curren 10 Renewed Activity in Madrid “The breakup of the pa on Filipinas had not meant the cessation ofall sctiity, but the ‘ariousintaives were somewhat sporadic and unorganized Del Pilars Hove to Madrid would attempt to coordinate Filipino nationalist ac Aivides in Spain by integrating these efforts with the organization he Thad begun in Bareelona. The "Asociacién Hispano-ilipina” The exact origins of the Asoeiacién Hispano-Flipina are somethat ‘nce, ttt seems to have been funded at the native of Morya snd to have taken its fist steps in July 1888." A group of Filipinos Joined with a few peninsular Spaniatds to draw up the statutes of an ssscation that proclaimed its aspiration “to work for the materiel ‘onal improvement of the Plippine Archipelago.” This it pro= pmsl to achieve only by means of legal propaganda to influence public ‘pinion, thus obtaining the needed politcal and administrative re- onus from che government and the Cortes, Asis intial objectives it proposed the falling reforms: |. Obliguory teaching of Spanish inal dhe schous ofthe Archipelago, Suppression of the stoeks, of Feder, and of fogging, in the pri. ‘ons and courts of justice, 1. Aon Lm Rif ay 2 Renew Activity Modhid 188 3: Desirably of he judges knowing the dies ofthat coun s0 thatthe intervention of terpreters inthe cours may come, 4. Fsablshment ofthe propery register andthe el eter, Abolition ofthe dns prt and the sanoram ee ‘resin of inite of secondary education ino oF thee provinces ofthe Archipelago, 1, Radial reforms ofthe Unversity ofthe Philipines, so dat ‘may come wp to the wanda of those ofthe Peni and be aaiinitered ike them, 8 Promotion ofthe growing of cotton, enca, ad nig, 8. Revision ot celebration of eat of commerce wih China and Jean, 10, Exablisinent of agricul banks, 1, New terol dlintation ofthe rovncs af the Philippines, 12, onstruction of sn extensive network of highway and lea rons and of economic airoas, 38, Causes and origin ofthe monetary cri in the Philippines, 1, Measres to meet the agricultural an commerciales dhe Pailippnes, 15, Tafrefonns inthe Archipelago, and 16, Reforms in publi ministration 1m addition, the asocation proposed to devote itself wo the study of, the social and administrative state ofthe Philipines, so “thatthe ge- ‘ography, the products, the industy, the administration, and every: thing concerning those lands be universily known. Founded on this essentially nonpoltcal prograss, which, on paper at lea, should have prosed unobjectionable to aay Spaniard, the ay sociation seems pethaps for this very reason to have shown litle sig of life. When Moray and Manuel Labra were feted in Bascelona in ‘October 1888 by the Hilipino colony there, the asociation came un- der attack by the Made newspaper, L Vee de la Paina, not because ‘ofits professed purpose, but because of the atacks om the firs that set the tone of the banquet. This attack and the ensuing polemic perked up the organization. A new exeentive commission was named, miguraton of the astocintion finaly took place on 110m (ae, 1 1894184 Renewal Assy Madeid The officers were: Miguel Morayta, president, a Peninsular named {Rivas Moreno, vicepresent; Dominator Gomez, secretary Antonio Luna, weasurer; Manuel Labra and Simplicio Jogo Vidal, voting men bers. The inaugural session was marked by considerable pomp and attended by politicians and newspapermen, some of whom delivered address. Telegrams from Filipinos in Barcelona, Paris, and London, pledging adherence to the Association, were read, and an evening of ‘musical entertainment followed.” Despite the pomp and circumstance, the enthusiasm that the Asso ‘ation had aroused among the Hlipinos as a group was not great [any refuse to jin. Some, Hike Aguirre and Horente (who had orig nally been named treasurer), had been disillusioned by the fasco of Espasa on Filipinas and felt that eaeh Filipino could de more for hie ‘country as an individual than as a member of an onganizaion in which personal rivalries embitered all. Others were afta or considered it uncles to give their names to an organization that had already ace ‘quired an antifiar reputation and hose president was a publicly ex: communicated heretic, Still others ike Ventura and Rial, wha had hicen offered offical poss, refsed to take part for quite different reasons. Ventura felt that an organization, many of whose members ‘were Spaniards, would hardly be likely 10 promote Filipino interests ann that, in any case, activity in Spain seas already futile; the place for propaganda was in the Philippines. Rial seems to have more or less Shared these sentiments, and refused to accept the invitation given him to be a member of the Junta directa, though he had accepted the position of honorary president of the association “Solidaridad” of Barcelona, which was composed only of Filipinos. ven Antonio Luna, who had accepted the position of treasurer, confeseed that he had dane so only to keep the organization from dying before it was ever inaugurated, leasing its founder, Morata, in ‘he ridiculous postion of wanting reforms for the Philippines and not finding any Filipinos eager to obtain them. In spite of the diff cies, he judged it a patriotic duty to cooperate, lest the Filipinos seem to have been frightened off bythe aacks of La Vie dela Patria. Nonetheles, he held out litle hope af accomplishing anything, for part fom the ls of reforms sought (apparent indeq Renewed Activity in Madiid 1 he felt chat there was litle real interext among the Spanish memb of the asciation for the wife of the Philippine. “1 conse very doubifl that the Spaniards wil be the ones to offer us sg 4nd liberties to enjoy. That for Wem; for us there ae only des ‘few weeks late the astcition held a banguet in honor of O seas Minister Manuel Becerra, in grate for his decree making teaching of Spanish obliquary inthe schools ofthe Philippines decree, of couse, actual’ dd noting effective to compel the ta ing of Spanish, which had long been obligatory but was lrgly tarred out. The decree didnot remove any ofthe known obs but provided propaganda material for Flipno apiations and an cae to attack the fra forthe allegedabtrtioniam in this ter It alo gave Morayta s chance to point tothe elfecsvenes of association in securing one off propored reforms x0 quickly ‘There i ule evince that the pesmi of Luna and other Fi nos concerning the asocaton was rene unfounded by i aetiiy the ret ofthe yar. Nonethelew Del Pilar and Ponce seem to he ‘ts posites and id thir best in Barclona to cooperate ith Mon ain o give publcy to anything connected with the awoxcation. ‘Shortly after is inauguration Del Pilar wrote an arc oni fr ‘Barcelona newspaper La Publcdad, and afer the Foundation of Solidaridad, the later paper carefully reported the asocation’s et ties During Mort's periodic trp to Barcelona he wat given pul Tunquets by dhe Fino colony there, wo which newspaperen fiendlypoliciana were cuted inthe hope of having the speeches favor of Philippine reforms reprted in the newspapers” Tho 4. Bp Ret, 270-7, 75,100,108 - “Canken” ese nereing for showing he mene eT pb Fr thee ‘segs fen the Aiton a Mai the Bron colo nh La Pall ‘ry the Barsona Flpoe in tar then pubes ok tera Sabre, ing coped on a Pr186 Renew Acti in Madrid haps no more sanguine thar Lu oF Rizal abot the incinaion af Spa inns to grant bere for the Philipines, Del Pilar