, abc = −1
( ) − 2abc ∑ a
2
1 1 1 a2b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ∑ ab
+ + = =
a2 b2 c2 (abc) (abc)
2 2
0 − 2 ( 1) ( −1)
= 2
( −1)
=2
π
Q. If α, β, γ, δ are roots of the equation tan + x = 3tan3x then find the value
4
of tanα + tanβ + tanγ + tanδ
=
1 − tanx 1 − 3tan2 x
let tanx = t then
1 + t 9t − 3t3
=
1−t 1 − 3t2
⇒ 1 − 3t2 + t − 3t3 = 9t − 3t3 − 9t2 + 3t 4
⇒ 3t 4 − 6t2 + 8t − 1 = 0
α + 1, β + 1, γ + 1
A. Let α + 1 = x ⇒ α = x − 1
also α is root of given equation
∴ α3 − 5α2 + 6α − 3 = 0
51.
3 2
⇒ ( x − 1) − 5 ( x − 1) + 6 ( x − 1) − 3 = 0
⇒ ( x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1) − 5 ( x2 − 2x + 1) + 6 ( x − 1) − 3 = 0
⇒ x3 − 8x2 + 19x − 15 = 0
which is required equation.
Q. Find the cubic whose roots are cubes of the roots of x3 + 3x2 + 2 = 0
= 36
52.
Location of roots:
Type–1:
Both roots of a quadratic equation are greater than a specified number,
i.e., α, β > d
Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive
Step–2: Apply conditions
(i) D ≥ 0
−b
(ii) > d
2a
(iii) f(d) > 0
Step–2:
(i) D ≥ 0⇒ 36d2 − 4 ( 2 − 2d + 9d2 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ 8d − 8 ≥ 0 ⇒ d ≥ 1
−b 6d
(ii) > 3 ⇒ >3⇒d>1
2a 2
f ( 3) > 0 ⇒ 9 − 18d + 2 − 2d + 9d2 > 0 ⇒ 9d2 − 20d + 11 > 0
(iii)
11
⇒ ( 9d − 11) ( d − 1) > 0 ⇒ d ∈ ( −∞, 1) ∪ , ∞
9
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii) gives
11
d ∈ , ∞
9
Q. ind all the values of ‘a’ for which both roots of the equation x2 + x + a = 0
F
Quadratic Equations
53.
−B −1 −1
(ii) >a⇒ > a ⇒ a ∈ −∞,
2A 2 2
(iii) f ( a ) > 0 ⇒ a2 + a + a > 0 ⇒ a2 + 2a > 0 ⇒ a ( a + 2) > 0 ⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −2) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii) gives
a ∈ ( −∞, −2 )
Q. Q. Determine the values of ‘a’ for which both roots of the quadratic equation
(a2 + a − 2) x2 − (a + 5) x − 2 = 0 exceed the number minus one.
A. Step–1: Divide by ( a2 + a − 2 )
(a + 5) 2
A > 0 ⇒ Let f ( x ) = x2 − x−
(a 2
+ a − 2) (a + a − 2)
2
Step–2:
( a + 5 ) + 8 ( a2 + a − 2 )
2 2
(a + 5) 8
(i) D ≥ 0 ⇒ + ≥ 0 ≥0
(a 2
+ a − 2)
2
( a2 + a − 2 ) ( a 2
+ a − 2 )
2
2
9a2 + 18a + 9 9 ( a + 1)
⇒ 2 2
≥0⇒ 2 2
≥ 0 ⇒ a ∈ R– {– 2, 1}
( a − 1) ( a + 2 ) ( a − 1) ( a + 2 )
(ii)
−B (a + 5) a+5
+1>0
> −1 ⇒ > −1 ⇒
2A 2 (a + a − 2)
2
2 (a + a − 2)
2
2a2 + 3a + 1
> 0 ⇒
(2a + 1) (a + 1)
⇒ >0
2 ( a + 2 ) ( a − 1) 2 ( a + 2 ) ( a − 1)
1 + − + − +
⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ −1, − ∪ ( 1, ∞ ) • • • •
2 −2 −1 −1 1
2
(a + 5) 2
(iii) f ( −1) > 0 ⇒ 1 + − >0
(a 2
+ a − 2) (a + a − 2)
2
2
a2 + 2a + 1 ( a + 1)
⇒ >0⇒ >0
a +a−2
2
( a − 1) ( a + 2 )
Quadratic Equations
⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( 1, ∞ )
54.
