OFC - OPTICAL FIBER

COMMUNICATION

BSNL,RGMTTC
CHENNAI-16

* BSNL RGMTTC 1
Internal Circulation only
 FATHER OF FIBER OPTICS – ‘The Man Who Bent Light’

“A Physicist Who Twisted

Light”
Born 31 October 1926
Moga, Punjab, British India
Died 4 December 2020 (aged 94)
California, U.S.
* 2
 Fiber? or Fibre?

What’s the Difference?

Fiber is the AmE.

Fibre is the BrE.

* 3
 What is an optics?

An Optics is the scientific study of sight and

light.
There are two major branches of optics, physical
and geometrical.
⮚ 1.Physical optics - Nature and properties of light
itself.
⮚ 2.Geometrical optics - Principles that govern the
image-forming properties

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 What is a fiber?
Fiber : Fiber is a natural or manmade substance.
1.Natural fibers: can be classified according to the origin
✔ vegetables fibers – coconut shell,cotton,
✔ wood fibers – fiber board,
✔ animal fibers – silk worm silk , spider silk,wool,
2.Man made fibers or chemical fibers: consist of regenerated
fibers and synthetic fibers.
✔ Synthetic /Semi synthetic fiber –
nylon,polyster,kevlar,mylar,
✔ Mineral fibers – asbestos,
✔ Polimer fibers : Polythene,PE,PU

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 Communication media
In physics, medium is defined as the substance that transfers the energy, or light
from one substance to another substance or from one place to another or from
one surface to another. The medium acts as a carrier here. The medium can
transfer any form of energy, sound wave, light, and heat.

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 What is an optical fiber?
An Optical fiber is a
flexible,
transparent material
made by
drawing glass (silica) or plastic
to a diameter slightly thicker than
that of a human hair.

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 Topics :
1) OFC (advantage over copper)

1) INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT

1) TYPES OF FIBER

1) OFC CONSTRUCTION

1) OFC SPLICING

1) CONNECTORS

1) ROUTE/JOINT (OR COIL) INDICATORS

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 Advantages of an optical fiber
Copper vs. OFC
1. SMALL IN DIAMETER AND SIZE & LIGHT WEIGHT.
2. LOW RAW MATERIAL COST AS COMPARED TO COPPER (as glass is
made from sand..the raw material used to make OF is free….)
3. GREATER SAFETY AND IMMUNE TO RFI,EMI, MOISTURE &
CORROSION.
4. CAN BE LAID IN ELECTRICALLY SENSITIVE SURROUNDINGS.
5. FLEXIBLE AND EASY TO INSTALL.
6. ZERO RESALE VALUE (so theft is less). Local Copper Cable
7. DIFFICULT TO TAP FIBERS, SO SECURE.
8. NO CROSS TALK AND DISTURBANCES.
9. SPEED IS MORE.
OFC

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 Light

• LIGHT IS AN ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVE.

• IT HAS AN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD.

• LIGHT TRAVELS IN A WAVE LIKE FASHION.

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 Wave length of light
C - Speed of light, The speed of light in vacuum is 3 X 108 m/s
λ = c/ν V (NU) - Frequency of light; C= f λ ; f = C/ λ
• A wavelength λ, which is the distance between adjacent identical
parts of the wave.
• The wavelength of light is defined as “The distance between the
two successive crests or troughs of the light wave”.

In the visible spectrum, wavelength can be described as the colour of the light.

For example, Red colour Light has longer wavelength than Blue colour Light .

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 Frequency
FREQUENCY ( v )
The frequency of a wave is the number of waves/cycles
that pass by each second, and is measured in Hertz (Hz).
Suppose a wave repeat itself 3 times each second, then
we say frequency of that wave is 3 Hz.

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 WAVELENGTH ( λ ) INCREASES WHEN FREQUENCY(v) DECREASES.

