AMAZING DISCOVERIES

1
2
ORIGINS OF EASTER

THE PASSOVER - WHAT WAS IT?

3SO WHY DO WE CELEBRATE EASTER

4
AND THE RESURRECTION?

CHRISTIANITY AND PAGANISM MIXED

5 ISHTAR:

6
THE MOTHER GODDESS

THE SCHEME OF IMITATION

7 THE QUEEN OF HEAVEN IN

8
CATHOLICISM

SHOULD WE CELEBRATE EASTER?

~2~
 1 ORIGINS OF
EASTER
Easter is known for its bunny
rabbits, colored eggs, hot cross
buns, and the return of spring-
time. But where did Easter come
from?

Easter is widely considered a

Christian holiday (holy day)
around the world, held to cel-
ebrate the resurrection of Christ,
but is it rooted in Scripture? Few
people realize that Easter is not
really about the resurrection of
Christ.

Most translations of the Bible do

not even have the word Easter
found anywhere in the text. The
only time the word “Easter” is
found in the Bible, it is there by
mistranslation.The King James
Version has it in one place in Acts
12:4.

“And when he had apprehended

him, he put him in prison, and
delivered him to four quaterni-
ons of soldiers to keep him; in-
tending after Easter to bring him
a
forth to the people.”

~3~
The Greek word used here is
pascha, or in the other 28 plac-
es it is found in the New Testa-
ment, translated as “passover”.
Throughout the Scriptures we
find reference to the passover.
The Jews during their time as
God’s people kept the Passover
as prescribed directly by God,
Jesus and his disciples kept the
passover and Jesus died at the
time of the Passover feast, but
the Passover is not the same as
Easter. So why then does the
world celebrate the crucifixion,
death, and resurrection of Jesus
as “Easter”, something not found
in the Bible, and ignore the con-
cept of the Passover, something
found repeatedly throughout the
Bible?
THE
2
PASSOVER-
WHAT
WAS IT?
Let’s start with this question,
what was the whole purpose of
Passover?
~4~
“The Passover was ordained
as a commemoration of the
deliverance of Israel from Egyptian
bondage. God had directed that,
year by year, as the children
should ask the meaning of this
ordinance, the history should be
repeated. Thus, the wonderful
deliverance was to be kept fresh
in the minds of all. The ordinance
of the Lord’s Supper was given
to commemorate the great
deliverance wrought out as the
result of the death of Christ. Until
He shall come the second time in
power and glory, this ordinance is
to be celebrated. It is the means
by which His great work for us is
to be kept fresh in our minds.”—
Desire of Ages, p. 652
“It was not enough that the
paschal [Passover] lamb be slain;
its blood must be sprinkled upon
the doorposts; so the merits of
Christ’s blood must be applied
to the soul. We must believe,
not only that He died for the
world, but that He died for us
individually. We must appropriate
to ourselves the virtue of the
atoning sacrifice.”—Patriarchs and
Prophets, p. 277
 WHAT DO THE
SCRIPTURES SAY?
Parents were required to teach
their children the reason for the
celebration of Passover:
“And it shall be, when your chil-
dren say to you, ‘What do you
mean by this service?’ that you
shall say, ‘It is the Passover sacri-
fice of the Lord, who passed over
the houses of the children of Israel
in Egypt when He struck the Egyp-
tians and delivered our house-
holds.’”—Exodus 12:26-27
The Passover was an everlasting
ordinance (Note: the require-
ments of this ordinance were ful-
filled in Jesus at the crucifixion):
“So this day shall be to you a
memorial; and you shall keep it
as a feast to the Lord throughout
your generations. You shall keep
it as a feast by an everlasting
ordinance.”—Exodus 12:14
~5~
Notice the main points that are
distinct differences between cel-
ebrating the “Easter” of today,
which has a singular focus for
the Christian world as essentially
“resurrection day” only (along
with bunnies and eggs), com-
pared to the whole reason God
prescribed the Passover:
1. The sacrifice of the Lamb—
Jesus, the Lamb of God, giving
His life for His people.
2. The blood of the Lamb—The
atoning blood of Jesus is what
saves a sinner from their sins.
Without the shedding of blood,
there is no remission of sin (Heb
9:22).
3. God delivers His people—
Jesus delivers His people from a
fallen world and from death itself.
4. A promise of a Savior to
come—The people are not deliv-
ered by the blood of goats and
lambs, but by Jesus’s own blood.
The whole passover event was to
point forward towards the com-
ing Savior.
3 SO WHY DO
WE CELEBRATE
EASTER AND THE
RESURRECTION?
So where did the idea that some
celebration of the resurrection
needed to occur exclusively on a
Sunday? It was an invention of the
Roman Catholic Church, whose
pagan roots often incorporate
pagan traditions dressed up in
the form of Christian worship.
Easter was introduced into Chris-
tianity under the Roman Emperor
Constantine at the Council of Ni-
caea in 325 AD.
In an effort to unite Christian
doctrine worldwide, the Coun-
cil mandated the observance of
Easter as well as other current
Christian practices, such as Sun-
day worship.1 Easter was not as-
sociated with Christianity before
this point.
“In A.D. 325, the Emperor Con-
stantine, who favored Christianity,
convened a meeting of Christian
leaders to resolve important dis-
putes at the Council of Nicaea...
This council … resolved that Eas-
ter should be fixed on a Sunday,
not on day 14 of Nisan [the an-
nual date of the Passover]. As a
result, Easter is now celebrated on
the first Sunday after the first full
moon of the vernal equinox.”2
“The Council of Nice, 325 AD,
decreed that it should be on
Sunday, but did not fix the
particular Sunday. It was left to the
bishop of Alexandria to determine,
since that city was regarded as the
authority in astronomical matters
and he was to communicate the
result of his determination to the
other bishops.”3
b