st the esociation san instrument that could be usd for Filipino goal, and he was ready ‘tw accommodate hinsel to promoting sich an organization, or this reason he was disturbed when le heard a report in May 1889 chat a Giculo HispanoFilipino was about to be opened in Mi Avid, He feared, fre of al, that it might he a stratagem of Father hador Font, who had just come to Madrid from Manila to act as procurator of the Philippine Augustinians with the government, and Wished Rizal 1o inguite into it from hie frends in Madr. Even i it were a genuinely Flipino onganiration, he say difficulties in i Gen the exitnce of the Asocacn Hino Flipina, wid «pres ‘dents eats if not forthe Philipines, at leat for cele ner 8, To not see the necesiy of another cil, unless it be for Pesonitsing and magaisng the dsons in the colony nf Mi ® Nothing came of the proposed Ciclo, but Del Piar’s words re vealed his attude tovard Morayta and the astociation, and the tactics he intended to employ. Del Par was under no illsions that the enthuse ‘sm of Morayta for the Philippines was an altmiic one, but political realist hat he was, he was willing to aid Morayta and the Gran Oriente spaiol in their desie to desuoy the power of the religious orders in the Philippines and of We church i general, since it woul serve his ‘own purpose of winning politcal power and reforms in the Philipines, Tor which a weakening ae removal ofthe ars was neces Unlike Dei Pilar, Rizal would find it difinle to work with those ‘who sought any end other than the welfare of the Philippines, and ‘hough practical considerations might occasionally force him to sub- mit to ditastefl alliances, sooner or later he would break with such ‘doubtful alles. Del Pir alone possessed the pragmatin necessary to carry on the campaign in Madtid and Riga’ later active entry into it vas hound to end ina bitter lash between the two men, mn the meamtime, Del Pilar continued t0 organize the campaign, ‘and prepared to move on to Madrid to complete the tes with Morayta, iio Jonoy. of La id who was ip i 0 Fh a, 218, ge Ret Ronaved Aativity in Madrid ‘Meanwhile, other Flipinos in Madrid were engaged in seeking ‘rete advantages for the Philippines Filipino Press Campaigns in Madrid ‘The deste fora Filipino organ inthe pres was never far from zminds ofthe more ardent Filipino national, even after the f of Fspsia en Filipinas, Even before thi desire tok shape in the fo ing of Le Saldaridad, another newspaper that might be called Fil had been set up by some of the former collaborators of Eye Filipinas ented La Pas published weekly in Madrid. les publ snd editor was Javier Gmer dela Serna ‘Asa creole, La Sema had been one of the moderates of Epa ‘ipinas, and though antifiar, was far more conservative in his ps cal views than Rial let alone Lopes Jaena. After 1887 he grat Associated hime more and more from the Flipino group, and ‘28 to be active in Spanish polities, occupying a seat in the Co and abandoning any connection with the Pilipines {La Pas, which began publication 3 April 1888, ceased with dhe ‘sue of 26 November 1889, According to Retana, La Serna elie Paper practically single-handedly. Chiefy devoted to Philipines it teated them from a point of view which Retana ter “espaiiolilipino, asinilsa.” Retana does not expand on his ss ment; he merely attributes the paper's shor life to the face never adopted the radical approach of Za Silidaridad® There mention off among the Filipinos of Madi and Barcelo wh doubt felt that there was nothing notably Flipino about i Rizal sented what was apparent an unfavorable judgment om hin Na rote © Ponce IF ny enemies only wre ke Fars Rage an Fon i woul other me bit, but the woe ith ¥haye enemies al nyo ‘smnyaien, some of wh dice etal el nil he on Higuns pases Have yo ead wate esi st ne By her Fe which eonntynu La Ses pes Patna188 Renewed Actty im Madrid More truly Filipino was the paper founded in Madeia by Simplicio Jugo Vidal. jugo Vidal, like La Sema, had been asvciated with Rizal in the Flipino colony as easly as 1883. He had wniten for Expr en Filipinas, and had taken part in dhe organization of the Asociacion Hispanc Filipina, in which he was one of the elected! members of the cexceutve committe. Having obtained Rizal's consent to at as a rep- resentative for the paper, Jugo wrote to thank hin and solicit articles. In this leter he set forth his ideas in founding the paper, conscions ashe was of Rizal's litle confidence in propagand in Spins Pethaps you are notin agreement withthe courte we ae following Ihre, founding newspapers to make known what going om thee (i the Philippines), been you wll sy thal hiss and wl je Ibe packing in ihe dst a8 Tong a rain rd ae not aken. Bi st dhose remedies come, and Because i boring #0 walt, I thik i tall not be useless wo spend the me wring nospapers unl the ae Aves todo something ce.” In a subsequent letter he expanded on the subject, declaring that thougtt he had File contidence in Spanish politicians, he had not yet given up hope that there might be a radical change of goverment, Yer, the main tsk, he agreed with Rial, was to work for the instruc: ion of the Filipino people, and to chat task his newspaper would try ve contribute, ‘The frst issue of La Vanguordia Filipina appeared on 27 April 1889, the opening article it proposed to act 38 the “faithful echo of the complaints and of the legitimate aspirations of our ich provinces of ‘he Philippine Archipelago" which, lacking pasiamentary vepresenta- ‘does, is forgotten by our politicians. The article goes on to ron i ist of reforms for the Philippines, and justice and morale ity forall, “without exception of clases nor casts, bloting out may uiferenees and bateeda.” Dscsiming any ration to any polteal party, it annoaned it intention to devote itself 1 obtaining for the Philip: pines “the most complete assimilation of dhose provinces with those ft he Penns ‘The rest ofthe four-page number includes a lage photograph and laudatory atticle of Manel Becerra: @ review of political news by Renewed Activity in Madi 189 “Retacto"; an article by the peninsular Enrique Taviel de Andrade on the great firure which avaited the Philippines with the opening of the Panama Canal; minor bits of news ftom the Philippines: a cit sm of Weyler for illegal deportations; the eablegram from Basa on the imprisonment of his brother for the postesion of anifiar propa- ‘ganda, as it had appeared in La Solidaridad. ‘One article, "Lo que debe ser." appears in which the friars are attacked, unsigned like the rest of the articles except that of Taviel de “Andrade. The author decates that unl nov the Philippines has been largely abandoned by Spain to the influence of dhe firs, who “in comerting the Ignorance [ofthe Filipinos] into a raving fanaticism, hhave converted the Philipines into a kind of fe owned by chem, ‘where nothing can be done or attempted without their approbation, and where all energies are destroyed if they oppose ther influence What is needed i to administer the Philippines well, o simulate and favor industry, co abolish privileges, to enforce the laws, to promote intelligent and honest functionaries, to limit che religions orders to theie proper sphere of ation, and to extend education andthe know- ‘edge ofthe Spanish language ‘This foatalatack on the friars was not repeated in the succeeding sibers, though the paper tok