Short Wavelength = high frequency (eg: BLUE Color )

Long Wavelength = Low frequency (eg:RED Color)

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 DUAL NATURE OF LIGHT
WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT :
• Many light phenomena can be explained by realizing that light is an electromagnetic
wave having very high oscillation frequencies.
• The wavelength of light beam: λ = c/ ν ; ν = (c / λ)
,where, λ – wavelength , C - Speed of light, The speed of light in vacuum is 3 X 108
m/s , v (NU) = frequency of light}
PARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT :
• Sometimes light behaves as though it were made up of very small particles called
photons. The Quantum energy of a single photon in Joules is:
E = hf {or E = h(c/ λ)} Joule.Sec
{where, h = 6.626 x 10^-34 is *Planck’s constant+, f = frequency-
• So energy is inversely proportional to wavelength. ,E= h(c/ λ)-
• But directly proportional to frequency. (E= hf )

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 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The light is transported as a wave. The length of light determines type of
light.(UV,IR…etc)

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 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
F
5
e
5
w
0
K
t
e
o
V
1
t
7
o
2
8
0
M
E
K
V
H
s

* 16
Why do we use the
Infra Red (IR)?
Because the attenuation of the fiber is much less at those
wavelengths.

In OFC , we use light in the infrared region which has

wavelengths longer than visible light, typically around
850, 1300 and 1550 nm.

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 Why don't we use even longer wavelengths?

The infrared wavelengths transition between light and heat,

like you can see the dull red glow of an electric heating
element and feel the heat. At longer wavelengths, ambient
temperature becomes background noise, disturbing signals.

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Why is laser light used with fiber optics?

Laser light is used for optical fiber

communications for the simple reason
that it is a single wavelength light source

Different wavelengths of light travel at different speeds in a

medium like the glass in optic fibers. If we used white light,
some of the colours would travel more slowly and others
faster, so the signal would break up. Using laser light means the
signal stays together throughout the optic fibre.
Laser diodes also turn on and off more quickly, use
less energy and last longer than other light sources.

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 What is OFC ?
Optical Fiber Cable functions as a “WAVE GUIDE” or “Light
Pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber.

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◼AN OPTIC FIBRE HAS TWO CONCENTRIC LAYERS
CALLED THE CORE AND THE CLADDING.

◼CLADDING IS THE SUPPORTING STRUCTURE FOR

THE CORE.

OUTER JACKET CLADDING CORE

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 OPTICAL FIBER
❑The Optical Fiber has two concentric layers:-
❑The Core which forms inner part.
⮚ The Cladding which is the outer part.
❑The inner Core is the Light carrying part.
❑The index of the Cladding is 1% less than that of the Core.
❑The typical values for r.i. of the Core is 1.47 while that for the
Cladding is 1.46.
❑Most of the Fibers have an additional coating around the
Cladding. This buffer coating is a shock absorber and has no
optical properties.
 BANANA TREE CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW:
CORE,CLADDING,PRIMARY COLOR COATING

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 REFRACTIVE INDEX (R.I)
In optics, the refractive index of a material is a dimensionless number that
describes how fast light travels through the material.

• R.I n OF GLASS IS GIVEN BY THE FORMULA,

n = VELOCITY OF LIGHT IN AIR
VELOCITY OF LIGHT IN GLASS
= 3 X 108
2X 108
n = 1.5
R.I of the Core > R.I of the Cladding .

Is the speed of light faster in glass or water?

The speed of light is faster in water. The Refractive index of water is 1.3 and the
refractive index of glass is 1.5. From the equation n = c/v, we know that the
refractive index of a medium is inversely proportional to the velocity of light in that
medium. Hence, light travels faster in water.

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 The table below lists the refractive
index of different media

For the water, having a refractive index of 1.333 asmentioned in your

question, means that the speed of light travels 1.333 times SLOWER
in that glass than in a vacuum.
* 25
 IMPURITIES

• IMPURITIES SUCH AS GERMANIUM,

BHORON PHOSPATE ARE ADDED TO VARY
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE CORE AND
THAT OF CLADDING. THEN ONLY TOTAL
INTERNAL REFLECTION CAN HAPPEN.

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 REFRACTION OF LIGHT

Incident ray

Refraction is the bending of light when it goes from one medium to another so,
when a ray of light passes through a glass prism, refraction of light occurs both,
when it enters the prism as well as when it leaves the prism. ... In this case the ray
of light is deviated on passing through the prism

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 REFRACTION OF LIGHT
Impurities added to increase Impurities added to increase
the Refractive Index the Refractive Index further

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 Total Internal reflection (TIR)
If the Refractive index increase further , then Total Internal
Reflection occurs within the material
PRINCIPLE EMPLOYED IN OFC IS TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION.

