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Evaluation of Solid Waste Management in Satellite Towns of Mohali and

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 EVALUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SATELLITE
TOWNS OF MOHALI AND PANCHKULA–INDIA

Rishi Rana, Rajiv Ganguly, Ashok Kumar Gupta*

Department of Civil Engineering, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, District Solan,
Himachal Pradesh 173234, INDIA

Tel.: +91-1792-239246, Fax: +91-1792-245362

akgjuit@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The paper presents an overview of generation, collection, transportation, treatment and dispos-
al of the existing solid waste management (SWM) practices in Mohali and Panchkula, satellite
towns of Chandigarh. Daily average generation of solid waste in Mohali and Panchkula munici-
pal corporation area is 150 tons/day respectively (0.267Kg/capita/day). The budget allocated for
the financial year 2013-2014 for Mohali municipality was INR 6.5 crores (US$ 1million) and
even less for Panchkula municipality which was insufficient to maintain a proper SWM system.
The collection efficiency is about 60- 70% from registered households and 10-20% from the
slums and surrounding villages in both the satellite towns. Drawbacks in the SWM system in-
clude untrained work force, haphazard method of collection and lack of collection vehicles. The
system analysis of the waste management in these two cities was determined using the
‘wasteaware’ benchmark indicators and remedial measures suggested.

Keywords: Municipal solid waste management, landfill, Public-private partnership, Wasteaware

benchmark parameters

INTRODUCTION countries (Shekdar, 2009). Solid waste generation in Indian

Increased industrialization along with high economic
growth has led to rapid urbanization leading to production of
a huge quantity of waste that is harmful for the existing envi-
ronment. As such, an increase in municipal solid waste gen-
eration has been recorded worldwide. Municipal solid waste
(MSW) management has become a major issue due to poor
waste management practices which affect the health and
amenity of the cities. The quantity and composition of MSW
vary from place to place, and is a reflection of the average
standard of living (Hoornweg and Laura, 1999). Solid waste
management has always been a pertinent issue for developing
cities per capita vary from 200-870 g/day depending upon the
population and the economic potential of the city (Sharholy et
al, 2008; Kumar et al, 2009; Agrawal et al, 2013). Table 1
shows the per capita waste generation rate depending upon
the population of cities and towns (NEERI 2010). The classi-
fications of cities have been based on the population within
those cities.
Recent studies carried out have indicated that urban area
of India is responsible for generation of 48 million tons of
municipal solid waste rising to about 250 million tons solid
waste by 2050 (Sharholy et al, 2008). As such, municipalities
of urban locations are responsible for the proper management