occasional pot shots. The articles in the next 40 numbers dealt wih the problems of education, adminis trative reorganization, the monetary situation, Several articles centered ‘the reforms Becerra was inteoducing, praising his work and calling fon him to continue, so as to bring about freedom of the press and parliamentary representation for the Philippines. In the second hhumber there appeared a photogryph of Morayta capping a lauda- tory article on his disinterested effors in behalf of the Philippines, and in the third, another article of Taiel de Andrade with a “pati ‘olic”atack om the British in Hong Kong, Vatious items were repro: ‘duced feom La Solidaridad, including the notice of the banquet given by the Barcelona Filipinos honoring Morayta and the petiion seat by them tothe overseas minister Though i ss supposedly a weebls, che second number came out fovelve days after the fir and the third, eleven days later. It is not tlficult to see why, Jyo confessed to Rival that he Knew nest to thing ng newspaper, sue was deeply grate to Del Pilar anil Ponce For te help ahey gave hin by Fetter on aint tive allots, Moreoner, he complained that nota single Fliping, wth100 Rend Activity in Madd the exception of Dominador Gémer, had written anything for the Paper, either because they thought the press useless or because they ‘were afraid" I would appear that except for the rwo articles of Tavil de Andrade, Jugo virwally wrote the entie paper, presumably with the help ofthe editor, José Rodon y Avells. Rizal and Del ilar both seemed! to have encouraged Jugo, in spite ofthe formers misgivings bout the uty of the press bt Del Pilar son fond La Vanguadn Filipina much too timorous for his taste” After ie hind number of 20 May 1889, it apparently ceased publication ‘There were also attempts to make use of the Spanish press to p= Vicize the need of reforms in the Philippines. Occasionally Antonio Regidor seems to have written articles on the Philippines, which were published in BI Pais or perhaps in 22 Libra Rial sent at arile of his own in 1889 to Antonio Luna in Madrid to uy to have it pub- lished in £1 Glo through Morava. Sometime in 1889 or easly 1890 ete began publishing articles in Za Comepandancia Mitarin the for of supposed leters ftom the Philippines signed arto de Lepre'* Other newspapers, particularly those of republican affiliation, printed ticles on the Plippines from time to me, perhaps a the urging of ‘me of the Flipinos who happened 10 befriend wit one ofthe editors ‘or pethaps because one ofthe sa was interested in the Philippines 12, Domina Give at a medical ment in Mad. Ash ooh sc, he at sve i Jug the Anim liane ip and on the tne La ‘Sid Sadi, oul! olabteael wth Del city nde he oe nm Rano Fano le ie er inthe Spanish Army Medial Cap in Oat, ui af the eb ofthe wa, elo in the nenpape Apna a Bu Moi te neue de Dippin in G0, where he athe Ia aor un Hp a, 178-0, Fp Pa MS, 9-90, sr cmp, thee af alsa he Pipi in Lan Dad ile ‘wnat which soy char ieee oa Fines The Ht by one of he ei, rend Leen Mots, pars pn” 10 Now 186 I ‘eh the tie of Da rea pape nih de same expen ad a 0 Renewed Activity in Madrid 191 OF nowble interest was HI Dig, Madi daily of Liberal tenden- les, though not connected with any particular party. During 1888 trough eaey 1889 ic ran a periodical column chided “Cronica de Filipinas” generally corresponding tothe date of arrival of the mal boat from the Philippines. ‘This column gives every appearance of ha ing been written by one of Del Pilars group, since it gave marked attention to the campaign agains the fats in late 1887 and 1888, under the regime of Terrero, Quiroga, and Centeno. It mst have been written by a Spaniard very closely connected with, and sympa thetic to the antiar campaign, perhaps Quiroga himsele” Dia likewise published in deuil the peogram of the Asociacién ispano-Fipina, when this was ist founded in July 188, Other art «les concerned with the Philippines and section "Correo de ips” ‘often contained ertiisms ofthe Gare in the Philippines, reflecting ‘hose of the Filipinos of Le Solidaridad Yet its lear that the paper vas not completely under Flipino influence at this time, for it pul lished an article of Quioquisp displaying his racist passion in all virulence, Advocating peninsular immigration ito the Philippines, he decries the “eror of expecting feitulnes from and. not inigated ‘ith the sveat illen ftom a white brow ike the eer of looking for ‘ultre far from white skins” Procliming "Progtes is white” he de- Picts the Filipinos ay “refractory to all culture, incapable of constant and sustained work, mullites a8 producers, It wth great aptinade for the absorption ofthe wealth others crete, mstiers by intint und incredibly comupt” The Fiipinos sled, but decided, in view ofthe srenerally favorable attinde of Dia, wo lee it pass with a gentle com plant!” No further article of this ype appeared. 16, These “Cénie” exe fo an 3885 up othe depart of Que a he ‘nd of HR. One pe on Bee 188, ded Mani, #1 Oe pes tet of he ffromaton of Quiroga and Woter, esi the former reigaton, whlch ype mmbore ce, ad mut have ha thir ore a nt ane ache tw en Ute Aer he Reining of 1, the “Cin eee ach es regen le hey coll come rom diferent than hse 184 end ewe ae foe fw see ie Qui ean Spal, claraing or eprseoming im the Pte, they eon flown devon wt might be tee the Quel Hr tke sn se yt th102 Rnd Acti im Madrid Sometime in 1889 some members of the Madrid colony, led by Morlesto Reyes and Guillermo Puatu decided to attempt to subsidize 1 Dia because of ie Siendllyattude, so a to bring the Filipino cause hefore the public of Madrid” The editor sympathized with their asp- tations, but refused to accept any monetary subsidy lest che integrity 1 his editorial policy he suspect. Nonetheless he agreed hat if they ‘would oblain twentyive subscriptions for the Philippines, any of the Subscribers could insert articles in dhe paper whenever there were no ticles of greater importance, on condision that the editor correct ‘ind revise them ifnecessary Nine of the Filipinos collaborated om ube project, but when they 1 get farther support in Madrid, decided co pay for all event five subscriptions themselves unl they could get people in the Phil ‘pines to share the burden, Once this support came, they hoped to send the rest of their contebtions either in revving the old Circulo Hispano-Flipino or in subsiiving BY Globo oF some other newspaper: Kisal, whom Punts informed on the details of the plan, contributed Iw te group, bat its not Known whether any ofthe series of articles thst appeared in the sueceeding months were from his pen. ‘he project was setup just about the ime chat Del Par moved La Sitilnidad to Madrid, but continued nonetheless at least until the folloming fame, after which i scems to have heen abandoned. There ‘vw inlication whether the project was carried on In cooperation ‘ith, on independently of Del Pilar, chough the articles that seem to the work of a Flipina certainly difered in no way from the editor Hal policy of Det Par in La Solidaridad, and many of them could we been sttten by Del Pilar himself By the time the project Fale ot aroun! mid-1890, che Fipino colony was sbout to reach its 1 Glens Mail, Rat, 227-78, Frm he enter of he eer of i ett he ay lead he net for a ee wel aie ye Hl ude Renewed Activity in Madrid 198 high point of unity and