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 Total Internal reflection (TIR)
◼Conditions for total internal reflection
1.Light must travel from denser medium to rarer medium (n1>n2)
2.The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle
◼THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF CORE is 1.48 TO 1.50 AND THAT OF CLADDING is 1.46 TO 1.48.

◼THIS R.I DIFFERENCE CAUSES T.I.R TO HAPPEN.

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 Total internal reflection allows optical fibers to retain the light
they carry.

Total internal reflection occurs when light strikes the

boundary between substances at an angle greater than the
critical angle.

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When light passes from a dense substance into a less dense substance,
there is an angle, called the critical angle, beyond which 100 percent of the
light is reflected from the surface between substances.
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 Bending of light ray

Notations Used In The Total Internal Reflection Formula And Critical Angle
i is the angle of incidence
n1 is the refractive index in medium 1
n2 is the refractive index in medium 2
Өc is the critical angle
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 Types of Fiber According to the Construction
1..TIGHT TUBE BUFFER (Indoor Cable)
SM PIG TAIL SM PIG TAIL

SM PATCH CORD SM PATCH CORD

SINGLE MODE
MULTI MODE
SINGLE MODE
SINGLE MODE MM patch cord
MM Pig Tail

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 INDOOR OPTIC FIBRE CABLE
CONSTRUCTION (Tight Tube Buffer)
Secondary
Primary buffer
coating
125 micro m

Thermo plastic layer PVC OUTER

8 micro m
Surround by kevlar
250 micro m
Color coating 900 micro m

Core 8 micro m 250 micro m

Kevlar/Mylar Outer PVC Jacket
*
Cladding 900 micro m 35
125 micro m
 OFC TYPES – CONSTRUCTION WISE

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 Types
Types
ofof
Fiber
Fiber
According
According
toto
the
the
Construction
Construction
2..LOOSE TUBE BUFFER (Outdoor Cable) An optical ground wire (also
known as an OPGW or, in the
a. Un armoured cable, IEEE standard, an optical fiber
composite overhead ground
wire)

b. Armoured Cable,

c. Arial cable,

d. Submarine Cable,
e. Hybrid cable OPGW

Optical Phase
Conductor
(OPPC)
* Hybrid Coaxial cable 37
 Tight-Buffered Cable Loose-Tube Gel-Filled Cable

One fiber per buffer. Multiple fibers per buffer.

Gel filling needed to prevent moisture

No gel filling needed. collection in tubes .

No cleaning needed — no gel, easy to Gel filling must be chemically cleaned —

handle, install and terminate, saving time messy, costly and time consuming .
and costs, and improving reliability.
No stiff strength member needed, more Requires stiff cable strength member — more
flexible cable — easier to handle. difficult to handle and install.

Cable is "tight bound" and can be pulled Should not be pulled around multiple bends or
around multiple bends or hung vertically. hung vertically — installation limitations .

Difficult to terminate, breakout kits or

Easy to terminate, no breakout kits or
splicing required — time consuming, requires
splicing required.
expensive equipment and skills.

Eg : Indoor Pig tail or patch cord Eg : Outdoor OFC Cable

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* 39
 Outdoor OFC – Loose Tube Buffer
4.Cable jacket 2.STEEL
6.Armouring

3.Primary Strength member

5.Cable filling Compound

1. Loose Tube Buffer

2.FRP,GRP

Thixotropic Jel: certain gels that liquefy when they are shaken,
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stirred, or otherwise disturbed and reset after being allowed to stand
 Outdoor OFC – Loose Tube Buffer

* 41
 OFC CABLES

FRP – Fiber Reinforce Plastic

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 Loose Tube Buffers
• The Fibers are loosely drawn inside
the Buffer Tubes to take care of Temp.
Variations
• The OFC which is used outside is
known as Loose Tube Buffers
• The Correction Factor is 0.985
• 985 meters of OFC will contain 1000
meters Fiber inside

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 Loose Tube Buffers
• PROTECTS THE FIBRE FROM OUTSIDE
STRESS.
• PLASTIC TUBES OF DIA 2.4 MM
• ONE BUFFER TUBE CAN HOLD 6 FIBRES
FIBRES ARE PLACED INSIDE THESE
BUFFERS.
• BETWEEN FIBRES JELLY IS FILLED WHICH
ACTS AS A MOISTURE BARRIER.

