IISc Lake2020 Recommendations

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The XII Lake Conference - Lake 2020: Conference on Ecosystem Structure,

Function, Goods and Services, 28 -30 December 2020, Auditorium, Bioscience
Building, Indian Institute of Sci...
Conference Paper · November 2022
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The 12th Biennial
Lake Conference
Conference on Ecosystem Structure,

Function, Goods And Services
28th to 30th December 2020,
Conference Hall, Bioscience Building,
Indian Institute of Science,
Bengaluru, Karnataka
Lake 2020: Conference on Ecosystem Structure, Function, Goods and
Services
[THE 12TH BIENNIAL LAKE CONFERENCE]
Date: 28th - 30th December 2020
Venue: Auditorium, Ground Floor, New Biological Sciences Building [Near D Gate]
Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru,
Karnataka, India – 560012
Phone: +91 080 22933099
Symposium Web: http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy
e-mail: tvr@iisc.ac.in; energy.ces@iisc.ac.in; lake2020.iisc@gmail.com
Organised and Sponsored by
Energy and Wetlands Research Group [http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy],
Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012
ENVIS Division, The Ministry for Environment, Forests and Climate Change,
Government of India
National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation,
Government of India
United Nations Statistics Division European Union

Vagdevi Vilas Institutions, Bangalore Adamya Chetana, Bangalore
Karnataka Biodiversity Board,
K.K. High School, Varthur, Bangalore
Govt of Karnataka.
Karnataka Environment Research
Vidyaniketan Public School, Ullal, Bangalore
Foundation, Bangalore
Bangalore Blaze Girls High School,
Alvas Education Foundation, Moodbidri
Nagarbhavi, Bangalore
Green Positive Store, Bangalore
NRDMS Division, The Ministry for Science and Technology (DST), Government of India
Lake 2020 : The 12th Biennial Lake Conference
Conference on Ecosystem Structure, Function, Goods
and Services
Recommendations
• Need an appropriate economic metrics - Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) to account
nature’s contribution to society as we do not have a widely used indictor to
measure ecosystems contribution to human well-being. This entails establishment
of a natural capital accounting framework by integrating ecological benefits into
criteria for performance evaluation of federal local governments. This would help
in evolving appropriate eco-compensation policy based on ecosystem services.
a. Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) reflects the aggregated annual value of goods and
services provided by ecosystems (forests, water bodies, oceans, etc.) to people in given
region, such as at district levels, state, and country. GEP provide the basis for
determining financial compensation for the provision of ecosystem services toward
facilitating sustainable development (harmony of people with diverse ecosystems).
Recent findings of negative correlation of COVID 19 impacts with the ecosystem
services highlights the need to arrive at GEP in addition to GDP (economy) and HDI
(society).
b. Pilot GEP accounting at district levels in federal states with the standardized
definitions and methods (for computing GEP). There is an urgent need to update
existing monitoring system to facilitate data for GEP accounting.
c. Pilot GEP accounting at select district levels (disaggregated levels) across agro-
climatic zones would also aid in standardizing definitions and methods to compute
GEP.
d. GEP entails accounting of bio-physical values of ecosystem goods and services.
Pricing of ecosystem goods or services and accounting of economic values of
ecosystem goods and services
Conference on Ecosystem Structure, Function, Goods and Services
• Required to hasten administrative process (at federal level and at central government)
to designate Aghanashini estuary as a Ramsar site of international importance as per
the convention on wetlands, 1971. Aghanashini estuary meets both criteria for
designation as RAMSAR wetlands namely Group A criteria (representative , rare and
unique wetland types) and Group B Criteria (sites of international importance for
conserving biodiversity with important ecological communities as well as a wide
range of wetland dependent species)
• Identification of ecological units (at Panchayath levels) that are ecologically sensitive
as per Section 5(1) of Environment Protection Act 1986 (EPA), the Ministry of
Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India to improve
ecosystem health through appropriate location specific conservation practices.
• The Biodiversity Managements of Most Gram Panchayats are found to be ineffective