1. https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Council-of- FIRST COUNCIL

Nicaea-325 OF NICAEA
2. https://theconversation.com/why-easter-is-called-easter- (325)
and-other-little-known-facts-about-the-holiday-75025
3. https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/E/easter.html

~6~
It was at the Council of Nicea in This issue was clearly understood
325 AD that Easter was set to be in early America, where Protes-
held on the first Sunday after the tants were well aware of who in-
first full moon occurring on or af- vented such “holy days” such as
ter the spring equinox on March Easter and its winter counterpart,
21.4 This is astrological worship Christmas:
which God specifically warns
against (Deut 17:3) and this is “In early America, the Easter
why the date for Easter changes festival was far more popular
every year. among Catholics than Protestants.
For instance, the New England
If the celebration of Easter really Puritans regarded both Easter and
had anything to do with the actu- Christmas as too tainted by non-
al day Christ resurrected, it would Christian [aka pagan] influences
be affixed to a specific date each to be appropriate to celebrate.”5
year. Otherwise it would be like
saying, I was born on March 1st,
but each year I celebrate on a
different day depending on the
cycles of the moon. Sounds kind
of crazy, right? But this is how the
Christian world, thanks to pagan
Rome, sees the resurrection of
our Savior.

The verse in Mark 7:13, speaks

directly to the Roman power,
stating:
“Making the word of God of none
effect through your tradition.”
4. https://www.atour.com/
education/20080826a.html
5. https://theconversation.com/
why-easter-is-called-easter-
and-other-little-known-facts-
about-the-holiday-75025

~7~
4 CHRISTIANITY
AND PAGANISM
MIXED
The Catholic church has blended
many pagan beliefs into Christi-
anity and has instituted their ob-
servance through various sym-
bols, practices and holidays like
we see is the case for Easter. This
is why Christianity and the world
at large thinks of these practices
as Christian but are really un-
aware of the true history behind
them.
Rome, prior to Constantine’s de-
cree officially converting Rome
into a “Christian” kingdom, held
a worship system that was abun-
dant and diverse in pagan gods
and goddesses. Many of those
gods are still worshiped today
inside the papacy in the form of
“saints”. In fact, in the famous Ro-
man Pantheon, the gods Jupiter,
Janus, Saturn, Apollo and others
~8~
were just carried over to the Ro-
man church and called “saints”
(the statue known as Saint Peter
in the Vatican today is the same
statue that was used for the god
Jupiter during the pagan era of
Rome).
But Rome did not invent these
gods, they got them from the
Greeks and the Greeks got them
from the Babylonians. Zeus
turned into Jupiter, Hades into
Pluto, and Poseidon into Nep-
tune. But all these male formed
gods represent the same false
god. The origins of this false god
traces back to the post-flood, an-
cient Babylonian god/king Nim-
rod (Gen 10:8), a descendant of
Cain through Ham, representing
the children of disobedience, one
of the three sons of Noah. This
system of false worship consisted
of Nimrod, his wife Semiramis,
and their deity/saviour son, Tam-
muz (Eze 8:14).
 Over time, these figures morphed into the two principal deities of
Babylon, Baal (2 King 21:3) and Ishtar. Through the ages they were
imported into other nations under different names but always retained
the same basic characteristics and attributes. Baal, representing
Nimrod/Tammuz, became known as Bel, Molech, Merodach, Osiris,
Mars and Jupiter. Yes, the same Jupiter that is now “Saint Peter” in the
Vatican.