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 Specification of an OFC
Nylon Outer Sheath - Protective
against termite .
Cable drum lengths - 2 KM +10%

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 Specification of an OFC

Laser Single
light 3 Mode
Batch caution Loose Multi Year of
number symbol Tubes Core manufacturing
1000 m

Telephone Totally 6 Cable

Manufacturing fibers
symbol for Running
company present
telecom length
name
use

* 46
 Specification of an OFC

2 RIBBON 2

2 RIBBON 2

SINGLE FIBER

* 47
 Fiber Count in a cable
▪ 4 FIBERS
▪ 6 FIBERS
▪ 12 FIBERS
▪ 24 FIBERS
▪ 48 FIBERS
▪ 96 FIBERS
▪ 144 FIBERS
▪ 288 FIBERS
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 Color code to
identify cable from
1 to 288
The Telecommunications
Industry Association's TIA-
598-C Optical Fiber
Cable Color Coding is
an American National
Standard Institute (ANSI)
that provides all necessary
information for color-
coding optical fiber cables in
a uniform manner

* 49
 Single LT - 24 Single 4 LT - 48 Single Fiber
Fiber Cable Cable

Only One Loose Tube buffer 4 Loose Tubes.So 4 Ribbons.

24 individual fibers, Each Ribbon carries 12 Fibers.
24 F FIBER CABLE 4 LT X 12 F = 48 F
48 F FIBER CABLE

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 288 FIBERS

6 Loose buffer tube

4 Ribbons in each buffer tube
12 fibres in each ribbon
Total fibers = 6 LT X4 R X12 F = 288 F
*
51
TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS ACCORDING TO MODE

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 WHAT IS MODE?

• IT IS THE PATH OR ROUTE THROUGH WHICH

A LIGHT RAY CAN TRAVEL DOWN THE FIBER.

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 SINGLE MODE

This type of fiber has a small core

diameter (5um to 9um) and high
cladding diameter (125um).
Cost is more

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 MULTI MODE

This type of fiber has a large core

diameter ( 40um to 50um) and
high cladding diameter (125um).

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 Single-mode fiber

In single-mode fiber, only one mode of light can

propagate through the fiber. There is no degradation of the
signal during travelling through the fiber. The light is passed
through it using a laser diode. It is suitable for long distance.

* 56
 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS ACCORDING TO R.I

On the basis of Refractive Index ,

Multi Mode Fibre is classified into two types:
Step Index and Graded Index.
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 1.Multi mode Step-index fiber:
A uniform refractive index exists within the core and a
sharply decreased refractive index exists in the core-cladding
interface. For step-index multimode fiber, the light propagates in
the shape of a zigzag wave along the core .

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 2. Multi mode Graded index optical fiber:
In this type of fiber, the core has a non-uniform refractive index that
gradually decreases from the center towards the core-cladding interface. The
cladding has a uniform refractive index. The light rays propagate through it in
the form of parabolic rays or helical rays.

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APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL FIBERS
1. LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION BACKBONES

1. INTER-EXCHANGE JUNCTIONS

1. VIDEO TRANSMISSION

1. BROADBAND SERVICES

1. COMPUTER DATA COMMUNICATION (LAN, WAN etc..)

1. HIGH EMI AREAS

1. MILITARY APPLICATION

1. MEDICAL FIELD ( ENDOSCOPY)

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 OPTICAL FIBER
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM-
TRANSMISSION SEQUENCES

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 TRANSMISSION SEQUENCES
• 1.INFORMATION IS ENCODED INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS.

• 2.ELECTRICAL TO OPTICAL CONVERSION AT THE

TRANSMITTER BY THE SOURCE.

• 3.LIGHT TRAVELS DOWN THE FIBRE

• 4.OPTICAL TO ELECTRICAL CONVERSION BY THE DETECTOR

AT THE RECEIVER.

• 5.ELECTRICAL SIGNAL DECODED INTO INFORMATION.