________________________________________
*
Corresponding author

280 JOURNAL OF SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT VOLUME 43, NO. 4 NOVEMBER 2017
 TABLE 1
Per capita waste generation in cities and towns (NEERI 2010)
Classification Population Range
Class 1 5,000,000
1,000,000
700,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
Class 2 100,000
Class 3 50,000
Class 4 20,000
of such huge amounts of wastes generated and the processes
followed are often done in haphazard manner thereby reduc-
ing efficiency. The problem is further exacerbated due to
additional reasons including poor land use and its reduced
availability, lack of proper technical skills in handling such
huge volumes of wastes, lack of adequate finances and its
management, non-coordination between different authorities
and lack of definite legislative policies (Kumar et al, 2009).
This often leads to illegal dumping without any regard for the
environmental standards (Menikpura et al, 2013). This is true
of the study regions wherein it has been reported that with
enormous amounts of wastes being generated per day and
limiting supporting infrastructure, the twin cities face serious
threat of environmental deterioration and health hazards. The
annual waste generation has been showing increasing trend in
proportion to the rise in population and urbanization (Mor et
al, 2006; Punjab Pollution Control Board 2010).
Hence, in the above context, it is very important to ensure
a safe and proper disposal of the generated solid waste to
maintain the serenity and the efficiency of the city. However,
disposal of solid waste is a serious problem because if burnt it
can lead to increase in air pollutants and if openly dumped
can lead to soil and water contamination of the surrounding
regions (Lebersorger and Beigl, 2009; Ramachandra, 2009).
In developing countries including India, unscientific disposal
methods are most common and it has been reported that about
90% of the solid waste produced in India is dumped off di-
rectly in the landfills in an unsatisfactory manner particularly
in the bigger cities and towns (Hazra and Goel, 2009) Land-
fill gas emissions emanating from landfills are also responsi-
ble for causing global climate changes (Tan et al., 2014). This
has led to an increased awareness in disposing of the generat-
ed solid wastes in more environmental friendly manner (Nash
2009; Greene and Tonjes 2014).
EVALUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SATELLITE TOWNS OF MOHALI AND PANCHKULA–INDIA
Per Capita
Kg/day
Above
0.605
4,999,999
0.448
999,999
0.464
699,999 0.487
0.448
499,999
0.436
399,999
299,999
149,999 0.445
99,999 0.518
49,999 0.434
Several literature studies have been carried out in Indian
context for the proper management of solid wastes generated.
The studies conducted vary from existing generation, collec-
tion and disposal techniques (Rana et al, 2015), to future pre-
diction of wastes based on increase in population predictions
(Das and Bhattacharya, 2014) to organic and inorganic com-
ponents of solid wastes (Rawat et al, 2013), leachate proper-
ties of solid waste (Sang et al, 2010). Despite several studies
reported in an Indian context, it is important to determine the
main components for reduced efficiency in solid waste man-
agement system as they may vary for different locations in-
cluding lack of available data, poor planning and improper
waste management practices (Lebersorger and Beigl 2011)
The present study reports the functioning of the existing
waste management system in Mohali and Panchkula, the two
satellite towns of Chandigarh City identifying the major pa-
rameters responsible for poor waste management practices. A
system analysis of the municipal solid waste generated in the
satellite towns has been evaluated by the ‘wasteaware’ tech-
niques to evaluate its performance. The paper also presents
the carbon credit potential for these two satellite towns. Fur-
ther, the results from the system analysis results have been
utilized for suggesting suitable remedial measures for better
management of the solid waste generated.
METHODOLOGY
Site Location
Mohali is a satellite town adjacent to Chandigarh, lying
within the coordinates of 30.78000 N, 76.69000 E. As per the
latest population census carried out in India, it has a
population of 9,86,147 in the year 2011 (National Census
281
Report, 2011) and an area of 1160 Km2. It is divided into 3
tehsils comprising of 3 development blocks. It is a planned
city like Chandigarh and the entire city has been divided in
sectors and phases. Along with Chandigarh and Mohali,
Panchkula, forms a part of the Tricity. Panchkula lies within
the coordinates of 30.74000 N, 76.80000 E and is also a well
planned city. It covers an area of 816 Km2 having a
population of 5,61,293 in the year 2011 as per the latest
Indian census report (National Census Report, 2011). Figure
1 shows the location of Mohali and Panchkula city. Mohali
and Panchkula municipal corporation looks after the
management of solid waste generated in the city.
Wasteaware Benchmark Indicators
A safe and environmental friendly method of solid waste
management is a global problem. Further, it suffers from two
major issues including lack of suitable data and lack of per-
sistent data which can be utilized for comparing the efficien-
cies of solid waste management system for different cities. In
this context, ‘wasteaware’ benchmark indicators were intro-
duced which consists of both qualitative and quantitative in-
dicators (Wilson et al, 2013; Wilson et al, 2015). Quantitative
indicators comprise of Public Health-collection, Environmen-
tal controlled disposal and Resource Management – reuse,
reduce and recycling (as percentages) whereas the qualitative
indicators are part of governance covering user and provider
inclusivity; financial sustainability; and the national policy
framework and local institutions (Wilson et al, 2013; Wilson
et al, 2015).
Matrix Method of Evaluation
A simple quantification method has been proposed using
the matrix methodology and has been computed for a better
understanding of the system analysis methodology carried out
and explained in the earlier section. The proposed grading
system used in the wasteaware benchmarks is low (L),
Low/Medium (L/M), Medium (M), Medium /High (M/H) and
High (H), a certain weightage has been assigned to each of
these. The assigned weights are (L=1, L/M=2, M=3, M/H=4,
FIGURE 1
Location of satellite towns of Mohali and Panchkula
282 JOURNAL OF SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
H=5). The parameters excluded for the study are the back-
ground information of the cities and the composition of the
waste fraction; since they are not utilized in the grading pro-
cess.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Existing Problems in SWM system and
possible solutions for Mohali and
Panchkula
Source Separation. Source separation of waste leads to re-
duced loads on landfills. Figure 2 shows the suggested source
segregation using different color coding for different frac-
tions of the waste. Similar proposals have been suggested for
Chandigarh city (Khaiwal et al, 2015). Further, both the mu-
nicipalities should undertake setting-up of biomethanation
systems as has been proposed to setup for Chandigarh city.
Further community composting will lead to reduction of large
quantities of waste and transportation will become easier.
Littering by residents after collection. Sweeping and waste
collection is carried out almost on a daily basis in both satel-
lite towns of Mohali and Panchkula but the littering caused
by residents’ poses serious problems. This is particularly due
to wastes generated from householders particularly from the
slums, low-income and local shopkeepers who are frequently
throwing the waste into streets, roads and open drains which
cause excessive clogging and littering of drainage system in
both the cities.
To curb this, Municipal Corporation of both Mohali and
Panchkula should notify the residents collection time of waste
so as to avoid the littering and also to introduce monetary
penalties for littering. The shopkeepers should be provided
with the big containers which must be placed outside the
shops for waste collection. Both municipal corporations
should also spread awareness and education about maintain-
ing cleanliness in public areas.
VOLUME 43, NO. 4 NOVEMBER 2017
 Solid Waste Management

Commercial Institutional Industrial Areas

Street Sweeping Residential
Places Areas

Door-Door Collection of Waste

Segregation at Source

Organic Recyclable Hazardous Hazardous

Inerts (Brown
Waste(Green Wastes(White Waste from Waste from
Bag)
Bag) Bag) Household Household

Leaves Waste
From Door-Door collection to SSKs From Door-Door collection to
SSKs

Paper Composting WEE Recycling

Recycling Landfill CBWTF
Industry Methods Unit

FIGURE 2
Proposed Waste Management Scheme for Mohali and Panchkula cities

Poor Conditions of Collection Containers and Areas around
them. It has been observed that about 60% of primary collec-
tion and storage of waste is done using open storage enclo-
sures resulting in unhygienic conditions, foul smell and odor
and breeding off flies and other vectors. As a preventive
measure, open storage containers should be completely elim-
inated and must be exchanged with the closed containers with
adequate spacing to hold waste. Further, these containers
should be cleaned after waste collection. Proper volume stor-
age containers provided will prevent waste spillage and will
maintain hygienic conditions in areas nearby of the contain-
ers.
Distribution of Labor and Resources. Sanitation workers are
assigned to different sectors of the satellite towns on the basis
of population. Mohali has total 114 sectors and each sector is
assigned with only 2-3 sweepers whereas Panchkula has only
30 sectors and each sector is assigned 2 sweepers (Personal
interaction with the sweepers of Mohali and Panchkula). For
collection of waste from each of these sectors handcarts have
been provided which are operated by a team of two persons.
Workers and handcarts are allocated based on population,
commercial activities and vehicle road kilometers in various
sectors in both Mohali and Panchkula. Certain designated
NGO’s supervise rag pickers for improving the collection
frequency. The rag pickers must be motivated to work which
can be beneficial to both sides. On one hand, it will help in
separating out the biodegradable and recyclable waste which
would help in improving the efficiency of urban solid waste
collection and recovery and on the other hand would provide
adequate and ample job opportunities for the informal waste
collectors.
Recycling and reclamation of waste are now strongly
promoted for conservation of resources and prevention of
environmental degradation. However, no recovery or recy-
cling facilities exist in Mohali and Panchkula cities. Hence, it

EVALUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SATELLITE TOWNS OF MOHALI AND PANCHKULA–INDIA 283
proposed that there should be an introduction of formal recy-
cling unit where there should be proper and formal recycling
of waste so as to derive all the benefits associated with waste
recycling. Presently, in Panchkula, there exist some local
non-formal recyclers involved in recycling process and these
informal recyclers mainly comprise of unorganized and un-
recognized establishments and are not monitored by the gov-
ernment and hence do not contribute to the economy. Inter-
estingly, even informal recycling is not carried out in Mohali.
Poor Working Conditions. Manual collection of waste with-
out proper safety measures for the sanitary workers can lead
to suffering from parasitic diseases like jaundice, diarrhea
and trachoma (NEERI 2010, Bogale et al, 2014). Covered
containers and handcarts and mechanical equipments should
be used for avoiding manual collection. The residents should
be encouraged to have separate containers to collect different
types of waste which will help in reducing the multiple han-
dling as well as poor productivity. Local bodies and NGO’s
in each sector should conduct seminars making sweepers and
rag pickers aware of the health hazards associated with such
types of wastes. They should be made familiar with the prop-
er procedures and methods to be followed during collection
and segregation of the waste. The sweepers and sanitation
workers should be provided with protective gear (like surgi-
cal gloves) to reduce direct contact with solid waste. The
sweepers should be advised to regularly undergo medical
checkup.
Inadequate Maintenance and Replacement of worn-out col-
lection vehicles. The vehicles used for transporting the waste
to the disposal sites in Mohali and Panchkula are obsolete.
Use of such vehicles increase operation and maintenance
costs and reduces transfer efficiency and also adds up to the
air and noise pollution (Punjab Pollution Control Board 2010;
Mohali Development Report, 2013). Proper maintenance of
disposal vehicles must be done. An additional set of vehicles
must be kept for emergency requirements too. Further, the
vehicles should meet Bharat Stage IV standards, which are
currently applicable to all vehicles in India.
Collection and Transfer System. The collection and transfer
of solid waste in both Mohali and Panchkula is carried out in
a disorganized manner leading to reduced efficiency. There
exists no appropriate collection route and is left to the drivers
and every vehicle collects the solid waste along its route until
maximum capacity of the vehicle is reached. Since the routes
are not properly designed for avoiding traffic, reducing travel
times, vehicles often travel extra distance or spend more time
at same route leading to more fuel consumption and increas-
ing operating costs (Personal communication with Municipal
Corporation Mohali and Panchkula Employee, sweepers and
drivers, 2015). Hence, the present approach is neither cost-
effective nor resourceful. It is suggested that GIS based anal-
ysis and optimization techniques must be used for determin-
ing most favorable ways of utilizing the manpower and re-
source available.
Disposal Method. The waste collected from Mohali and
284 JOURNAL OF SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Panchkula cities are directly dumped at the disposal sites un-
der unsanitary conditions (Personal communication with Mo-
hali and Panchkula Municipal Corporation, 2015). Once the
wastes are dumped on the landfills, they are covered with the
malba or soil and leveled with bulldozers. No lining system
exists for the dumping site to avoid the leakage of leachate
from the waste to prevent contamination of the soil and
ground water sources in the nearby vicinity. This leads to
uncontrolled leaching and thereby contamination of ground-
water. Such uncontrolled leachate percolation poses a tre-
mendous health hazard from toxic metals (Data given by
Municipal Corporation Mohali, Panchkula in the form of
presentation, 2013-2015). It is suggested that proper-
engineered landfills with proper leachate collection and ex-
traction systems will help in minimizing the ground water
contamination. In this context, the Municipal Corporations of
Mohali and Panchkula have proposed an engineered landfill
site and both the municipalities are acquiring different landfill
sites which would be made secured landfills in village
Samgauli and Jurriwala respectively.
Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW) Management in Mohali and
Panchkula
MSW Stakeholders and Budget Allocation. Public Private
Partnerships (PPP) are becoming a norm in the management
of solid waste. The city municipal corporations often carry
out collection and disposal of the solid waste and its usage
including Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is carried out by the
private organization. Literature review suggests that all of the
major cities in India are now operating under a PPP mode for
effective SWM systems (Pfeiffer and Gerlagh, 2010). How-
ever, till date, no PPP initiatives exist in Mohali and
Panchkula Municipal Corporation. Due to lack of such col-
laborations there is a high negligence in management of
SWM in both these satellite towns. In comparison, its sister
municipality Chandigarh has an agreement between govern-
ment and private company functioning under the name of
Green Tech Fuel Processing Plant. The company is responsi-
ble for complete processing of the municipal solid waste and
it derives the refused fuel which is then sold for commercial
purposes.
The total budget allocated in 2013-2014 for Mohali Mu-
nicipal Corporation was INR 6.5 crores (US$ 1million) and
even less for Panchkula which was insufficient for maintain-
ing a proper SWM system in both these satellite towns. In
both these cities, about 80% of total SWM budget is allocated
for salary of sweepers and rag pickers and only about 7-8% is
allocated for collection purposes, however the collection effi-
ciency is about 60- 70% from registered households and 10-
20% from the slums and surrounding villages. This propor-
tion is significantly less than those of other similar tier-II
Indian cities (Hazra and Goel, 2009; Rana et al, 2015).
MSW Generation. Characteristics of solid waste are important
for devising effective strategies including collection and dis-
posal systems for waste management to prevent any harmful
VOLUME 43, NO. 4 NOVEMBER 2017
environmental impacts (Talyan et al, 2008). The major
sources of municipal solid waste in both Mohali and
Panchkula municipal corporation areas are residential areas,
commercial areas, offices and institutions. Mohali and
Panchkula generates 150 tons/day, i.e., 0.267 kg/capita/day.
The sources of generation of waste obtained as a percentage
of different constituents of Mohali and Panchkula are given
in Table 2. The per capita generation of solid waste in India is
comparatively less than other developed countries. For exam-
ple, USA has the highest per capita generation rate of 2.58
kg/day (World Bank, 2014). Similarly, countries in the EU
like Germany, France and UK, have higher per capita genera-
tion rates of 2.11kg/day, 1.92kg/day and 1.79 kg/day respec-
tively. In context of the developed countries in Asia, Japan
and China have greater per capita generation rate of
1.71kg/day and 1.02kg/day. Amongst BRICS country, the per
capita generation of MSW is less than other developed coun-
tries but is still significantly greater than India. For example,
Russia has a per capita generation of 0.93 kg/day while Brazil
has a generation rate of 1.03 kg/day per capita. Figure 3 rep-
resents the amount of waste generation in various countries
around the world.
The municipal solid waste generated from Mohali mostly
comprises of organic matter (55%), paper (7.1), plastics and
polythene (8.6), clothes (4.6), glass (1.22%), leather waste
(0.99 %) and inerts (22.49%) (Punjab Pollution Control
Board 2013). The density of waste for Mohali is estimated to
TABLE 2
Sources of municipal solid waste in Mohali and Panchkula
Sources of waste Mohali
Household Waste 35.6
Street Sweeping 22.0
Institutional Waste 15.0
Market and commercial Waste 27.4
FIGURE 3