effeeveness, and would attempt 19 encom pss all Filipino nationalist activities” Police Raid in Barcelona, Just as Del Pilar was setting up La Salidaidad in Madi and pre- paring to breathe new life into the Filipino organization there, a clos ‘ng chapter to the Bareclona period was being written. In the 31 October issue of Lx Sildardad Antonio Luna published an article ‘under the pscudonym Tagsllog entitled “Impresiones machilefas de ‘un filipino.” The esa is an ironic pictire of the disenchantment of a Filipino with Madrid as he sees through the idealistic image he had ‘been given by Spaniards in dhe Philippines. With stark realism he por trays the eride ignorance ofthe Madileto with regard to the Philip pines, the idle loungers that fill the cafes, ete. The cleveriywriten ‘ssi, which no doubt mirrored the reactions of many a Filipino st dent on arrival in the metropolis, closes with an appeal to the Flip ‘nos at home! Filipinos therein the Philippines, do ot let youseies be cried sey Br the song of the sien tthe immense ses of ances, forthe ‘uenchantvent ill be tere, They talk wo much to us of i [he Pesta del So, ceater of Mads) .- they place It 0 high, so high, that once the vinge ofthe image we hare formed ae melted by the Feat of the san of realism, the fal brings death ‘This sive on Spanish life netded the editor ofthe zorvlisa re. publican newspaper, £2 Puc Sobran, Celso Mir Deas, who Tal been friendly with the Filipinos and had inspired or helped them to found 19, Puke mide arangeme for pblahing rls in he newpaper 5 hor gh ead eet af Since the pape ae the og a the Su hg cn a ch ht ee i so ut lp14 Renae Atvity i Madrid the lodge "Revolucion." Mistkenly identifing Tagellog as Antonio's brother, the painter Juan Luna, Mir published a biter and insulting attack om the ate, quoting from Cafamaque’s Recwrds de Finns ‘tious paragraphs denigrating dhe Flipino people “The Filipinos were aroused. With the support of the colony of Ma- Arid, Antonio Luna went to Barcelona to demand satisfaction from Mir, challenging bls to a duel. When Mir refused repeatedly and continued to insult the Flips, Luna published an account of the ‘whole busines in 1 Dik, another Barcelona republican paper. The Filipino coloaies of Madrid, Barcelona, and Paris rallied round Luna, considering i @ common Filipino cause, and shared in the expenses fof geting Lunas side of the story published in the general public press, Luna submitted the affair wo a “uibunal of honor,” composed ‘6 members ofthe Madeidl and Barcelona press, which gave a verdict upholding his honorable conduct in the whole ala.” [At this point, when a moral victory seemed to have been gained for the Filipinos, Mir Deas took his revenge, and the affir assumed a more serious aspect, Mariano Ponce, who had remained in Barcelona to wind up affairs there after Del Pilar moved to Madrid, was de- hotnced to the polie as possessing candestineh-printed pamphlets, sud his quarters were searched. Inumediately a report appeared in a Teaing Maid paper that a center of eonspiracy had been discov creel in the "Centro Hlipino” of Barcelona, where there were found tuiioplets which, “atempt to loosen the bonds of union with the This yas quickly ssized upon by the profiiar newspaper La Patria ‘of Madi, Fortunately for Ponce, only a small number of pamphlets were taken, of which some were actually those of Father Rodeiguee, hil he aserte that he was in no way responsible forall these pam pets, ft chat they had merely Been received! in the editorial office (al Ls Siva by. ‘The Filipino colony of Barcelona immediately sent @ commission to leading newspapers and fo the cil govemor to denounce the fa satin, a to protest thei loyalty to Spain, ete, They a San US Be 90 Fa, 200-0, 28, 28-8, Reneaed Activity in Madsid 195 dlspatched a telegram to the overseas minister, proteting against the Calumny and reiterating ther adberence to Becetas reform Silat communications were sent tothe Libera and Republican papers of Madrid and Barcelona, most af whom joined in efutng the sccuse tons leveled atthe Filipinos by newspapers ike La ati and La Uniin Catia Final in January 1890 the Barcelo Filipinos gave a banque in honor of the members ofthe Barcelona press, thanking them ft ‘supporting the Flipinos2® Thoogh the cate against Ponce was die miss, he was kept waiting many months in Barcelo for dsp tion of the cate against hin and of his sult against Mir for false denunciation, much tothe dismay of Del Pilar and of Rl, both ot om kept writing to him to huny to Madd s Del Pilar alone could not cope with the work of the newspaper” ‘The enmity of Mir aside, the incident dogs not wm to have aroused sy lasting suspicion against the Flipinon: I anything, the publcy anu the banquet for he press tured a graiffing spotlight on their reform campaign (Organization of the Delegation in Madrid Meanwhile Del Pilar was consolidating his organization in Madd alter having wansferred La Solidaridad these in Nosember 1889, This accomplished, he quickly proceeded to revive the Asociacién 22 Among the newspapers weh supa the Fiinoe wore La Plat. E ly 1 Rn La Di, La Canons Mitr, Pai The lees tein AHN Cama ey E77, 528 ‘1B Ral 2250-0, SO: 59% Fp, lr, LDR, 290 et Fone aly ated a Ocnter or November 10 yt HSM ep ondented yh ba ef no met of ral re af Rela, wich jase Cina, Mc nes spent ener wo he ro il in he dg ei’ ty hy Tt he ep by api semicon whe pce (AON og. 80 exp Hy ero fan 1890, om the fh Ma the ae" these of the Gran Co de |W Oven). The eis the ada sve Re ae npr to a ay tv Pu te a he to ga Mi195 Renowel Activ in Madrid ispano-Filipina and make it an effective organ of action, On 95 No- ‘ember a general mecting took place o elect new officers. Reelected were Morayta, president, and the three Peninsulars who were siceppresidents, Antonio Balbin de Unquera, Luis Vidart, and Felipe tle la Corte. These three men, none of whom were associated either ‘vith Masonry or wih the republican and antlescal crces of Moray, provided an excellent testimony to the proclaimed nonpolitcal and honreligious character of the organization, Balbio de Unquera and ire had eater writen for Las Das Mundas, ane General de ta Cortes conferences on Mindanao in 1887 had been featured in pata en Tlpins, but ie snot at all clear that dhey took any active part in the Asocacin, Teodoro Sandiko, a cose callaborator of Del Par from Malolos, suas elected teasirer, The execitie committee had as ils members Del Pilar, jag Vidal, José Hernndez Crame, and Morayta’sasociate in Masonry and polis, the peninsular Manuel Labra. The ASocacin vas for practical purposes the alliance of Moray with the activist Filipinos led by Del Pil” A quickening ofthe shythi of activity was noticeable. In the elee- ow mceting Sse it was voted to send the executive commision to py a vit to Minister Becerra to express the gratitude ofthe associa thn "forthe beneficent reforms which he is undertaking on bekalf of the progress ofthe Philippines.” The following month the astociation lick a anniversary luncheon for the representatives of the “demo- ‘atc press” In tactic dha had een employed before and was tobe tepeatey employed in the future, che Luncheon prosided a forum fon the Flipinos to get ther ideas ito the general press through the reports of the speeches given at the lancheon itself as well as an op otnity to ingraiate themsehes with those