Other pagan symbols in the T

Catholic church include the fish
mitre (hat) from pagan times and
the pinecone on the Pope’s staff.
Pinecones are seen in reliefs of
the Babylonian god Marduk.

~9~
 THIS IS THE LARGEST
PINECONE IN THE WORLD
IN THE COURTYARD OF
THE VATICAN

e The pinecone was viewed as symbolizing enlightenment, fertility, and

eternal life by the Romans, Greeks, Assyrians, and now Catholics but it
originated with paganism.6 The Vatican is home to the largest pinecone
in the world and to the Pinecone courtyard. The Pinecone courtyard is
the main courtyard in the Vatican museum where many of the Greek
statues are located.
6. https://www.ancient-symbols.com/pinecone

f
 5 ISHTAR:
THE MOTHER
GODDESS

Easter is an ancient spring festival

practiced long before the time of
Christ.

The goddess Ishtar is associated

with fertility and sex. Celebra-
tions to honour her coincided
with the beginning of springtime
and increasing daylight time.
Spring was a time of rebirth and
fertility made possible by the in-
creasing light of the sun. So, the
role of the sun was also an im-
portant component of the Ishtar
festival.

Worshipers of Ishtar presented

her with two fertility symbols
among other offerings—eggs
and rabbits. These have become
part of the Christian Easter
celebration today.

ISHTAR
g

~ 11 ~
 The goddess in ancient religions
was worshiped as the life giver
and nurturer and, as such,
this religion was full of sexual
undertones. Phallic symbols,
such as the obelisk, as well as
symbols of femininity and divine
intercourse, were common in
ancient temples, as they are in
modern temples, particularly in
India. These symbols are equally
common in Roman Catholic
cathedrals.
OBELISK IN FRONT
OF ST. JOHN’S
LATERAN CHURCH
IN ROME
~ 12 ~
The tradition celebrated today
as Easter is the modern form
of the worship of the ancient
Babylonian goddess, Ishtar, the
Chaldean goddess of war and
fertility. She holds many other
names from her original name
of Semiramis. She is also known
as Aphrodite, Astarte, Ashtor-
eth (1 Kings 11:33), Cybele or
Sybil, Rhea, Demeter, Ceres, Hera,
Freya, Diana (Acts 19:27), Europa,
Isis, Artemis, and Venus.
Today she is most visibly known
in the Catholic form as the Virgin
Mary (one key point connecting
them - they are referenced as the
“Queen of Heaven”).
The Bible speaks about this an-
cient pagan practice of honoring
the Queen of Heaven in Jeremiah
7:18:
The children gather wood, and
the fathers kindle the fire, and
the women knead their dough,
to make cakes to the queen of
heaven, and to pour out drink
offerings unto other gods, that
they may provoke me to anger”.
 i

OSTARA WAS A GERMANIC GODDESS AND HER EQUAL WAS EOSTRE

WHOSE FEAST DAY WAS HELD DURING THE FIRST FULL MOON AFTER
THE SPRING EQUINOX.