Municipal solid waste generation in various countries
EVALUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SATELLITE TOWNS OF MOHALI AND PANCHKULA–INDIA
be 330 Kg/m3 (Personal communication with employee of
Mohali Municipal Corporation, 2015). The chemical charac-
teristics of waste indicate high moisture content (50%), Calo-
rific value of (800-1010 Kcal/Kg) and C/N ratio of 31%
(Punjab Pollution Control Board 2013). The municipal solid
waste arising from Panchkula city also comprises of high
proportion of organic waste, paper, plastic, polythene, glass
and inert materials but their exact composition is not availa-
ble (Personal communication with employee of Panchkula
Municipal Corporation, 2015). The density of the waste from
Panchkula is estimated to be 350 Kg/m3 (Personal communi-
cation with Panchkula Municipal Corporation, 2015).
MSW Collections Process. One of the major drawbacks in
SWM system in India is inappropriate collection and storage
of wastes and often single bins for all types of wastes are
used (Das and Bhattacharya, 2014). Since Mohali and
Panchkula both are satellite towns of Chandigarh City they
have many similarities (Mohali Development Report, 2013).
Both Mohali and Panchkula municipal corporation collects
solid waste regularly employing methods including house-to-
house collection and by street sweeping (Personal communi-
cation with Mohali and Panchkula Municipal Corporation,
2015). For a better SWM system, Mohali and Panchkula have
been divided into 114 and 30 sectors respectively (Mohali
Development Report, 2013). Each sector is provided with two
sweepers. Hand carts and tricycles with a broom are given to
Panchkula
34.9
20.7
13.2
31.2
285
sweepers to sweep roads, lanes and collect the waste load it
into handcarts and transfer the same to the open centers
where the waste is stored till they are finally transported to
the disposal site (Personal communication with Mohali and
Panchkula Municipal Corporation, 2015). Waste is collected
in handcarts and tricycles in both these satellite towns. Since
both Mohali and Panchkula are satellite towns of Chandigarh,
similar sized collection vehicles are used by both these satel-
lite cities (Personal communication with Mohali Municipal
Corporation, 2015). The volume of waste carried in handcarts
is about 2-3 m3 (Rana et al., 2015). This is similar to contain-
erized handcarts used in Kolkata having carrying capacity of
160 -200 litres (Hazra and Goel, 2009; Chattopadhyay et al.,
2009) whereas in Delhi it varies from 1 – 4 m3 (Talyan et al.,
2008). Sweepers also collect wastes from house-to-house on
a daily basis due to high organic content of the waste but this
is often not done properly and an overall collection efficiency
of around 70% is achieved in Mohali (Personal communica-
tion with Mohali Municipal Corporation, 2015) and around
60% in Panchkula which includes the registered households
and slums (Personal communication with Panchkula Munici-
pal Corporation, 2015).
The main reason for low collection efficiency in Mohali
and Panchkula is lack of adequate manpower and not being
educated about the hazards of the solid waste. Both Mohali
and Panchkula Municipal Corporation aims at providing a
daily collection routine but lack of proper trained manpower,
insufficient bin capacity leads to overflowing bins and odor
problems emanating from different sectors in these cities. In
Mohali, there is a shortage of storage centers and where pro-
vided are not in proper conditions (Personal interaction with
sweepers and locals of Mohali, 2015) while in Panchkula the
lack of safai kendra in each sector reduces waste collection
and storage in a systematic manner. Increasing the trained
manpower and providing more solid waste storage stations in
both these cities will help in increased collection efficiency
thereby reducing the harmful effects due to the accumulation
of the harmful odor and gases. Figure 4 shows how the col-
lection is being done in carts and transferred to the primary
(a)
FIGURE 4
Handcarts and containers used for Solid Waste collection in (a) Mohali and (b) Panchkula.
286 JOURNAL OF SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
collection points.
MSW Storage Process. Mohali Municipal Corporation has
built temporary collection stations of waste from where it is
transported to the disposal site by vehicles (trolleys, tractors
etc.) but they are not available in every sector and are not
well maintained in those sectors in which they are operation-
al. The sweepers after collecting the waste from house-to-
house take the waste to the bins having a capacity of 3-4 tons
(Personal communication with Mohali and Panchkula Munic-
ipal Corporation and locals of Panchkula, 2015). Often, they
are set up in an open field with no proper facilities of bounda-
ry walls or drinking and toilet facilities for sweepers and are
often accessed by stray animals as possible food source. The
boundaries of these storage stations are fenced by tin sheets
(Personal interaction with sweepers and locals of Mohali,
2015). The solid wastes collected from domestic households
are brought to these stations with the help of handcarts. Fur-
ther, during transportation of waste, the waste is spilled on
the roads by animals or due to current of air. This creates
unhealthy conditions in nearby surrounding areas. Trucks,
trolleys and dumpers enter these stations and load the waste
to the disposal site. Segregation is done informally by sweep-
ers and rag pickers.
Unlike Mohali, Panchkula has no storage stations in any
of the sector of Panchkula where the solid waste collected
from domestic households can be stored temporarily before
being taken to the disposal site. The solid wastes collected by
the sweepers from households are stored in the temporary
bins located at different locations within the sectors. These
bins are placed at particular sites in each sector. Each sector
has four bins. Not all the sectors have the facility of bins
(Personal interaction with sweepers and locals of Panchkula,
2015). Further, the sweepers face enormous difficulty, as it is
difficult for the sweepers to bring the handcarts to the bins
every time since they are located haphazardly and in various
undefined locations (Personal interaction with sweeper of
Panchkula, 2015). For those sectors, not provided with bin
collection facilities, sweepers themselves empty the handcarts
(b)
VOLUME 43, NO. 4 NOVEMBER 2017
full of waste to the disposal site. This is one of the major
drawbacks reducing the collection frequency of solid waste in
Panchkula.
To increase the collection efficiency, provisions of proper
storage stations with drinking and toilet facilities for sweep-
ers should be made. Since, these waste storage stations also
serve as the segregation platform, no segregation is carried
out in Panchkula thereby increasing the loads on the landfill.
Figure 5a shows the waste storage stations in Mohali and
Figure 5b shows collections bins used for temporary storage
of waste in Panchkula
Transportation of MSW. From the storage stations, solid
wastes are directly transported to the dumping site. For col-
lecting and transporting the municipal waste from storage
container to the disposal site, Mohali Municipal Corporation
has provided a total of 17 vehicles (JCB-1) (Personal com-
munication with Mohali Municipal Corporation, 2015),
which include tippers (4), tractor trolley (4), tempo (5),
dumper placer (2), and loaders JCB (1). The capacity of these
vehicles varies from 2-4 tonnes.
Similarly, Panchkula Municipal Corporation has provided
25 vehicles for collecting and transporting the municipal solid
waste from different container bins to the final disposal sites
(Personal communication with Panchkula Municipal Corpo-
ration, 2015). These vehicles (2-4 tonnes capacity) include
tractor trolley (20) and dumper placer (5). Figure 6a gives
view of waste being transported to the disposal site for Moha-
li and 6b for Panchkula.
The routes used by drivers for transferring wastes are
haphazard and depend on the existing traffic of that particular
day. Waste is transported in a very inefficient way in open
trucks and many times waste tends to fly from these trucks
which lead to spilling of waste on road side. Further, the