representatives of the {ess likely to help thea in the fare with favorable comments on thee priya and aetsites, The roster of guess included representae The gale Rian Movin, led fay 18, eps sd ne ele ic dn, Ts ee Rencwed Activity in Madd 197 tives of HY Pais, Et Liberal, Bt Globo, La jus, and BE Resumen, all of them of republican or leftist Liberal afliation, the only other Peninsular being Manuel Ori de Pinedo and Manvel Labra, together ‘sth their politcal chet, Morayta ‘Once the Asociacién HispanoFilipina was on the move again, Del Pilar set about organizing the Filipino Masonic lodge, Before the end fof 1880 all duce clements of his organization were setup, though the lodge "Soidasidad” didnot obtain its charter until the following May. Each of these elements had is vin specifi purpose: Masonry, t0 obtain the clandestine support of Spanish Masons for the Filipino reform program; the Asociacién HispanoFlpina, a respectable, pur portedly nonpolitical organization, to act as a corporate personality before the government and other establishments in presenting the reform program; La Solidaridad, an organ of propaganda for the Asoctaién and the Filipino program as well as an organ of propa igznda in the Philippines itl, to arouse opposition to the fry and to enlist sspport for the propagandists abroad. Masonry too was even ‘ually to have its other function within the Philippines of promoting the ideals of che propagutdiss among the people, In each ofthese parts of the organization, Del Pilar held the rein, ‘working direlly or through others. In La Saldaridad, he was now ed. tor, with Mariano Ponce soon to be his managing editor, In Masonry, hhe held second spot as Senior Warden under Llorente, but in 1891 ‘would succeed hi as Worshipful Matter of “Solidaridad” with Ponce as secretary, and both would keto high poston inthe Gran Oriente EEspafiol aswell, Inthe Aweiacién Hixpano-Filipina he headed the Fist ‘of members of the executive comission under Moray’ presidency, and afte Ponce’ rial in Madd the late joined him on the com ‘mission. But in all of these, whether holding high official postion ‘OF not, he was the moving spirit and the speayhead of action, ‘Campaign for Representation in the Cortes Always prominent among the reforms sought by the the frst student efforts in the pinos since rly 1805, the question of representa198 Renewed Activity in Madrid tion for the Philippines in the Cortes now became the leading ise for Del Pilar and the main goal ofthe forces he contcolled. ‘Acthe end of Febraaay 1890, Del Pilar got in touch wil his former associate in the Diavong Tagalog, Francisco Calvo Muto, who was this time a deputy wo the Cores for the Liberal party of Sagas Calvo: Muor promised to help Del Pilar, and shordy thereafter pre sented an amendment to the new electoral lw proxiding for univer ‘il sulfrage being discasted a¢ this time in the Cortes. Cao Muir" smendient, signed! bysix deputies besides himself, provided for three slepities to he elected from the Philippines by a limited electorate, restricted to certain officeholders and to those paying taxes of more than 50 pesos year ‘When the commision for the electoral law declared that it could hat accept the amendment, Calo Miuoz spoke a length in defense of it He related the history of Phitppine representation in the Cores and hho ic had! heen abolished, and pleaded the sie andl even neces of its resioraion, especialy now thatthe reforms of Becerra on other levels nad vemoved the objections that might have Been raise 'At che conchision of Calvo Muioz" speech Becerra himself tok ‘he floor, lauding his zeal for the welfare of the Filipinos and pro- claiming his own desive that Filipinos be given parliamentary repre ion ina form much wore generous than that proposed. To this Cond he ba directed his reforms, he declared, but he judged that the tne was not yet ripe for introducing this measure. He therefore asked his colleague withdrav his amendment “in the assurance that the ‘osornment is resolved to travel in that direction.” The following da, the chairman of the commission for the elee- ‘oval la, Antonio Ramos Calderdn, ako of the Liberal party spoke, likewise praising with eloquence the intentions of Calvo Muiioz and pledging the support of the Liberal party for its crowning effort wo 1 Maclay this ie Sarina), Pile 25, He hd beam dep a seen kee hit prmentry imi to pent his ig pect or Inevsan ton wth nn of pb propery acting same SO pss wath vs Tie ane mt delay Hn AG by avo ga ee ad eer Renewed Actvityin Madrid 190 rise the Filipino people to their proper place within the Spanish realm. But he too appealed for a moze propitious tine for taking action, pledging that a day will come when the Spanish nation wil have done justice to those great virtues and those great qualities” and gant fall ecogrion to dhem. Wih this, Cato Muiioz rose, and thank: ing his colleagues forthe deference show him, agreed to witdra his amendment to wait forthe action promised by Becerra, reserving to hime Self che right to bring up the question again in due time if necessary ‘Whether or not Del Pilar placed any real fith in the gb assur. ances of Becerra and Ramos Calderén, he professed to do so, ant ‘quickly set about aking advantage of the aeceprance in principle of Philippine representation, ging it the widest publicity posible. The following Sanday the Asociacién Hispano Filipina gave one of is hineh- cons in houor of Calvo Mufor, atended by the usual fiend jour naliss and accompanied by the usual champagne and toasts, centered this time on the theme of Philippine representation in the Cortes ‘The next ive of La Sadar contained not only the verbatim recor of the speeches of Calvo Mution, Becerra, and Ramos Calderén in the Cortes, hut also a leading article by Del Pla, emphasing with some exaggeration that though the amendment had been rejected, the idea had been accepted with enthusiasm by the commission and by the government. He svessed thar though the modest nature ofthe proposal was not at all proportioned to the real need of the Philip pines, it was an important first step andl dhe best means of assuring Spain's security in the Phiippines, Another aril recounted the lance eon of the Asociacion and related the speeches there in favor ofthe soughtfor reform, so that practically che entire issue was devoted to the question, Shortly hereafter, Del Pla plit out a pamphlet repro- ducing the speeches inthe Cortes.” ‘Mote realistic, and more skeptical, was the article of Rizal pub- lished in the succeeding issue. Noting that the Flipino people had shown isl grateful forthe proposed reforms of Becerra, even though Tew had been decreed and fewer ail were being executed, he under took to refite Becerra’s assertion that time yas needed! to wipe out the ignorance in which the Filipina people sill ay, not Cxough cher tino Cong Dif dl ‘Sabato, 1 wpm Ct. eran tent it200, Renewed Activin arid tu ship crgromed, Malema hace eas trie uh eto ofthe pes Wah the ey clea ed ‘he done today.” Dope he erence of approach Del Par wa nt more ae than Kalo va night te Spee of Beco and eed se tng and tht ah Sur wld retum o she Papo ‘eto oC Adnan: Amey th nse Ses ine May and mune he op sn cents pec ward in the effort to get it through the Cortes, Meanwhile he had sunonniced that the presentation ofthe projected news lw only ated the set of C lo Matior from a tip he had taken. pias nl Congr” La Std 81 Mar 1890 alps lpn 81 Say 10 "Rginen plane pa mm SF 2, 12 ees ing Mi she sepa dy Va Audi one th el et wt ep bat ne Ce Rennwvd Aticty in Madrid 201 ‘What the chances were of securing pasage ofthe proposed lw is hard to sy, There yas no way of finding out, for the Sagasta govern- ment fell on $ July 1890, and the Conservatives under Canovas came to power Embittered over the unweleome turn of event, Rizal ca cally recalled in an article his exhortation to Becerra not to pat off for tomorrow what should be done today, He held out Filipinos the consolation, laced with irony that even if Becerra had not carried ‘out his promises, they had atleast herd of many wonderfl reforms ‘during his term a8 minister. In a more sober tone, he exhorted them to place their hopes forthe fuse “on One who has a beter memory, ‘One who knows better the vale of justice and of a sacred promis,” ‘on God more than on men."