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TRANSMISSION SEQUENCES
Encoder

Light
source

Detector Decoder
 Light Sources and Detectors
Types of Sources:
.Optical sources are used to produce light pulses
to transmit the data on the fiber core.
.Two main types of Optical sources
⮚LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation.
- High power/High Bandwidth/Coslier/SM & MM

⮚LED : Light Emitting Diode

- Low power/Low Bandwidth/Cheap/MM only.
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 Light sources and detectors
⮚ Light sources or Light emitters are transmit side devices which
convert electrical signals into light pulses.
⮚ Two general types of light emitting devices are used in
optical transmission. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) and LASER
diodes (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation)
⮚ Light Detectors are receive side devices that convert light
pulses into electrical signals.
⮚ Two types of Light Detectors are widely used:-
⮚ PIN photodiode (Positive- Intrinsic-Negative) and APD
(Avalanche Photo Diode)
 Splicing Techniques

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 Types of splices

• Adhesive bonding

• Mechanical splicing

• Fusion splicing

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 Adhesive Bonding

Fiber 1 ADHESIVE

Fiber 1

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 Adhesive Bonding
• Oldest splicing technique.

• The fiber ends are prepared, axially aligned in a

V-groove.

• During the alignment , a small amount of adhesive

is set between the fiber ends as a bonding agent.

• Though the splice loss is less, it is not a reliable

joint, so now this type is not used .

* 69
 Mechanical Splicing
• A mechanical splice is a junction of two fibers that are
aligned and held in place by a self-contained assembly .
• The fibers aren't permanently joined, just precisely held
together so that light can pass from one to another.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XD3gotKSwro
Self contained assembly

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 Mechanical Splice Process

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2jTjeNeyDA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQz5ZoFqaNM

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 Fusion Splicing

• It is the most popular technique used for achieving

very low splice loss.
• Fusion splicing are permanent connection between
two fibers
• The fusion is achieved through electric arc.
• If proper care taken and splicing is done strictly as
per schedule, then the splicing loss can be
minimized as low as 0.01 dB per joint.

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Single fiber – Fusion Splicing Machine

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 Ribbon fiber – Fusion Splicing Machine

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 Splicing Process
• Manual part of splicing
– Removing the Primary coating of the fibers
– Cleaving the fibers
– Fixing them in micro -positioners on the splicing machine
• Splicing machine operations.
– 1.Auto alignment of core (Horizontal & Vertical )
– 2.Pre fusion(ends of the fibers are fire polished by an
electric arc)
– 3.Auto arc fusion
– Video display of the entire process
– 4.Indication of the estimated splice loss.
– 5.Tension Test ,Zoom Test

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 Related to Fiber – YOUTUBE useful Links
1.Fiber basics:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_kA8EpCUQo
2.Indoor cable (Tight tube buffer) preparation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdmcIWT41t4
3.Link for loose tube end cable Preparation, Splicing and UJC
protection kit :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21Obu6XmLTA
4.Shark bites OFC cable in undersea
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVJlKJi9FWU
5. Optical Attenuator - EXFO animated glossary of Fiber Optics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcAYCYdp6Kk
6.Fiber joint closure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kUsuTS8IaU
7.Single and Ribbon fiber splicing:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVrzW83fZhI
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 Cabling is needed to protect the fiber from mechanical
damage and environmental degradation.

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 Strip back about 1 meters of fiber cable
jacket to expose the fiber loose tubes or
tight buffered fibers

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 Strip back about 1 meters of fiber cable jacket
to expose the fiber loose tubes or tight
buffered fibers

Use cable rip cord to cut through the fiber

jacket. Then carefully peel back the jacket and
expose the insides.

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 Use cable rip cord to cut through the fiber
jacket. Then carefully peel back the jacket and
expose the insides.

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Cut off the excess jacket. Clean off all cable
gel withcable gel remover (IPA). Separate the
fiber loose tubes and buffers by carefully
cutting away any yarn or sheath.

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Cut off the excess jacket. Clean off all
cable gel with cable gel remover
(IPA). Separate the fiber loose tubes
and buffers by carefully cutting away
any yarn or sheath.

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 Leave enough of the strength member to
properly secure the cable in the splice
enclose.

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 For a loose tube fiber cable, strip away about 0.9 meters of fiber tube using a
buffer tube stripper and expose the individual fibers.
.

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 Fiber Cleaving
With a high precision fiber cleaver, cleave the fiber to a specified length
according to your fusion splicer’s manual

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 Functions of splicing machine
• After cleaving , the fibers are positioned on the V grooves of
the fusion chamber.

• The fibers are then aligned automatically

• Preheating of the fiber ends through electric arc

• Bringing the fiber ends together and splicing through high

temperature fusion under microprocessor control.