(a) (b)
FIGURE 5
Storage of Solid Waste in (a) storage stations in Mohali (b) container bins in Panchkula

(a) (b)
FIGURE 6
Secondary collection of solid waste (a) in Mohali (b) in Panchkula

EVALUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SATELLITE TOWNS OF MOHALI AND PANCHKULA–INDIA 287
wastes are neither cleaned nor given any treatment with
sprays so as to avoid any contamination or spread of disease.
Disposal of MSW. Previously, all the solid waste generated
from domestic wastes, sludge generated from treatment plants
were disposed in rivulets in absence of appropriate land as
none was owned by the Mohali Municipal Corporation (Mo-
hali Development Report, 2013). This caused environmental
hazards downstream in the nearby slum area as heavy foul
smell and leachate percolation was taking place as no preven-
tive measures were ensured before dumping the waste in the
rivulets (Mohali Development Report, 2013).
In view of the above, a new site was acquired by the mu-
nicipal corporation of Mohali at Sector 74, Phase-8B for
waste disposal. This is shown in Figure 7a. Figure 7b shows
the actual dumping site. The dumping site covers an area of
around 8 acres. More than 90% of the total waste generated in
the Mohali Municipal Corporation area is disposed of at this
disposal site (Mohali Development Report, 2013). After
dumping of waste, daily a layer of 4 inch of soil is being laid
on the dumped solid waste. Herbal sanitizer is being sprayed
daily at the dumping site. Fogging of the dumping site is also
being done on weekly basis. With the exception of the men-
tioned simple methods, no further treatment of solid waste is
being provided at the site (Personal communication with Mo-
hali Municipal Corporation, 2015).
The site used for dumping the municipal solid waste of
Panchkula city is situated in sector 23 in Panchkula. Figure
8a shows a map depicting site of the dumping ground and
Figure 8b shows the actual dumping site in Panchkula. The

(a) (b)

FIGURE 7
Layout of existing dumpsite in Mohali (a) Map (b) Actual dumping site location

(a) (b)

FIGURE 8
Layout of existing dumpsite in Panchkula (a) Map (b) Actual dumping site location