Type–2:
Both root lies on either side of a fixed number,
say d, i.e., α < d < β
Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive
Step–2: Apply condition f(d) < 0
A. Step–1: a > 0
Let f ( x ) = x2 − (k + 1) x + (k2 + k − 8)
Step–2:
f (2) < 0
⇒ 4 − (k + 1 ) 2 + (k 2 + k − 8 ) < 0
⇒ k2 − 3k + 2k − 6 < 0
⇒ k (k − 2 ) + 2 (k − 3 ) < 0
⇒ (k + 2 ) (k − 3 ) < 0
⇒ k ∈ ( −2, 3)
Q. Find the set of values of ‘a’ for which zeros of the quadratic polynomial
(a2 + a + 1) x2 + (a − 1) x + a2 are located on either side of 3.
A. Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive
Let f (x ) = x2 +
(a − 1) x+
a2
a2 + a + 1 a2 + a + 1
⇒ 9 ( a + a + 1) + 3 ( a − 1) + a < 0
2 2
( a2 + a + 1)
55.
10a2 + 12a + 6
⇒ <0
a2 + a + 1
2 ( 5a2 + 6a + 3 )
⇒ <0
(a 2
+ a + 1)
⇒ a ∈ ϕ
Q. Find a for which one root is positive and other root is negative for
−x2 − ( 3a − 2) x + a2 + 1 = 0
Let f ( x ) = x2 + ( 3a − 2) x − ( a2 + 1) then
Step–2: f ( 0) < 0
⇒ − ( a2 + 1) < 0
⇒a∈R
Q. Find a for which both root lie on either side of – 1 of quadratic equation
(a2 − 5a + 6) x2 − (a − 3) x + 7 = 0
A. Step– 1: Making leading coefficient positive
(a − 3) x 7
Let f ( x ) = x2 − +
a − 5a + 6
2
a − 5a + 6
2
(a − 3) 7
⇒ 1 + + <0
(a 2
− 5a + 6 ) (a − 5a + 6)
2
⇒
(a 2
− 5a + 6 ) + ( a − 3 ) + 7
<0
(a 2
− 5a + 6 )
⇒
(a 2
− 4a + 10)
<0
(a − 2) (a − 3)
⇒ a ∈ (2, 3)
Quadratic Equations
56.
Type–3:
Both roots lies between two fixed number,
i.e., d < α < β < e
Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive
Step–2: Apply conditions
(i) D ≥ 0
(ii) f(d) > 0
(iii) f(e) > 0
b
(iv) d < − < e
2a
Step–2:
4a2 4 (a + 3)
(i) D≥0⇒ − ≥0
(a − 2)
2
(a − 2)
57.
a2 − ( a + 3 ) ( a − 2 ) − (a − 6)
2
≥0⇒ 2
≥ 0 ⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, 6] − {2}
(a − 2) (a − 2)
4a (a + 3)
(ii) f ( −2) > 0 ⇒ 4 − + >0
(a − 2) (a − 2)
4 ( a − 2 ) − 4a + ( a + 3 ) a−5
>0⇒ >0
(a − 2) a−2
⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, 2 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ )
2a (a + 3)
f ( 1) > 0 ⇒ 1 +
(iii) + >0
(a − 2) (a − 2)
(a − 2) + 2a + (a + 3) 4a + 1
>0⇒ >0
(a − 2) a−2
1
⇒ a ∈ −∞, − ∪ ( 2, ∞ )
4
−2a −a
(iv) − 2 < < 1 ⇒ −2 < <1
2 (a − 2) a−2
−a a a−4
−2 < ⇒ −2<0⇒ > 0
a−2 a−2 a−2
∴ a ∈ ( −∞, 2 ) ∪ ( 4, ∞ )
−a
< 1⇒
a
+1>0⇒
2 a−1
> 0
( )
a−2 a−2 a−2
∴ a ∈ ( −∞, 1) ∪ ( 2, ∞ )
Type–4:
Both roots lies on either side of two fixed numbers,
i.e., α < d < e < β
(i) f(d)<0
Quadratic Equations
(ii) f(e) < 0
Step–2: Apply conditions
58.
Q. Find k for which one root of the equation (k − 5) x2 − 2kx + (k − 4) = 0 is
smaller than 1 and the other root is greater than 2.