despite the passage of 18 years since the enactment of the Biodiversity Act-2002. To
redeem the ineffectiveness of such an otherwise laudable Act of the Government of
India the forum recommends strongly that the concerned Zilla Panchayts should
mandatorily be in-charge of effective functioning of the BMCs, towards the cherished
objectives of improving the ecosystem health, accounting for usufructs flow from their
respective areas and in implementation of the provisions of the Access and Benefits
Sharing Notification of the MoEF & CC, Government of India, through a phased
programme under the supervision and guidance of the Biodiversity Boards of the
respective States. This is considered by the forum of paramount importance and as an
effective instrument statutorily strengthened by the Government.
• Lake 2020 reaffirms the proven capacity of the student community in documenting vital
ecosystems, associated plant and animal diversity, especially at a time when the nation is
faced with the challenges pertaining to the documentation of its biodiversity and
associated traditional knowledge, as is mandatory under the Biodiversity Act-2002, the
Conference acknowledges the potential of the student community in biodiversity
documentation (inventorying and mapping of biological resources). As such a task
involves applications of academic knowledge in making field surveys and interviews, to be
carried out under the guidance of teachers, the conference recommends that academic
credits should be given to students working for such projects. This also aid in capacity
building and empowering youngsters with the knowledge of vital ecosystems function,
goods and services.
• Water being at the core of human civilizations, and as the Western Ghats function as
water tower for Indian peninsula its management is a critical issue, necessitating
development of the hydro-centric approach towards development. The forum
recommends adoption of a sacrosanct attitude towards water bodies of all kinds and their
catchments by disallowing any intrusive developmental projects portending negative
impacts on the water bodies considered holistically along with their associated ecosystems.
• Considering the importance of the Western Ghats, need to constitute a Western Ghats Task
Force in every peninsular Indian State to facilitate good governance practices for natural
resources, prioritizing conservation and sustainable use of water resources and
biodiversity, complementing the efforts of the State Biodiversity Boards (SBB). This would
also help in synthesizing right policy measures and implementation plans in the entire
Western Ghats region to ensure water and food security of dependent population.
• Locality-wise documentation and protection of ecosystems (water bodies, sacred groves, myristica
swamps, etc.) and their sources, their current status, with estimates of hydrological services, ongoing and
potential.
• As forest encroachments, unauthorized clearings of vegetation and tree felling, unauthorized mining for
stones and sand are rampantly happening and as the concerned monitoring agencies are ill-equipped to
detect such activities on day-to-day basis, a special cell may be established in each state to receive,
process and communicate such data to concerned authorities, based on remote sensing and ground
sources. This expediency has arisen, especially in the Western Ghats, considering the devastations
witnessed during the South-west Monsoon during the past three years (2018, 2020) especially in Kerala
and Kodagu, in the form of floods and landslides, causing losses to human life and properties,
agriculture, forest and wildlife and aquatic ecosystems, the dimensions of which are yet to be
documented.
• Hydro-ecological research in river basins of central Western Ghats reveals that streams are perennial if
protected and shaded by multi-canopied riparian vegetation and their catchments covered in native
vegetation rather than under monoculture plantations or other degraded forests. Moreover, streams
turning seasonal are warnings towards local extinctions of endemic and threatened aquatic species,
especially fishes and amphibians.
• Ensuring the environmental flow through mandatory release of a
small percentage of lean flow in rivers during post-monsoon, to
sustain aquatic and riparian biodiversity, especially in cases of
implementation of dam projects and in river diversion schemes, could
be a dangerous and illusory path, unfounded in science as regards the
Western Ghats is concerned. As the water-flow during post-
monsoons dwindles to often streaks, and is critically needed all along
the river course to recharge ground water and to provide water for
domestic use and agricultural purposes, along downstream villages
and cities, any adventurist path involving such critical flows should be
disallowed. The temperature rise such water bodies could suffer due
to reduced volumes of flow and stagnations created consequently
could set on major extinction waves for especially endemic fishes and
amphibians of the Western Ghats and downstream regions.
• The forum felt that diversions of west-flowing rivers from the