288 JOURNAL OF SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT VOLUME 43, NO. 4 NOVEMBER 2017
total area of dumping ground is 10 acres (Personal communi-
cation with Panchkula Municipal Corporation, 2015). This
dumping ground is in use for the past 15 years and about 95%
of the total waste generated in Panchkula Municipal Corpora-
tion is disposed of at this site. The solid waste reaching the
dumping site is getting segregated at the site informally by
the rag pickers. The waste is daily covered with a layer of silt
from street sweepings, drainage cleanings and soil using a
dozer and after that OS1 bacterial solution is sprayed to keep
in check flies and mosquitoes. At present, no treatment is
provided for the solid waste (Personal communication with
Panchkula Municipal Corporation, 2015).
System Analysis using Wasteaware
benchmark indicators for sustainable
waste management
Previous studies of ‘wasteaware’ benchmark indicators
include Chandigarh (Rana et al, 2015) and Surat (Wilson et
al, 2013) for tier – II Indian cities based on the original pro-
posed ‘wasteaware’ benchmark indicators (Wilson et al,
2013). However, after rigorous testing of the original
‘wasteaware’ benchmark indicators, certain changes were
introduced to incorporate additional qualitative and quantita-
tive indicators (Wilson et al, 2015). Using these new addi-
tional indicators (Wilson et al, 2015), a ‘wasteaware’ bench-
mark indicator has been developed for Mohali and
Panchkula. Further, the previously generated benchmarks for
Chandigarh (Rana et al, 2015) and Surat city (Wilson et al,
2013) have been updated using the new ‘wasteaware’
benchmark indicators and have been compared with
‘wasteaware’ benchmark indicators of Mohali and
Panchkula. This is shown in Figure 9 wherein the
‘wasteaware’ benchmark indicators of Mohali and Panchkula
have been compared with Chandigarh and Surat (tier-II cities
in India) and Lahore (comparative city in Pakistan). Figure 9a
(a) (b)
FIGURE 9
Radar Diagram summarizing the Wasteaware ISWM benchmark indicators for (a) Mohali (b) Panchkula and (c) comparison be-
tween different cities
EVALUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SATELLITE TOWNS OF MOHALI AND PANCHKULA–INDIA
and 9b presents the radar diagrams for Mohali and Panchkula.
Figure 9c presents the comparative radar diagram for Mohali,
Panchkula, Chandigarh, Surat and Lahore.
It is observed from Table 3 that all of these cities experi-
ence similar nature of solid wastes generated with the highest
proportion of organic waste. It is observed that Lahore city
which has almost eight times the population of Chandigarh
almost generates twice the amount of waste per capita due to
higher population density. Interestingly, this is also observed
for Mohali city which has a higher population generate lower
waste per capita than Panchkula city which has a lower popu-
lation. Further, comparison of the ‘wasteaware’ benchmarks
parameters for Mohali, Panchkula, Chandigarh, Surat and
Lahore shows that Chandigarh, Mohali and Surat have very
good collection efficiencies as compared to Panchkula and
Lahore which showed ‘low-medium’ and ‘medium’ index on
‘wasteaware’ benchmark indicators respectively.
The major difference between Mohali, Panchkula, Chan-
digarh, Surat and Lahore is in the disposal methods and in the
efficiency of 3R method. While Surat scores a ‘Low/Medium’
index for environmental controlled waste treatment and dis-
posal method as reported earlier (Wilson et al, 2013), Mohali
and Panchkula scores ‘Low’ index similar to studies carried
out in other tier – II cities of India including Chandigarh (Ra-
na et al, 2015) and Lahore (Wilson et al, 2015) scores in the
same category. This is because the disposal sites are unsani-
tary landfill in nature. Though, EM and bacterial solution and
leveling of waste are done, these are not proper engineering
solutions to handle the hazards arising from solid waste. Fur-
ther, there is no lining provided at the landfill site to prevent
the percolation of leachate in groundwater thereby contrib-
uting to environmental hazard.
Further, Surat and Lahore scores a ‘Low/Medium’ index
for efficiency of 3R methodology (reduce, reuse and recycle)
as reported in earlier studies (Wilson et al, 2013; Wilson et al,
2015), however Mohali, Panchkula and Chandigarh (Rana et
al, 2015) scores ‘Low’ index in the same category as no recy-
cling facilities exists in these cities.
(c)
289
 TABLE 3
Comparison of Wasteaware parameters for Mohali and Panchkula compared with other tier –II cities of India and Asia

No. Category Indicator Chandigarh City Results Mohali City Results Panchkula City Results Surat City Results Lahore City Results
Background Information of the City

B1 Country Income World Bank Lower-Middle Lower-Middle Lower-Middle Lower-Middle Lower-Middle

Level Indicator Level

GNI per Capita $1,420 $1,420 $1,420 $1,420 $1,140

B2 Population of the Total Population of 1,055,450 9,86,147 5,61,293 4,600,000 8,160,000

City the City

B3 Waste Generation MSW Generation 13,5050 37,595 54,750 45,6250 1,916,000

(tons/year)

W1 Waste per Capita MSW per capita 128 38.12 97.54 119 219
(kg per year)

W2 Waste Composition 3 key fractions – as % wt. of total waste generated

W2.1 Organic Organics (food and

green wastes) 52% 55% - 54% 65%

W2.2 Paper Paper -

6% 5% 8% 2%

W2.3 Plastics Plastics

7% 4% - 10% 12%

1.1 Public health – Waste collection 90%(M/H) 90%(M/H) 60%(L/M) 95%(M/H) 77%(M)
Waste collection coverage

1C Quality of waste 90%(M/H) 75%(M) 60%(L/M) 95%(M/H) 58% (M)

collection service

2 Environmental Controlled treat- 30%(L) 30%(L) 30%(L) 55%(L/M) 8%(L)

control – waste ment and disposal
treatment and
2E disposal Degree of environ- L (0%) L (0%) L (0%) L/M L/M
mental protection in (37%) (37%)
waste treatment and
disposal
3 3Rs – reduce, reuse Recycling rate 0% (L) 0% (L) 0% (L) 30% (L) 35% (M)
and recycling
3R Quality of 3Rs L (17%) L (10%) L (12%) L/M (29%) L (17%)
provision

Governance Factors
4U User inclusivity User inclusivity M M M M L/M
(75%) (75%) (74%) (80%) (37%)
4P Provider inclusivity Degree of provider M M M M L/M (50%)
inclusivity (78%) (76%) (75%) (82%)

6N Sound institutions, Adequacy of L/M L/M L/M L/M L/M (29%)

proactive policies national SWM (60%) (60%) (60%) (60%)
framework

6L Degree of institu- M M M M M/H (62%)

tional coherence (75%) (75%) (75%) (77%)

Quantification of indicators using Matrix The matrix method for evaluation showed the best possi-
Method of Evaluation ble results for Surat city with an overall score of 52%, being
classified as L/M category. Qualitative and Quantitative pa-
Using the methodology of matrix method as mentioned rameters for Surat were almost of equal score (Quantitative
earlier, the weights were assigned for the respective indica- parameters = 50%, Qualitative parameters = 55%). In con-
tors (in brackets) and has been presented in Table 4. The final trast, the quantitative parameters were significantly less than
scores obtained using the matrix methodology has been the qualitative parameters for Chandigarh, Mohali and
summarized in Table 5. Panchkula. The overall classification of the three cities was in