Types–5:
Exactly one root lies in the interval (d, e)
Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive.
Step–2: Apply condition f ( d) f ( e ) < 0
ind the set of values of m for which exactly one root of the equation
F
Q. x2 + mx + (m2 + 6m) = 0 lie in (– 2, 0)
2
⇒ (m + 2 ) m (m + 6 ) < 0 ⇒ m ∈ ( −6, 0) − {−2}
59.
Case–II: When one of the root is – 2 or 0
(i) if f(–2) = 0 ⇒ 4 – 2m + m2 + 6m = 0
⇒ m2 + 4m + 4 = 0 ⇒ m = –2
For m= – 2 equation: x2 – 2x– 8=0 ⇒ x = 4, –2 ⇒ No root in (–2, 0)
(ii) If f ( 0) = 0 ⇒ m2 + 6m = 0 ⇒ m = 0, −6
For m = 0 equation: x2 = 0 ⇒x = 0,0 ⇒ No root in (–2, 0)
Hence, m∈(–6, 0) – {–2}
60.
Miscellaneous Examples
Q. If a < b < c < d show that quadratic (x – a)(x – c) + λ(x – b)(x – d) = 0 has real
root for all real values of λ except –1.
f ( d) = ( d − a ) ( d − c ) > 0
now f(b)f(d)<0⇒exactly one root in interval (b, d)
∵ coefficient real ⇒ other root must be real for ∀ λ ∈ R–{–1}
Q. Find p for which the expression x2 − 2px + 3p + 4 < 0 is satisfied for atleast one
real x.
A. Clearly D > 0
(–2p)2 – 4(3p + 4) >0
⇒ p2 – 3p – 4 > 0
⇒ (p – 4)(p + 1) > 0
⇒ p ∈ (– ∞, – 1) ∪ (4, ∞)
Q. Find the value of m for which x2 − 4x + 3m + 1 > 0 is satisfied for all positive x.
A. x2 − 4x + 4 > 3 − 3m
for x > 0, (x – 2)2 ∈ [0,∞)
hence 3 – 3m < 0 ⇒ m > 1
Q. Show that ( a2 + 3 ) x2 + ( a + 2 ) x − 5 < 0 is true for at least one negative x for any
real value of a .
A. Let f ( x ) = ( a2 + 3 ) x2 + ( a + 2 ) x − 5
clearly f(x) is upward parabola and f(0) < 0
⇒ it is negative for atleast one negative x, ∀ a∈R
Quadratic Equations
61.
If f ( x ) = 4x2 + ax + ( a − 3 ) is negative for atleast one negative x, find all values
Q.
of a.
⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, 4 ) ∪ ( 12, ∞ )
B
(ii)
− <0
2A
−a
⇒ <0⇒a>0
8
A. Let f ( x ) = x2 + 2 ( a − 1) x + a + 5
Case–I: Both roots > 0
(i) D ≥ 0
⇒ 4 ( a − 1) − 4 ( a + 5 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( a2 − 2a + 1) − ( a + 5 ) ≥ 0
2
Quadratic Equations
⇒ ( a2 − 3a − 4 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( a − 4 ) ( a + 1) ≥ 0
⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −1 ]∪[ 4, ∞ )
62.
−B
(ii) >0
2A
−2 ( a − 1)
⇒ >0⇒a−1<0⇒a <1
2
(iii) f(0)>0
a + 5 > 0 ⇒ a > −5
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)
⇒ a ∈ (–5, –1) …(1)
Case–II: one root < 0, other root > 0
f(0) < 0
a + 5 < 0 ⇒ a < –5 …(2)
Case–III: one root=0, other root > 0
f(0)=0
a+5=0⇒a=–5
for a = – 5 equation is x2 – 12x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = 12 (positive)
∴a = – 5 …(3)
(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3)
a ∈ (–∞, –1)
Q. Find p for which the least value of 4x2 − 4px + p2 − 2p + 2 for x ∈ [0, 2] is
equal to 3
p = 1 − 2 , p = 1 + 2 (rejected, as p ≤ 0)
⇒ p = 1 − 2 ( ) … (1)
−b 4p
Case–II: 0 < <2⇒0< < 2 ⇒ p ∈ (0,4)
2a 8
In this case f(x) is minimum at vertex
−D
hence, =3
Quadratic Equations
4a
{
− 16p2 − 16 (p2 − 2p + 2) }=3
16
63.