~ 13 ~
Many modern practices are tied
to this pagan festival honoring
Ishtar. For example, sun worship,
Sunday sacredness, and the
origin of virgin worship.
Easter eggs and the Easter Bunny
both featured in the spring festi-
vals of Ostara, which were initially
held during the feasts of the god-
dess Ishtar.”7

While many subscribe the name While Christmas is connected to

Easter as a direct correlation to
Ishtar, the fact is, the connection
is not as direct, although the
worship does tie back to Ishtar.
The name Easter is derived from
several other sources including
the Germanic goddess of the
spring, Eostre or Ostara. Ostara
was a Germanic goddess and
her equal was Eostre whose feast
day was held during the first full
moon after the Spring Equinox.
“Ostara was, of course, a fertility
goddess. Bringing the end of win-
ter...Her presence was felt in the
flowering of plants and the birth
of babies, both animal and hu-
man. The rabbit...was her sacred
animal.
the pagan worship of Tammuz
(Baal) and the Winter Equinox,
Easter is the worship of Semiramis
(Ishtar) on the Spring Equinox. It
is astrological worship which God
specifically warns against. The
Council of Nicaea set the dates
based on this same astrological
logic and called it “Christian”.
Given that there are only two
worship systems in this world,
the worship of the God of
Heaven, Creator of all things,
and the worship of the “god of
this world” (2 Corinthians 4:4),
all worship, and gods associated
with that worship, fall into one
of these two categories whether
individuals realize it or not.

7. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/41903646/pdf-ishtar-easter-
contending-for-truth-by-dr-scott-johnson

~ 14 ~
6 THE SCHEME OF
IMITATION
2 Corinthians 4:4 tells us that Sa-
tan blinds the minds of men that
they will not believe the gospel
of Jesus Christ. One tool Satan
has used throughout history to
blind people to the true gospel
is to establish religions that mix
elements of the true gospel with
lies.
This was a brilliant strategy that
has kept people from recognizing
and appreciating the elements of
the true plan of salvation like the
sacrifice, resurrection, and second
coming of Christ. By creating
similar but counterfeit beliefs
in pagan religions long before
Jesus came to earth, it is easier
to dismiss Christ’s resurrection as
just another version of the same
old pagan story from long ago
and believe that Christ offers no
more truth or means of salvation
than other gods or religions.
~ 15 ~
The sacrificial system, for exam-
ple, was imitated by pagans. The
difference is that pagan sacrifices
are about man gaining merit to
appease a wrathful God, whereas
the true sacrificial system dem-
onstrates a loving God conde-
scending to man by becoming
flesh and dying willingly in our
place.
The early pagan practices and
beliefs about Ishtar and the
resurrection prepared the world
for the religious apostasy which
would occur after the time of
Christ. The pagans believed in a
god that was resurrected each
spring on Easter—a day which
was dedicated to Ishtar, the
mother goddess, also called the
queen of heaven.
 7 THE QUEEN
OF HEAVEN IN
CATHOLICISM

The Catholic Church has adopt-

ed the pagan concepts of the
mother goddess and the queen
of heaven into their teachings
about Mary. Here we see a few
pictures depicting Mary being
crowned Queen of Heaven in
various Catholic reliefs and paint-
ings.

The pagan Queen of Heaven, in

particular Cybele, was said to be
a mediator with the gods and this
precise belief has been applied
to Mary by the Roman Catholic
Church,8 but it is as pagan as it
gets, and has no basis in the Bible
whatsoever.

MARY BEING
CROWNED
QUEEN OF 8. https://www.thedivinemercy.org/articles/
HEAVEN mary-merciful-queen-heaven
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Caeli_
Reginam
https://www.cathdal.org/home/
proclaiming-the-queenship-of-mary
https://godmadeus.com/Holiday/
Christmas/ch14.php

~ 16 ~
 May the Virgin Mary, crowned
Queen, intercede for us…that we
[may] imitate her in faithfully
fulfilling God’s will on earth, to
join her one day in the heavenly
Jerusalem. In every situation of
our life, let us invoke her with
trust: “Queen of all saints, pray for
us!”–Pope John Paul II 9
at the breast of the mother is a
common theme in magic and the
Babylonian cult.10 Even the sun
god was depicted nurturing at
the goddess’ breast. Babylonian
symbols of the baby suckling at
the mother’s breast are also simi-
larily depicted with Mary and the
baby Jesus.