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 FUSION SPLICING MACHINE AND TOOLS

* 87
 TOOLS
Fiber Cable cutter Fiber Cable cutter Fiber Cable cutter

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 Loose Tube cutter

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 3 in 1 cutter

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 Primary Color coating remover

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 CLEAVER

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Single Core Fusion Splicing Machine

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Place both fibers in the fusion splicer and do the fusion splice according to its manual.

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 After Fusion splicing joint should be provided with a proper protector to
have following protections.
a. Mechanical Protection,
b. Protection from Moisture.

Now a days the heat shrinkable tubes (TSS – Thermo Shrink Sleeves) are
most widely used, which are fixed on the joints by the fusion tools.

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 RIBBON FIBERS

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JC - JOINT CLOSURE
SJC – SINGLE JC 3
BJC – BRANCH JC 1
UJC – UNIVERSAL JC UJC
2
4

BJC
cassette
1 arrangement

1
SJC
2

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 JC - JOINT CLOSURE

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 Place splice into splice tray

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 Connectors
✔ The connectors mechanically couple and align the
cores of fibers so light can pass.
✔ Better connectors lose very little light due to
reflection or misalignment of the fibers
Fiber optics connector installation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2X5SZ-
nXfVU

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* 105
 ST CONNECTOR (Straight Tip)

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 FC CONNECTOR (Ferrule Core)

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 SC CONNECTOR (Square Core)

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 LC CONNECTOR (Lucent Connector)

LC CONNECTOR – SIMPLEX AND DUPLEX

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 FDDI CONNECTOR (Fiber Distributed Data Interface )

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 ESCON CONNECTOR (Enterprise Systems Connection)

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 CONNECTORS : PC – Physical Contact,
APC – Angled PC , UPC – Ultra PC
PC, UPC AND APC ARE ACRONYMS FOR PHYSICAL CONTACT, ULTRA PHYSICAL
CONTACT, AND ANGLED PHYSICAL CONTACT AND THEY REFER TO THE WAY THE
CONNECTOR FERRULE (THE TINY CERAMIC STRUCTURE THAT HOLDS THE FIBER) IS
POLISHED.

NOTE : An important thing to keep in mind is that APC and UPC connectors
cannot be mated together because doing so will cause poor performance or
may damage the connectors.

* 112
• PC : PC connectors end faces are polished with a slight curvature. That convex
shape locates the fibers at the highest point of the surface, which reduces air
gaps between them. Typical return loss in these connectors in single mode
applications is -40 dB.
• UPC : An extended polishing is given to these connectors end faces, which results
in a better surface finish. The curvature makes them look dome-shaped. Their
optical return loss is about -50 dB or higher. UPC connectors are generally
used in Ethernet network equipment such as serial devices, media converters, and
fiber switches. They are also implemented in telephony and data systems.
• APC : Its ferrule is polished with an 8-degree angle that end-face brings the fibers
tighter and reflects light at an angle into the cladding instead of reflecting it
directly to the light sources, which causes its Optical Return Loss to be -60dB or
higher, being the better performance connector. APC connectors handle multi-play
systems which are why they are mostly employed in Radio Frequency (RF)
applications, like CATV or Distribution Antenna Systems. They are also used in
optical passive applications, such as PON networks architectures or passive optical
LANs.

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 Attenuators – ACTIVE or PASSIVE ,Avilabe in metal or plastic
substance
An optical attenuator, or fiber optic attenuator, is a device used to reduce
the power level of an optical signal. The basic types of optical
attenuators are fixed, and variable.

Variable Attenuators Fixed Attenuators

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 Different Attenuators :

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 Indoor Fiber Protection

Indoor cable entry (Pig tail cable Entry)

OTJB – Optical
Termination
Joint
Box
BSNL - OTJB

Outdoor cable entry point

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 RI – Route Indicator, JI – Coil/Joint
Indicator JI JI
10 th stone @ 2nd KM
10/2

RI
RI
JOINT COIL
24 F 24 F

* Every 200 m Every Joint/Every Coil 117

 SOME REFERENCES :

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 My Contact details
• A.RAMPRASAD,JTO
• RGMTTC,BSNL,MEENAMBAKKAM,CHENNAI-
16
• MOBILE : 9486103296
• EMAIL :
ramprasadrgmttc@gmail.com

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*
THANK YOU 121