–2p + 2 = 3
1
⇒ p = − (rejected, as p ∈ (0,4))
2
⇒ p ∈ ϕ … (2)
−b 4p
Case–III: ≥ 2 ⇒ ≥2⇒p≥4
2a 8
In this case f(x) is min at x=2 hence, f(2) = 3
⇒ 16 – 8p + p2 – 2p + 2 = 3 ⇒ p2 – 10p + 15 = 0
10 ± 100 − 60 10 ± 2 10
⇒ p = = = 5 ± 10
2 2
⇒ p = 5 + 10, p = 5 − 10 (rejected, as p ≥ 4)
⇒ p = 5 + 10 … (3)
A. Let f(x) = x4 + x2 ( 1 − 2k ) + k2 − 1 = 0 , x2 = t
⇒ ( 4k2 − 4k + 1) − 4k2 + 4 ≥ 0
5
⇒ 4k ≤ 5 ⇒ k ∈ −∞,
4
−b (2k − 1) 1
(ii) < 0 ⇒ < 0 ⇒ k ∈ −∞,
2a 2 2
g ( 0) > 0 ⇒ k2 − 1 > 0 ⇒ k ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 1, ∞ )
(iii)
Quadratic Equations
64.
Case–II: Imaginary roots
5
D < 0 ⇒ k ∈ , ∞ …(2)
4
(1) ∪ (2)
5
k ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ , ∞
4
(ii) For equation f ( x ) = 0 to have one real solution equation g(t) = 0
must have one root = 0 and other root < 0
hence, g(0) = 0 ⇒ k = ± 1
Put k = 1 in f(x) = 0: x2 [x2 – 1] = 0 giving three solutions so not possible
put k = –1 in f(x) = 0: x2[x2 + 3] = 0 giving one solution so possible.
k = {–1}
(iii) For equation f ( x ) = 0 to have two real solution equation g(t) = 0 can be
equal and positive roots or have one root > 0 and other root < 0
Case–I:
5
D=0⇒k=
4
3 9
(x2)2 – x2 + =0
2 16
9 3
⇒ x2 = ⇒ x = ± giving exactly 2 solutions.
16 4
5
⇒ k = … (1)
4
Case–II:
g(0)< 0
k2 – 1 < 0⇒ k∈(– 1, 1) … (2)
(1) ∪ (2)
5
⇒ k ∈ (–1, 1) ∪
4
So, accepted
If k= – 1 then equation: t2 + 3t = 0 ⇒ t = 0, −3 gives only 1 solution for
f(x) = 0.
So, Rejected
Hence k = 1
65.
(v) For equation f ( x ) = 0 to have 4 real solution equation g(t) = 0
must have unequal and positive roots. Hence,
(i) D > 0 ⇒ ( 1 − 2k ) − 4 (k2 − 1) > 0
2
b 2k − 1 1
(iii) − >0⇒ >0⇒k >
2a 2 2
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)
5
⇒ k ∈ 1,
4
Q. Find all values of the parameter ‘a’ for which the inequality 4x − a.2x − a + 3 ≤ 0
a2 + 4a − 12 ≥ 0
(a + 6) (a − 2) ≥ 0 ⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −6 ]∪[ 2, ∞ )
−B a
(ii) > 0 ⇒ > 0 ⇒ a > 0
2A 2
(iii) f ( 0) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( −a + 3 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ a ≤ 3
(1) ∪ (2)
a ∈ [2, ∞)
66.
Q. (x + x + 2 ) − ( a − 3 ) ( x2 + x + 1) ( x2 + x + 2 ) + ( a − 4 ) ( x2 + x + 1) = 0 has
2 2
If 2
atleast one real root, then find the complete set of value of a.