In 1854, the Papacy declared k

Mary sinless or “immaculate” and
gave her a position of mediator,
and in 1951, they declared that
she had ascended unto heaven,
where she was crowned as the
“Queen of heaven.” This was
called the Assumption of Mary.
Since then, the complete system
of Babylonian worship, with Mary
taking the role of the mediatrix,
has thus been established within
Catholicism.

The breasts of the goddess

formed a prominent part of the
goddess cult, goddesses of-
ten being depicted with many
breasts to nurture the world. The
concept of the King nurturing

9. https://www.nationalshrine.org/blog/ STATUE REPRESENTING THE MOTHER

celebrating-marys-queenship-of- GODDESS FIGURE, KNOWN UNDER
heaven-and-earth/ MANY NAMES SUCH AS ARTEMIS,
10. https://isiopolis.com/2020/11/08/milk- DIANA, AND CYBELE. THIS FIGURE
the-magic-of-isis-2/ BECOMES MARY IN CATHOLIC CIRCLES.
 l

EGYPTIAN -
ISIS WITH HORUS THE CHILD
It is widely understood that
the Isis Lactans images of late
Paganism became the models for
the mother-and-child images of
the Virgin Mary with Baby Jesus.11
Catholicism carries the same
mythology. Take for example the
Magharet Sitti Mariam, or “Milk
Grotto” as it is commonly known,
where Catholic tradition has it
that Mary spilt milk from her
breast while feeding Jesus. This
milk supposedly squirted onto
the walls of the cave and formed
white markings. The grotto has
become a shrine, revered today
as a place of pilgrimage for heal-
ing and fertility.
11. https://isiopolis.com/2020/11/08/
milk-the-magic-of-isis-2/
~ 19 ~
Catholics see Mary playing an
important intercessory role to ap-
pease Christ’s wrath:
The sinner that ventures directly
to Christ may come with dread
and apprehension of his wrath;
but let him only employ the
mediation of the Virgin with her
Son and she has only to show that
Son the breasts that gave him suck
and his wrath will immediately be
appeased.12
Pope John Paul II believed that
Mary intercedes for the faithful
who honor her during mass:
As they listen to the word
proclaimed in the Sunday
assembly, the faithful look to
the Virgin Mary...From Sunday
to Sunday, the pilgrim people
follow in the footsteps of Mary,
and her maternal intercession
gives special power and fervour
to the prayer which rises from the
Church to the Most Holy Trinity.13
12. Catholic Layman, July 1856.
13. John Paul II, Dies Domini (July 5,
1998).
“The Church’s devotion to the
Blessed Virgin is intrinsic to
Christian worship.” The Church
rightly honors “the Blessed Virgin
with special devotion. From the
most ancient times the Blessed
Virgin has been honored with the
title of ‘Mother of God,’ to whose
protection the faithful fly in all
their dangers and needs.”14

This is a dangerous teaching

because Mary takes the place
of Jesus. Instead of the faithful
looking to Jesus as the Author
and Finisher of their faith (He-
brews 12:2), they look to Mary. In
Mary they find access to God. In
her the Church is all holy and can
learn obedience to God.
n
The salvation of all depends on
the favour and protection of Mary takes the place of God and
Mary. He who is protected by she herself is treated like a god-
Mary will be saved: he who is dess, a teaching to which the
not will be lost. God will not save Catholic Church is not averse if
us without the intercession of we study even her modern state-
Mary.15 ments on this issue.

14. “Devotion to the Blessed Virgin,” 15. David Hunt, A Woman Rides the
Catechism of the Catholic Church Beast (Harvest House, 1994): 438.
(Vatican City: Liguori Publications,
1994): 253.