* (On the ether hand, Del ilar—always the pragmatst—hile lament ing the fll of the Liberals without the fulfilment of their promise, was careful to preserve friendly relations with them. In his editorial Comments on the political changes, he related the vic ofa commis ‘Son of the Asociaciin Hispano-lipina to pay their respects to Sagasa after the fall of the ministry, during which the lauer declared that he hha a project of representation for the Philippines all prepared, and would certainly have presented it had che ministry not fallen. Not nly dla Del Pilar pat on a grave ar of taking this seriously: he ever fexpressed the hope that the Consersatives would not consider the ‘question in a partisan spirit, but would themselves bring about the desired representation. While avaiting the return of the Liberals to power, however, Del Pilar had no intention of sting ill, Even before the fall of Sagas, the lodge "Sofidardad” had begun to crculaize the other Masonic lodges to obtain signatutes to the petition to be presented by the Asociacién Hispano-lipina to the Cortes, asking for parliamentary representation for the Philipines, a move that bespoke the relation between Masonry and the astociation, In October, De Pilar wrote co his wife concerning his plans for @ great banquet to which the leaders ofall the parties were invited and in which the speeches would deal With the question of representation forthe Philippines. Stenographers trere to he there to take down the speeches, which would later be202 Renewed Activity in Madrid published. Thus when the Liberals retumed to power, they woul have to make good! their promise. The Avociaci6n Hispano‘ilipina isaved a pres release, announcing its campaign for parliamentary representation When the banguet finally took place on 8 December 1890, the realty was considerably less chan the plans.” The only politicians present at dhe banquet were Becerra and Ramos Calderdn, andl though Dominador Gomez, a secretary, read leters to Morayta from Moret tl José Canalejas, and transmited an oval message from Leda y Cast, all these leading figures ofthe Liberal party were very ear ful to avoid commiting themseles to advocacy of Filipino representa ig themselves to expressions of enthusiast for Philippine progress and of admiration forthe work of Becerra. Even Calo Moe absent from the banguet. Becerra talked at length of his reforms ithe reactionary polices of the religious orders, bt his statement ‘om parliamentary representation was as vague ay it had been nine ‘months eats, Sil, he oceasion was redeemed somewhat by eloquent speeches foring representation, not only from Moraya, Gomer, Del ir, an the young Filpine student Gregori Kail, but a from Gen ‘al de hi Corte and, among the representatives ofthe press, Gonzalo para of BI Resumen and C. Soldevilla of Et Inport Despite the limited succes of the banquet at 9 means of com ling Liberal potitcians 19 the cause of Filipino representation, Del Hrlar did not slacken his efforts. The vaious republican factions had ukealy, oF would soon, put Filpino representation in the progeams oftheir respective parties, but with their relatively small numbers, there \sis no liketthood of their coming to power or oftheir being able to pst rough such a law without the Liberals’ support 8 Yr 275-7 a Said 81 Oe 880 Mi, "Reeit del aqucte at Seo Bera La Sedan BY Dee 195, The mens a the specs eprint In illnnt in he seceding makes primey wepreentaion or he Pips in is eos ees boo ey a ae Renewed Activity mn Madrid 208 In June 1891 the Asockcién HispanoFipina presented to the Cortes an exposition of the sate of the Phillppines under the op- presive, almost absolute rule of a governorenera, without means of Expressing itself or making is needs known in the Cortes. The expo- Silon asked tht the Philippines be allowed clected represen the Cortes and that the right of free assembly and free expression be permilted asa prerequisite for elections Under the prevailing di pensation, the Flipines could not have expected to obtain by this, txposiion anything beyond keeping the question alive inthe minds ofthe deputies white waiting forthe reum ofthe Liberals to power. In La Saidarind the question was feequenty played up in general ails, and reeived special teatment from time to time. Ta Deceniber 1892 the Liberals finally renirmed to power with a new Sagasta government in which Antonio Naura held the post of ‘overseas minister, Del Pilar immediately jogged Liberal memories, r= ‘calling Sages promises in an article in La Soda and revising the pojeted Ir that Cabo Suir had heen abou present in 1890. ‘Maura, however, was a Liberal ofa diferent order from Becerra and not likey to be influenced by the ciel in which Morata moved” Moreover, the major project of his ministry was the laws of ‘municipal reform for the Philippines and for the Anilles, one that had the support of Del Pilar and his followers, but which aroused 50 much controversy among reactionary forces that Maura could have tether the dine nor the eoterprie to eat Unough so controversial ‘project a Philippine representation in the Cortes, even if he had ‘91 "ols fic dee Acai lana pina” La Slo 15 Jane 19 se" eames i, 90 fone TR, hr the ot of Be expo printed he ool maybe fund in AIS Ulan, eg S880 exp. 3 "La Aon fame pon por woo el Sendo seme tc oan ain relma ia There ast stat ited 4 Feb 192, eamaiting e expion 0 the ener miner "pura oe eet oportuo’ ta the ehe. 40. "Yaes temp 1 Dee 158 Timor” 15 Joo 1908 AT nn es ode ine oy of ty Wer fi fr he Pp psec tin pry, Ale 12 he ed the Comcrate Fr nthe a. oem wei the ier pre rn hae206 Rnrwod Aciiy in Madi wished to do sa. La Solidaridad Tikewise devoted its energies 10 sup porting Mausa’s municipal reform, without neglecting to bring. up the question of parliamentary representation from time t time and 10 expres its confidence that dhe Liberals would full their promises, "inaly, in Mareh 1894, on the resignation of Maura, Sagasa’s new cabinet included Manuel Becerra a6 overseas minister, Bot it was & cautious Becerra, who, whether because of changed convictions or because of condlions lad down by Sagasta for his entry into the new ministry, not only had Tost interest in his presious commitment to Philippine representation; he had developed a coolness toward the many educational and religions reforms he had proposed bu fled to make effective in 1889-00." Del Pilar apparenty tried to sound himn ou with « question Srom a frienally deputy; Emilio Junoy, whether Recerra intended to bring the Philippine budger before the Cortes for disenssion.