290 JOURNAL OF SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT VOLUME 43, NO. 4 NOVEMBER 2017
 TABLE 4
Weightage Assignment for evaluation using matrix method

No. Category Indicator Chandigarh City Mohali City Results Panchkula City Surat City Results Lahore City
Results Results Results
Quantitative Indicators (Public Health, Environmental Control, 3R)
1.1 Public health – Waste collec- 90%(M/H) 90%(M/H) 60%(L/M) 95%(M/H) 77%(M)
Waste collec- tion coverage (4) (4) (2) (4) (3)
tion
1C Quality of 90%(M/H) 75%(M) 60%(L/M) 95%(M/H) 58% (M)
waste collec- (4) (3) (2) (4) (3)
tion service
2 Environmental Controlled 30%(L) 30%(L) 30%(L) 55%(L/M) 8%(L)
control – waste treatment and (1) (1) (1) (2) (1)
treatment and disposal
2E disposal Degree of L (0%) L (0%) L (0%) L/M L/M
environmental (1) (1) (1) (37%) (37%)
protection in (2) (2)
waste treat-
ment and dis-
posal
3 3Rs – reduce, Recycling rate 0% (L) 0% (L) 0% (L) 30% (L) 35% (M)
reuse and recy- (1) (1) (1) (1) (2)
3R cling Quality of 3Rs L (17%) L (10%) L (12%) L/M (29%) L (17%)
provision (1) (1) (1) (2) (1)
Qualitative Indicators (Governance Factors)
4U User inclusivity User inclusivi- M M M M L/M
ty (75%) (75%) (74%) (80%) (37%)
(3) (3) (3) (3) (2)

4P Provider inclu- Degree of M M M M L/M (50%)

sivity provider inclu- (78%) (76%) (75%) (82%) (2)
sivity (3) (3) (3) (3)
6N Sound institu- Adequacy of L/M L/M L/M L/M L/M (29%)
tions, proactive national SWM (60%) (60%) (60%) (60%) (1)
policies framework (2) (2) (2) (2)

6L Degree of M M M M M/H (62%)

institutional (75%) (75%) (75%) (77%) (4)
coherence (3) (3) (3) (3)

the low categories. Interestingly, governance factors for all
the Indian cities were equal with 55% of weightage. The
main difference between categorization of scores between
Surat and Chandigarh and satellite towns is primarily due to
increased scores for Surat cities for better environmental con-
trol facilities (2 and 2E) and recycling facilities (3, 3R). Inter-
estingly, no recycling facilities exist for Chandigarh, Mohali
and Panchkula.
MSW processing and minimization
Recycling possibilities. The system analysis of the waste gen-
erated showed the absence of recycling facilities in the satel-
lite towns of Mohali and Panchkula, similar to Chandigarh
(Khaiwal et al, 2015; Rana et al, 2015). This is a great setback
to proper management of MSW generated in these two cities.
To enable to have an operational recycling facility, proper
segregation of waste should be carried out for the collected
wastes generated from these two satellite cities. The munici-
palities of Mohali and Panchkula should encourage this prac-
tice by utilization of rag pickers under the supervision of a
local NGO. Similar practices have been followed in Chandi-
garh (Khaiwal et al, 2015) and in Delhi (Aggarwal et al,
2015). A combined recycling unit could be set up to serve
both the satellite towns.
Recycling is one of the best methods that could be imple-
mented successfully in the satellite towns of Mohali and
Panchkula. There exists ample potential of recycling in both
the satellite towns, primarily because the MSW generated
from both these satellite towns consist of high fractions of
recyclables (plastics, paper and glass). Unfortunately, no ded-
icated recycling facilities are available in these two satellite
towns. A plastic recycling plant for both these satellite towns
will cost about INR 35-40 lakhs ($52000 - $60000). A similar
plastic recycling plant was set up in Kozhikode (MSW gener-
ation rate of 250TPD) in 2013 at a cost of INR 62 lakhs
($93000) was closed after sometime due to dispute between
contractor and the state government. Latest reports suggest it
will soon become operational again. A paper recycling plant
of 1 lakh tons capacity would cost around INR 200 crores
($30000000). A recycling plant of such capacity is already in

EVALUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SATELLITE TOWNS OF MOHALI AND PANCHKULA–INDIA 291
 TABLE 5
Summary of scores obtained using matrix method

No. Category Indicator Chandigarh City Mohali City Results Panchkula City Surat City Results Lahore City
Results Results Results
Quantitative Indicators (Public Health, Environmental Control, 3R)
1.1 Public health – Waste collec-
Waste collec- tion coverage 4 4 2 4 3
tion
1C Quality of
waste collec- 4 3 2 4 3
tion service
2 Environmental Controlled
control – waste treatment and 1 1 1 2 1
treatment and disposal
2E disposal Degree of
environmental 1 1 1 2 2
protection in
waste treatment
and disposal
3 3Rs – reduce, Recycling rate
reuse and recy- 1 1 1 1 2
3R cling Quality of 3Rs
provision 1 1 1 2 1
Total Score (Quantitative Indicators) 12 11 08 15 12
Maximum Score 30 30 30 30 30
Weightage (%) 40 37 27 50 40
Qualitative Indicators (Governance Factors)
4U User inclusivity User inclusivi-
ty 3 3 3 3 2

4P Provider inclu- Degree of

sivity provider inclu- 3 3 3 3 2
sivity
6N Sound institu- Adequacy of
tions, proactive national SWM 2 2 2 2 1
policies framework