Western Ghats, forwarding the cause for rising need for drinking
water in the Deccan side districts, while flood waters flow in such
rivers, is a predatory and ill-conceived move posing also threat to
estuarine and marine biodiversity and fishery, as such flood waters
are needed to run nutrient cycles and create required salinity
gradients in the west coast estuaries which function as nurseries for
various marine fishes, prawns and crabs of economic value and cater
to the livelihoods and food of millions of people.
• A rethinking is needed for developing a wider perspective in such matters as thousands of inland
waterbodies like tanks and lakes of the Deccan region are sorely neglected, silted up, eutrophicated,
covered with water weeds, and often shrinking in area due to encroachments of their peripheries. The
prospects of rejuvenating them at lesser cost than adopting the mis-adventurist path of river diversion at
colossal economic and ecologic costs should be avoided. Moreover, as regards if the comparisons of
catchment areas are considered the east-flowing river systems of Karnataka, for example, like the Kaveri,
Thungabhadra and Bhima, collectively have about 800,000 sq.km of catchment areas and carry several
times more volumes of water than the west-flowing rivers which collectively have less than 1.7 lakh sq.
km only. As both east and west flowing rivers originate in the heavy rainfall crestal zones of the Western
Ghats both receive fair share of the monsoon rains, the east ones conferred also with the additional
water-flow from the North-west Monsoon as well.
• The forum felt it a paradoxical situation that when even the Deccan portions of the peninsular India
States are exposed equally to devastating floods periodically there is no simple low cost devices involving
interconnected system of canals enabling redirecting surplus waters for storage in inland water bodies. It
is notable that during the peak of the South-west Monsoon of 2018 and 2020, millions cubic meters of
water were released into Tamil Nadu through Kaveri, much against the wishes of that State too, as even
TN lacked mechanisms to divert such surplus waters into the inland water bodies which suffer from
droughts year after year. It is also notable that TN refused to take surplus water from Mullaperiyar in
Kerala, compounding to the latter’s misery. Flood water flow released into the Bhima River from
Maharashtra could not also be utilized in Karnataka. Frequently such situations happen in Thunga-
Bhadra too. Instead of river-linking and river diversion ventures what merits prior attention is
rejuvenation of inland water bodies and connecting them through canals and pipelines for efficient use
of surplus waters for the benefit of vast stretches of drought prone areas in respective districts.
• More wetlands should be brought under the conservation and sustainable
management regime as per Wetlands Act 2017, Government of India. Rejuvenation
of water bodies to attain their potential ecological services, is a critical necessity. As no
integrated account of the status of water bodies exists yet, there should be nation-
wide, but locality-specific, mechanisms for documentation of water bodies. The
Biodiversity Management Committees, being formed nation-wide, will be the most
appropriate statutory body to identify and map water bodies in their respective
jurisdiction, and to prepare annual reports on their prevailing status.
• Sacred groves, variously named as kans, kavus, banas, devarakadus, devrais etc., being
the last remains of the primeval forests, and having functioned through generations as
centres of biodiversity and water security, through their proven role in ground water
recharging, had benefitted humans through time. Such sacred forests, enshrining the
age-old Indian tradition of holistic nature worship were important elements of pre-
British, community-based conservation systems. They are also acclaimed as centres of
folk religious arts like Theyyam, Nagamandalam, Bhuthadhakola etc. The Government
should uphold the involvement of local communities and State forest departments in
protecting and restoring them to their original glory. They should be declared as local
“Biodiversity Heritage Sites” even if they exist in isolation in the middle of villages or
towns. Whereas the restoration of small sacred groves will benefit local level micro-
water sheds, the larger such groves in the catchment areas of rivers and rivulets, each
covering several hundred hectares, if protected holistically will ensure perennial
flows in rivers and streams, recharge ground water en-course and function in future
as safety forests against fires and droughts, moderating local climate especially in the
wake of the dangers of climate change looming large on the planet.
• Swamps and marshes and shola forests of Western Ghats, being the storage areas for monsoon
rains and being perennial sources of water, need to be mapped, and prioritized for conservation
and restoration. Myristica swamps, ecosystems of high conservation and evolutionary values, of
high endemism and from hydrological perspectives, need to be systematically mapped. As
unauthorized diversions of streams passing through Myristica swamps are rampant such
diversions should be stopped and such swamps along with their catchments need to be
safeguarded, with the onus mainly on the forest department.
• The conference recognizes the fact that people in large numbers migrate to the cities in search
of better livelihoods, mainly from hydrologically and ecologically depleted villages. On the
contrary, the younger generation from ecologically sensitive interior villages are migrating to the
cities in search of better livelihoods. Men migrate more leaving the women folks behind, as is
evident from the census reports pertaining to large number of Western Ghat villages. This is an
alarming trend causing overcrowding in cities the urban water bodies getting most of the
pressures due to their peripheral encroachments, piling up of organic nutrients and other trash,
compounding to the eutrophication processes being faced by the city lakes already. Consequent
shortages of water in cities necessitate expensive schemes for transport of water from the
Western Ghats in increasing quantities depriving local people of their water resources. State
Governments are even harping upon environmentally disastrous projects related to diversions of
rivers from their natural courses to meet increasing demands for water in cities. Adequate
provisions should be made in the eco-sensitive to provide the kinds of employment which
benefits the ecosystems such as rejuvenation of watershed areas and their catchments,
promotion of community based eco-tourism than initiating tourist resorts and in production of
and value addition activities related to non-timber forest products, honey etc. and guidance in
setting up cottages limited to the carrying capacity of the respective households who show
interest in such activities.
• The rivers of the Western Ghats should be spared hereafter from