** "As minister in the previous Liberal administration, Becerra had pointed to this as the frst step toward Philippine representation, and Ihe himself had questioned the Conservative Minister Fabi€in the sme sense. Becerra temporized as us, but by this Gme Del Pilar had Tnade am agreement with Junoy to present to the Cortes the seven thousand signatures that the Masonic lodges had gathered for the pttion of the Asociacién Hispanoilipina, and then himself to in- fwodlce bill providing forthe granting of representation inthe Cortes 12 The sim i the Pipe met opposition at cil om he ectonay ype al ination, The ore aan reform fr the Antes se ch “Shima Vom sau ssl intrest Sgn refurd wo make 3 ine {snl ana Bally seed ae Ferner Albago, Hsna, 180-28 tise mor tat Beers had een ated oe he penis i fr Ting tig to sence his er ret, and express the hope tha his ‘ming ole no te ek cpm ot Bs par “fu len vy othe Epos eo tbe est ds in Barcelona ensured Activity Madsid 205 to the Filipinos" The petition was presented on 21 February 1825, and on 8 March, Junoy made a speech in favor ofa bill providing for 81 deputies ae 1 elective senators representing the ve districts into sich the Philipines was divided.” Jt what happened to the proposed In isnot certain, but appar- cently never even came up for discussion. The Liberal cabinet fell two works afer the bill was introduced, and the return of the Con- servatives to power under Cinovas del Casilo seems 10 have ended any hopes of having the law enacted.” Yet the record of the Libera Panty with regard tothe Philippines raises doubts thatthe proposition ‘would have fated much better atthe hands of the Liberals. They would have retorted to evry trick and device of diplomatic evasion (0 avoid being pinned down to ealier commitments oF what, tothe Filipinos, pase for commitments. Becera’s inaction betrayed Sagasta's think ing, and neither the petitions, whose source he was well avare of, nor the speech of the republican Junoy was likely to move him to a difer 45, MH, de Pl, “Eo Jon” Wa, 10 ems iy that Jey he wy dep Del Pr spas fees to se ane Apotaro Man (eho {ava th period tang de remion of und to Del Pla om the Pips). He we we tac ne he dept weal," noon fr mane, bat ay fer hones he hopes da etry hin gh (Maze Toney, lr, 216; a0 ‘ipo Onan Mah) Lp De Pr] 1 De 183, La arp de pata 1 For the spech of ony and the et Ue rooted aww “A Congr de ita,” La Sra 1 ar 198, An aco te preset of he pete ‘hone and th neocon the il by Jor (ith alt of the bekindescens tea by bi ee aranged amie, aon Poe, i, 18-0 17 Nek La iad wor is opponent La Fin te jon Fina ake any mention othe att dog the seeding mond tbh would ve een Tike odo had any action ben taken on Jooors prope tw The ok o pe Yo in ARS, Ural 526 accompanied y= dosent rositing it he ‘nec mine “po ated el Conqrsn vrs ena etn de ayer (4 sy os] y psn cn option” Nether hee any mention of bane held for jon, or ch Mb ot et Del Pur BU Ot 164, odo 37 per306 Renewed Activity in Madrid Efeciveness of the Political Activity It is pertinent to inquire at this point into the effectiveness and actual nature ofthe Asociacién Hispano Filipina, Though it program and its members might disclaim partisan interest in elther plies or religion, the fact that its president and only really active peninsular member was grand master of the Gran Oriente Espaiiol and a lead ing figure in the Possibilst Republican party stamped ie from the be- inning with a notably partisan religious and political character in the eyes of most Spaniard The only peninsulars who seem actually to have belonged in any sense tothe association besides Morayta and Mantel Labra, the found crs, were the three vieepresidents, Luis Vidast, General Felipe de la Corte and Antonio Balbin de Unquera. Vidar apparently never took part in the affairs ofthe association, and in 1891 actually wrote ape provingly of Retana’s anc+Flipino pamphlet, Frais y cg. Never he was reelected in June 1891, but when he ignored the lection, La Solidaridad finally had to conclude that he wanted no pat of i. Barbin de Unquera worked with the Flipinos for some time, and om at least one occasion spoke of the need for veforms in ‘he Philippines, Basa prominent member ofa professedly Catholic party, he could not Fong fall 10 see the Masonic conections of the asociation, and likewise ceased to have anything to do with i” La Corte continued to ake part for some tne in the meetings and pro- test oF the association, though mot in its attacks om the friars, He le, however, in 1803." ‘Not only di the association actually have very litle Spanish about i aher 1898 but it showed few signs of life at all. Even in the earlier ‘rats it earvied om with far more bustle than actual accomplishient, Mir 1882 there is no mention of election of officers or of banquets, slob oving to lack of funds" In 1898 i ses that Morayta yas (9 ho de ee "Panes len La Soi 1 Jan 181), 317 Reno Activity in Madrid 207 ble to get the Filipino lodges in the Philippines w finance offices hat were to serve simultancounly ag a Masonic temple and as the headquarters of the association, but La Solidaridad reports no further activity except for a few prowess oF statements to the government, issued over the names of the officer. The astocation had become @ rere name to lend substance to the efforts ofa few men. "Typical of such efforts were the petitions presented by Junoy to the Cortes in 1895—all the work of Masonry ta further its alms under the name of the Asociacién Hispano‘lipina. Morava confirmed .gen- ‘ral impression when he said at the ouibreak ofthe Philippine Revo Iution in August 1896 that the Asociaién Hispano-ilipina had beer inaetive for more than two years and thatthe dozen or so members ‘who sil remained kept the hexdqwarters open because they had “ere 52 On Nora era et Sang for he Indes se the cerrapndnce seores Morya and te grand secre a the Gru Ove Esil om ie eae "and and Panay Ps (et Sr the lage Naot tes a Ret, ‘Ari, 890-100, expecil 1-05, Though hee Hers da notre cleat what ‘nen he Fine Bone agree nance hth ibe Aodtin ad Beat, te {Get that when the pce nel he beneath Gran Orne Expl sd sed paper atthe oureak ofthe Plippine Reon in August 186, oth mations were inthe ane pice acm ow nt Maram ccs ce “he accounts the Made newpaper, La Coed de pn, 3 apr BI (ap Ae, rs 2 Auge 3 Ang IS). Te el acme oer 2 eh nt by pins ot er od enpr e se 1 enn inn 2g 1 oan egy y Sa Mucor, wich ad een pried tothe Gean Oriente Fai oe ie pre ‘nt complining ofthe fart tha he lng wh sal be the Meo ope Bove the tle "Assen Hispnelpina” ad that he ner Bel dances of ther Aieepaae character nis precincts a dng Nanny aunt k wl ‘Aer reson of congas wo Gover General Depa La Sand {90 June 192), the ony ae ofthe amocton repartee pap are 4 Ie of tondlence to Blamenit on the death of ister in he te of 15 Jone HB,208 Ramawed Acti in Maid ated a recreational section to entertain their ladfriends with dances and literary seances"® ‘Other politicians ike Segismundo Moret, Francisco Pi y Margll, Rafael M. Labra, and Quirog, often sympathized with Filipino asp. tions, and favored reform in the Philippines”' But for various rea- sons, they could not be expected to support the Filipino cause unreservedly. Pi