6L Degree of
institutional 3 3 3 3 4
coherence
Total Score (Qualitative Indicators) 11 11 11 11 9
Maximum Score 20 20 20 20 20
Weightage (%) 55 55 55 55 45
Total Score (Overall) 12+11 = 23 11+11 = 22 08+11 = 19 15+11 = 26 12+09 =21
Total Maximum Score 30+20 =50 30+20 =50 30+20 =50 30+20 =50 30+20 =50
Overall Weightage (%) 46 44 38 52 42

operation in Coimbatore in India. One of the major ad-
vantages of the waste recycling is that a substantial amount of
revenue can be generated which can be utilized for treatment
cost of MSW. Recycling facilities provide tangible financial
benefits from recycling of certain products and thereby also
increase the lifespan of the landfill sites.
Major infrastructural requirements for optimizing recy-
cling activities are stakeholder infrastructure, cognitive infra-
structure and recycling infrastructure. Stakeholder infrastruc-
ture involves the decision-making capabilities of concerned
stakeholders (government, contractors, and consumers) as
their decision highly influences the results of the recycling
period. Cognitive infrastructure depends upon the willingness
of the consumers and general public to go for recycling pro-
cess and in turn use reuse the recycled products so manufac-
tured. An unwillingness to recycle products and reuse of such
goods may have severe detrimental effects on the recycling
process. Recycling infrastructure deals with the actual daily
processes involved in the recycling process. This includes
existing infrastructure for collection, transportation, pro-
cessing etc. Available resources for these processes can sig-
nificantly affect the overall efficiency of the recycling pro-
cess.
Mohali and Panchkula together with Chandigarh are
known as tri-cities and located in Northern India. Chandigarh
serves as the capital of two of the most important states and is
bordered on by satellite towns of Panchkula and Mohali
without any actual physical demarcations. All the three cities
have their own separate municipal corporations, which gov-
ern the management of the MSW generated in their respec-
tive cities. Further, Chandigarh has been designated as an
important upcoming business city in India and there is ex-

292 JOURNAL OF SOLID WASTE TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT VOLUME 43, NO. 4 NOVEMBER 2017
pected to be a rise in increase in population and a possible
increase in its business potential will lead to further increased
MSW generation. However, these cities are mostly urban in
nature with a well-educated population. Thereby, an increase
in MSW generation may also lead to greater recycling
productivity and with mostly of an urban population these
satellite towns there exist possible consumer market for reuse
of such recycled products.
Utilization of RDF facilities in Chandigarh. Integrated Waste
Management Techniques are highly preferred as they help in
achieving potential economic and environmental benefits.
The municipalities of the Mohali and Panchkula can utilize
an existing and fully operational RDF unit in Chandigarh.
The RDF plant located in Chandigarh has the capability of
treating of 500 tons of waste per day (Khaiwal et al, 2015;
Rana et al, 2015) with the average calorific value of RDF
generated being 3100 Kcal/kg having moisture content less
than 15% (Khaiwal et al, 2015; Rana et al, 2015). The plant
utilizes about 30% of the fraction of waste received and only
about 20% is converted to RDF fluff (Khaiwal et al, 2015).
Recent improvement and Interventions
taken by Municipal Corporations of Mohali
and Panchkula
The Government of India has launched a “Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan”- “Clean India Mission” in 2014 for making efforts
towards making substantial improvement in public health and
thereby ultimately contributes to the national economy.
In this context, the municipalities of Mohali and Panchkula
have introduced many new resolutions for better solid waste
management. This includes introduction of more number of
garbage bins of appropriate capacity in different sectors. Fur-
ther, both municipalities have sanctioned buying of more
dumpers, trucks and containers for the financial year 2015-
2016 (Personal interaction with the employees and drivers of
Municipal Corporation of Mohali and Panchkula, 2015) for
effective collection and disposal of solid waste. Both munici-
palities are focused on overall development of an integrated
solid waste management to effectively manage essential ac-
tivities starting from segregation and storage of waste at the
sources, implementation of public-private collaboration
which will work towards the better and efficient integrated
solid waste management. The development of an integrated
system will optimize better utilization of the solid waste gen-
erated by recycling, RDF, composting etc. As mentioned ear-
lier purchase of new dumping sites fitted proper lining sys-
tems to prevent leachate percolation and appropriate gas col-
lection are already in process for both the municipalities. This
will prevent contamination of groundwater in the nearby vi-
cinities of both the cities.
CONCLUSIONS
The paper reports that daily average solid waste produc-
EVALUATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SATELLITE TOWNS OF MOHALI AND PANCHKULA–INDIA
tion in Mohali and Panchkula are 150 tons/day. The collec-
tion efficiency of Mohali and Panchkula is only 70% and
60% respectively, which is very poor. As such, the paper has
also highlighted some possible reasons for such low collec-
tion efficiency including existing deficiencies in the solid
waste management system for both the satellite towns includ-
ing insufficient manpower, insufficient number of bins and
bin capacity in service for the different sectors in Mohali and
Panchkula, non-maintenance of collection vehicles and hav-
ing no defined routes for waste collection. Further, though
collection centers are present in Mohali, they are not properly
maintained and no collection centers exist in Panchkula. The
paper has also suggested remedial measures to overcome
some of the drawbacks including proper maintenance of col-
lection vehicles, upgrading to new vehicles, installing ade-
quate number of bins and bin capacity depending the popula-
tion of different sectors in the two municipalities and proper
design of collection routes to increase the efficiency. Further,
recruitment and training of additional sanitary workers should
be carried out to increase collection efficiency. Further, it has
been determined that no PPP initiatives for SWM systems
exist in either of the satellite towns and it has been recom-
mended to implement such initiatives. The present landfill
sites in Mohali and Panchkula have no proper lining system
to control the percolation of leachate in the groundwater. Un-
der the Clean India Initiative both the municipalities of the
satellite towns are in advanced talks to purchase new landfill
sites which will have proper lining system to minimize leach-
ate percolation and avoid any groundwater contamination.
The wasteaware benchmark indicators for Mohali and
Panchkula show very poor performance in environmentally
controlled waste treatment, disposal method of waste and the
3R methodology in comparison to Chandigarh and Surat (tier-
II cities) in India.
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