A. 3
Let x2 + x + 1 = t ∈ , ∞
4
Given equation becomes:
t(2 – a + 3) + 1 = 0
1 3
⇒ t= ≥
a−5 4
1 3
⇒ − ≥0
a−5 4
4 − 3a + 15
⇒ ≥0
4 (a − 5)
19 − 3a
⇒ ≥ 0
a−5
19
⇒ a ∈ 5,
3
Modulus Inequality
For α, β > 0
(i) x < α ⇒ x ∈ ( −α, α )
(ii) x > β ⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −β ) ∪ ( β, ∞ )
Q. ( x − 1 − 3) ( x + 2 − 5) < 0
A. Case–I:
x − 1 − 3 < 0 and x + 2 − 5 > 0
Case–II:
x − 1 − 3 > 0 & x + 2 − 5 < 0
67.
x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ) & x ∈ ( −7, 3 )
(1)∪(2) ⇒ x ∈ ( −7, −2 ) ∪ ( 3, 4 )
Q. x2 + 4x + 2 =
5x + 16
3
A. Case–I:
5x + 16
≥0
3
5x + 16
x2 + 4x + 2 =
3
3x2 + 12x + 6 = 5x + 16,
3x2 + 7x − 10 = 0
( 3x + 10) ( x − 1) = 0
−10 16
x = (rejected as x > − ), x = 1
3 5
x = 1 …(1)
5x + 16
Case–II: <0
3
(5x + 16)
x2 + 4x + 2 = −
3
3x2 + 12x + 6 = −5x − 16
3x2 + 17x + 22 = 0
( 3x + 11) ( x + 2 ) = 0
−11 16
x = , x = −2 (rejected as x < − ) …(2)
3 5
(1) ∪ (2)
−11
x = 1,
3
Q. x − 5 > x2 − 5x + 9
Quadratic Equations
> ( x2 − 5x + 9)
2 2
( x − 5)
⇒ ( x2 − 5x + 9 + x − 5 ) ( x2 − 5x + 9 − x + 5 ) < 0
68.
⇒ ( x2 − 4x + 4 ) ( x2 − 6x + 14 ) < 0
2
⇒ ( x − 2) < 0
⇒ x∈φ
Q. x2 − 5x + 4
x2 − 4
≤1
A. x2 − 5x + 4 ≤ x2 − 4 , ( x ≠ ±2 )
(x − 5x + 4 ) ≤ ( x2 − 4 ) ( x ≠ ±2 )
2 2 2
(x 2
− 5x + 4 + x2 − 4 ) ( x2 − 5x + 4 − x2 + 4 ) ≤ 0, ( x ≠ ±2 )
⇒ ( 2x2 − 5x ) ( 8 − 5x ) ≤ 0, ( x ≠ ±2)
⇒ x ( 2x − 5 ) ( 5x − 8) ≥ 0, x ≠ ±2
8 5
x ∈ 0, ∪ , ∞
5 2
Q. | x2 − 3x − 1 |< 3 | x2 + x + 1 |
A. | x2 − 3x − 1 |< 3 | x2 + x + 1 |
(x − 3x − 1) < ( 3x2 + 3x + 3 )
2 2 2
⇒ 4 ( 2x2 + 1) ( x2 + 3x + 2 ) > 0
⇒ ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) > 0
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( −1, ∞ )
Q. x−1 −1 ≤1
Quadratic Equations
A. −1 ≤ x − 1 − 1 ≤ 1
0≤ x−1 ≤2
⇒ −2 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 2
⇒ −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 ⇒ x ∈ [ −1, 3]
69.
Q. x−1 −2 = 1
A. x − 1 − 2 = 1, −1
( x − 1) = 3, −3, 1, −1
x = 4, –2, 2, 0
Q. 3x − 9 + 2 > 2
A. 3x − 9 + 2 < −2 or 3x − 9 + 2 > 2
⇒ 3x − 9 < −4 or 3x − 9 > 0
⇒ x ∈ φ or x ∈ R − {3}
⇒ x ∈ R − {3}
A. Zeroes of modulus:
(i) for y is y = 0
(ii) for 2y −1 − 1 = 0 is y = 1
Case–I: y ≥ 1 ⇒ y ∈ [1, ∞)
⇒ 2y − ( 2y −1 − 1) = 2y −1 + 1
⇒ y ∈ R
⇒ R ∩ [1, ∞ ) = [1, ∞ ) … (1)
Case–II: 0 ≤ y < 1
2y + ( 2y −1 − 1) = 2y −1 + 1
⇒ 2y = 2 ⇒ y = 1
Quadratic Equations
⇒ y = 1 ∩y ∈ [0, 1)
⇒ y ∈ ϕ …(2)
70.