and Labra, for example, were republicans: the fist ‘vas an advocate of the federal sistem; the second, an autonomist for Gubs. However considerable the respect Uhey might command from ‘other deputies, cheir influence on government poley vas negligible. Moret held high place in the Fusionist polieal eitcles, bat was of {en at odds with Sagas, and while he advocated many reforms for {he Philippines, he was not disposed to be the unconditional cham- on ofthe Filipino eause as conceived by Del Pilar and his followers. (Quiroga ha at frst served De Pia well s intermediary with Becerra, ss advicr, and as the “eak" in high government councils But in later Protea del Se, Moai” BP 27 Aug 86 Thi a eter fo the or let of Bop Adane in rane, where Borys had ed on ewig of he yates nieng the equates tthe Gan Oriente Foiled de Avec Tongue iinet the test othe Pipi Revohon. Th Sce Haas eter of 32 Sept 185 omer on Maes requening 0 ae ear f the Nw ag wie i Pas, ad hs good potions (8 It 9) 4007 Moet sere the flee rm pon of Sen Lu a Tia sot sesomendtion fr Jul Lent, bh of om had ben imprint bly cued change rion (AHS, lear, le 889, Teleraae “hha! 12 Ot, Minor de Ula) Geno Genera de Fina i SH 18 Hapa Poti” 90 Apr 60, Mince de Lara al Cberade {Gra de pin. hom the fountion of bic euyppe A N Rainn 18H, Pp gine peter peal the ne f the Popyanda,He hv nh Rae ni he ater dent ay, bt alo whe) te Mat in 1900 Ge the ces of Caeicero to Depa reordng at ves tobi nic omer In Daptan Bsa, Ld 274, vo he 1 Mal Tc de Hidalgo to Rl 1 Det 9 Ra, $261. he cata, of whe Kae ean mere, sake out Rensord Activity in Modi! 208, {years there is no mention of him in Del Pilar's correspondence, At no time did he appear publicly awociated with the Asoci HispanoFlipina, such a by attending or speaking at their banquets” Other friendships too developed benween individual Filipinos and certain Spanish politicians. But these were much more Hkely to ite solve personal favors rather than support fora Filipino polieal pro- gram. Sil, certain accommodations could sometimes be wangled 0 help the nationalist cause. Thus, even wander the ministry of the Con: servative Fabié, ceranly no fiend of La Saidaridad, copies of this paper were heing sent into the Philippines clandestine in envelopes marked with the seal of the subvecretariate oF the overseas ministry tnd even with that ofthe private office of the minister hime.” ‘But such occasion minor triumphs by no means insured the se: cess of Del Pines political program. The newspapers were a more substantial souree of aid. A number of the journalists invited to the banquets of the awociation responded with publicity for its program. ‘The only ones, however, that consistently showed Interest i Flipino aspirations were those of republican afiation, particularly La Justicia, Pais, EL Nucwo Réginen, and, to a lesser extent, Hl Gobo and Bt Fesumen, in Madtid, and La Publicidad in Barcelona I Pais, the orga of the Progresst Republicans, frequently dealt ‘sith Philippine problems, particuaey during 1889-92. In these years José Francos Rodrigue, who constantly attended the banquets of the ‘Acociaién Hispano-Filipina, was one ofthe editors of BI Pas, and vas ‘chietly responsible for the fivorable atin, though Léper Joena’s prominent postion in the party aso helped.” Francos Rodrigues’ role fs apparent from the change in atitude of La fuscia when he be- came erlitorin-hiet of this paper. Though It had frequently shown ‘he peso in Barcelona Quito al Ben i equet cont wih Del ‘Pas to ihe ew dso Maddy where the ter peso eephoing i fencing information rom Mn, Py 1214; 24,103) erage (Quits noche i tbe Mort ion the elation. 6 JIN, Ula le 880, exp 71 Godemade Genera de Fins hens rn a digi pra ree pcos The Sine HD, Se Ren, Monde Wt, 97-08 by the Poet Replica in hea a oly Origa one of he kere ii ne pret per jen win eae a ee gi Un Po,210 Rene Activity in Masri inelffiendly on vations occasions, it also printed articles opposing Flipino aspirations and biterly attacked Rizal atthe sme of his de- pomation in 1892" Duting the year 1898, during which Francos Rodeiguer became edit, however, it showed a consistently friendly tude, openly espousing the cause of La Solidaridad #1 Nu Riginen, the ongan of Bi y Margall and his Federalist Re- publcans, was rom its beginnings favorable to Filipino interes and ould conta ta be so even up to the separation of che Philippines Trem Spin. But Py Margal’s advocacy of Flipino (wd Cuban) rights towed testo Del Piles politcal aeiy chan to a logical application of is federalist theory of government, anda fiend paternal interest he Tul alays shown in the Flipino stadent in Mai nobly Rial” “El Clo and La Publicidad, as organs in Madrid and Barcelona, re spectively, of the Possibilst or Historical Republicans, both counted Moray among their collaborators, chough his influence was not pre- onninant with respect to El Gla, which only showed interest in the Filipinos occasionally La Pubidad, however, with Eusebio Carominas fs pubilsher and Enilio Janoy as editor, had always show itself endl fo the Filipinos though, except for the articles of Moraya in his regu Iuccolum, it treated les of Philippine afar after the Fipins sited their main actsties to Madd th ony one of the wine aston whose apesch spec ateton en to pee ham whom ial ence ate ted (ea honor de Soy Oem. "aa et Io ke ankles of eppsing stern of Mariano ace Vqaee a Aer yer noma ot Jobe? A 18 Aug. 4 Spe I Te a mene ‘Msn comet reports the Papin station, ge tacking al Ihc and sain severe pen or hs sppmed ce tnt Hel Dt Pan sed erie 0 Rett, Ya, 108 27874 or Th proposed to Hane Pi wete the prologue to Hi book ti ht 8, Th hel ey i ey, Mat at ess ny Det hte Man gi Renawd Actin Madrid — 211 1 Resumen was alsa sporadic in the attention it gave the Filipinos. Ik cooperated with them, however, when specially requested to do ‘0, without devoting general attention to Philippine affairs, This may have been due tothe influence of More, who was 2 Teaing igute in the Iequerdls Dinistiea party faction, of which £1 Resunen was the organ. The paper became less cooperative when Moret formed patt of the Sagasta governments and was therefore committed to the pro- iam ofthe Liberal Fusionst party Since these papers were minority organs, tis doubt whether they wielded much influence ouside the repabliean or democratic Gacles that sponsored ther, Though their advoracy may have drawn 4 small numberof republicans—not always for disinterested moives— {o espouse the Filipino cause, their sponsorship probably further al ienated the governing monarchical parties Tn spite ofall the efforts, money, and polidcal skill expended 10 push Del Pitas politcal program, the signs held ont lle hope for its succesful prosecution. Some Flipines would realize cis much sooner than Del Pilar, and the sears after 1890 would see a steady ‘winding ofthe group in Madrid. But dhe beleaguered Del Pilar and the steadfast Ponce would holdout as long a they had resources, ‘While Del Pilar maintained a killing pace iw pursuing his goals on several fronts simultaneous, another phase of the Propaganda can- peign was on the move, drawing inspiration from and spearheaded by Rizal. Teas a phase more concentrated in approach, more reflective in outlook, more solidly rooted in historical vais. Te was aimed at the Philippines and the Filipinos rather than at the Spaniards