~ 20 ~
But while in the most Blessed
Virgin the Church has already
reached that perfection whereby
she exists without spot or wrinkle,
the faithful still strive to conquer
sin and increase in holiness. And
so they turn their eyes to Mary:
in her, the Church is already the
“all-holy.”16
Here are some of the names
Mary is given, from the book
Thunder of Justice:
Prophetess Of These Last Times,
The Immaculate Conception,
Mother Of The Church, Mary As
The New Eve, Queen Of Heaven
and Earth/Queen of Peace, The
Assumption, Queen of the Holy
Rosary, Queen and Mother of
Families, Mary as Co-Redemptrix,
Mediatrix, Advocate, Our Lady of
all Nations, Ark of the New Cov-
enant, Mother of the Second Ad-
vent.17
The titles Co-Redemptrix, Media-
trix, and Advocate in particular
16. “The Church is Holy,” Catechism of
the Catholic Church (Vatican City:
Liguori Publications, 1994): 220.
~ 21 ~
raise serious concerns, as they
contradict the plainest teachings
of Scripture. The Bible clearly
teaches that there is but one Re-
deemer, Mediator, and Advocate,
and that is Christ Jesus.
For there is one God, and one me-
diator between God and men, the
man Christ Jesus (1 Timothy 2:5)
Blessed be the Lord God of Israel;
for he hath visited and redeemed
his people (Luke 1:68).
My little children, these things
write I unto you, that ye sin not.
And if any man sin, we have an
advocate with the Father, Jesus
Christ the righteous (1 John 2:1).
In spite of these words, the Cath-
olic Church is willing to accept
Mary in the place of Jesus Christ,
depriving Him of His mediatory
role. Even more surprising is the
willingness of the Catholic Church
to acknowledge Mary as goddess
and part of the Godhead.
17. Ten Flynn, Thunder of Justice:
The Warning, the Miracle, the
Chastisement, the Era of Peace
(MaxKol Communications, 1992).
 8 SHOULD WE
CELEBRATE EASTER?
Easter is a result of the mingling of truth with error—it’s a holiday that
has little to do with Christ, but seems attractive on the surface. Easter
did not originate for the purpose of celebrating Christ, but rather for
the purpose of worshiping a counterfeit god, Ishtar, a goddess of
fertility.

Satan has always counterfeited and perverted the truth because he

knows that if he does so, many will be led to disbelieve the Bible and
not choose Christ.
Though many Christians celebrate Easter as the day commemorating
the resurrection of Christ, the truth is that the celebration of Easter
actually comes from paganism.

For more information on the pagan symbols in our modern-day

culture, please check out: Wine of Babylon on adtv.watch

~ 22 ~
“Thou shalt have no
other gods before me.
Exodus 20:3

www.amazingdiscoveries.org
References:
Vance Ferrell, Christmas, Easter and Halloween—Where Do They Come From?
(Altamont, TN: Harvestime Books, 2003).

Images Sources cover:

Papa Urbano VII—https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papa_Urbano_VII_(Pope_
Urban_VII).jpg
An Easter postcard from 1907 depicting a rabbit—https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/%C4%92ostre
Assyrische Wandrelief eines geflügelten Genies—Shutterstock: Viacheslav Lopatin
British Museum Queen of the Night—https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:British_
Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg

Images Sources:
a. An Easter postcard from 1907 depicting a rabbit—https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/%C4%92ostre
b. Icon depicting the Emperor Constantine and the bishops of the First Council of
Nicaea (325)—https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea
c. Pope John Paul II wearing a fish mitre—Great Controversy Picture CD, LLT
Productions.
d. Assyrische Wandrelief eines geflügelten Genies—Shutterstock: Viacheslav Lopatin
e. Vatican Museum pinecone—https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vatican_
Museum_pinecone.jpg
f. Pine-cone in Vatican city—iStock: karolinapatryk
g. British Museum Queen of the Night—https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:British_
Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg
h. San Giovanni in Laterano—https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:San_Giovanni_
in_Laterano_-_Seitenansicht.jpg
i. Ostara (1884) by Johannes Gehrts—https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92ostre
j. Coronation of the Virgin, by Diego Velázquez—https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Queen_of_Heaven
k. Selçuk statue Artemis—https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sel%C3%A7uk_
statue_Artemis.jpg
l. Egyptian - Isis with Horus the Child—https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Egyptian_-_Isis_with_Horus_the_Child_-_Walters_54416_-_Three_Quarter_
Right.jpg
m. milk grotto in Bethlehem—Walter Veith
n. The modern icon, Virgin Mary feeding the baby Jesus in the Milk Grotto, in
Bethlehem—Shutterstock: DyziO

~ 24 ~