Case–III: y < 0
2− y + ( 2y −1 − 1) = 2y −1 + 1
2− y = 2
⇒ y = −1
y = – 1 ∩ (–∞ , 0)
⇒ y = – 1 …(3)
(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3)
y ∈ [1, ∞ ) ∪ {−1}
Log–Inequality
Q. 2x − 6
log 7 >0
2x − 1
A. 2x − 6
log 7 > log 7 1
2x − 1
2x − 6 2x − 6
>1⇒ −1>0
2x − 1 2x − 1
−5
⇒ > 0 ⇒ 2x − 1 < 0
2x − 1
1
hence, x <
2
Q. log 3 ( 2x − 1) < 2
A. 0 < ( 2x − 1) < 32
0 < 2x − 1 < 9
Quadratic Equations
1
1 < 2x < 10 ⇒ x ∈ , 5
2
71.
Q. log 3 2x − 1 > 2
A. 2x − 1 > 32
2x − 1 > 9
2x − 1 < −9 or 2x − 1 > 9
2x < −8 or 2x > 10
x< − 4 or x > 5
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −4 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ )
Q. log 3
x2 − 4x + 3
≥0
x2 + x − 5
x2 − 4x + 3
A. ≥ 1
x2 + x − 5
⇒ x2 − 4x + 3 ≥ x2 + x − 5
zeroes of modulus are 0, 4 , 5
Case–I: x ≥ 5 …(i)
⇒ x2 – 4x + 3 ≥ x2 + x – 5
⇒ 5x ≤ 8
⇒ x ≤ 8/5 …(ii)
From (i) and (ii) x ∈ ϕ …(1)
Case–II: 4 ≤ x < 5 …(iii)
⇒ x2 – 4x + 3 ≥ x2 + 5 – x
⇒ 3x ≤ –2
⇒ x ≤ – 2/3 …(iv)
From (iii) and (iv) x ∈ ϕ …(2)
Case–III: 0 ≤ x < 4 …(v)
⇒ 4x – x2 + 3 ≥ x2 – x + 5
⇒ 2 x2 – 5x + 2 ≤ 0
⇒ (2x – 1) (x – 2) ≤ 0
1
⇒ x ∈ , 2 …(vi)
2
1
Quadratic Equations
72.
⇒ x ≤ –2/3 …(viii)
2
From (vii) and (viii) x ∈ −∞, − …(4)
3
(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3) ∪ (4)
−2 1
x ∈ −∞, ∪ , 2
3 2
Q.
3x +6
log 1 log 2 2
(0.3) 3
x +2
>1
A. 3x + 6
log 1 log 2 2 <0
3 x +2
3x + 6
⇒ log 2 2 >1
x +2
3x + 6
⇒ > 2 ⇒ 3x + 6 > 2x2 + 4
x2 + 2
⇒ 2x2 − 3x − 2 < 0
⇒ ( x − 2 ) ( 2x + 1) < 0
−1
⇒ x ∈ , 2
2
Q. (2 (log x ) 3
2
)
− 3log 3 x − 8 ( 2log 23 x − 3log 3 x − 6 ) ≥ 3
A.
Quadratic Equations
(2t 2
− 3t − 8) ( 2t2 − 3t − 6 ) ≥ 3
Again let 2t 2 − 3t = α
73.
⇒ (α – 8)(α – 6) ≥ 3
⇒ α2 − 14α + 48 − 3 ≥ 0
⇒ α2 − 14α + 45 ≥ 0
⇒ ( α − 9)( α − 5 ) ≥ 0
⇒ α ≤ 5 or α ≥ 9
⇒ 2t − 3t − 5 ≤ 0 or
2
2t2 − 3t − 9 ≥ 0
⇒ ( 2t − 5 ) ( t + 1) ≤ 0 or (2t + 3) ( t − 3) ≥ 0
5 −3
⇒ t ∈ −1, or t ∈ −∞, ]∪[ 3, ∞
2 2
−3 5
⇒ t ∈ −∞, ∪ −1, ∪ [3, ∞ )
2 2
−3 5
⇒ x ∈ 3−∞ , 3 2 ∪ 3−1 , 32 ∪ 33 , 3∞ )
1 1
hence, x ∈ 0, ∪ 3 , 9 3 ∪ [27, ∞ )
3 3
x2 − 2x − 3 > 0
( x + 1) ( x − 3) > 0
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
74.
−3
Now, x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) ∩ , −1
2
3
⇒ x ∈ − , −1 …(2)
2
(1) ∪ (2)
3
x ∈ − , −1 ∪ ( −1, 0) ∪ ( 0, 3 )
2
Quadratic Equations
75.