construction of hydroelectric projects resulting in forest submersion and
affecting salinity conditions in the estuaries downstream with serious
adverse consequences on marine and coastal biodiversity and collapse of
fisheries. These damages are apart from construction of transmission lines,
new roads and colonies are taking heavy toll on the precarious forest wealth.
• To tackle the ever-rising problems of the above kind we propose the concept
of creation of “smart villages”. Smart villages plan is towards ensuring the
village communities with greater facilities for education, employment,
energy, healthcare, transportation, and communication. For achieving this
we have already prepared a model blueprint for Uttara Kannada district.
This blueprint is about grouping for development gram panchayats and
small towns into clusters depending on their proximity, and on the kind of
human, natural, and agricultural resources to create decentralised
sustainable development model. Implementation of such models on a wider
scale, at relatively lower costs, is expected to convert villages and small towns
into self-sustaining units. This also helps in fulfilling the vision – ‘go local
and be vocal’
• The Centre and the States should aim at achieving zero pollution norms to
safeguard the purity of water bodies, and check the input of effluent and
waste disposal from diverse sources including and leachates from landfills.
• It is recommended that the use of biopesticides and biofertilizers may be promoted
to substantially reduce use of harmful chemical substances which cause severe
water, soil and air pollution problems. To enable the availability of needed raw
materials peripheral forests, VFC managed forests and private holdings may be
enriched with plant sources for these biochemicals.
• Boundary demarcations norms of water bodies within different states need to be
reviewed and revised on fresh consideration of their geomorphology. Inviolable
buffer zones (with the regulated activities) should be created around or bordering
water bodies or water courses, and these should be maintained along with their
natural vegetation.
• Retrieval of original linkages between water bodies, like the raja-kaluves (storm
water drains) which have been lost or disrupted due to urbanisation, it is important
to ensure their recovery from encroachers and restore their water flow regimes for
re-establishing normal hydrology and mitigation of floods
• Estuaries being highest productive among world ecosystems, and because of their
unique mangrove vegetation and their crucial role in the life cycles of several
marine fishes, should be protected as inviolable areas against developmental
pressures, and release of effluents of any kind.
• The Conference recognizes the fact mangrove swamps and marshes have the highest
stores of soil organic carbon per unit area on the Earth. Alteration in the integrity of
estuary will have devastating impact on these global reserves of carbon.
Construction of new ports should be confined to marine areas only, and not by
destroying the fragile ecosystems of estuaries
• Despite increasing realization on the importance of estuaries and other coastal
backwaters as among highest productive ecosystems of the world without any inputs
required from the humans, and realizing their livelihood support capacity to high
degrees, and appreciating their significant role as nurseries for marine fishes, prawns
and crabs, the role of estuaries as most important coastal refugia for birds,
appreciating the role of mangroves as security guards of the coastal zone, as guards
of enormous, uncalculated volumes of sequestered soil-carbon etc. the governments
of State and Centre should revise their stands towards estuaries as places suitable for
ports and aquaculture. Despite such realization, a global awakening on the
importance of estuaries, the forum noted with concern that a proposal to build a large
port in the pristine Tadadi estuary (Aghanashini) in the Uttara Kannada district of
Karnataka is being pursued vigorously by the State and Central Government. The
forum therefore makes a strong recommendation to the concerned governments not to
go any further in this regard and safeguard this valuable estuary, which is of high
ecological and economic importance, and harbouring probably some of best
mangrove reserves of Karnataka.
• Government may assist estuarine stakeholders in restoring abandoned shrimp farms

along the coast to facilitate their natural biodiversity and productivity, and to utilise
their full potential for carbon sequestration.
• Bio-shielding of the coast is a most ideal, eco-friendly, ever-growing, aesthetically

appealing and economic defense against rising sea than attempting to build
ecologically devastating sea walls at high cost, along most of India’s 7000 km long
coastline.
• Agriculture and Horticulture Departments of respective States should launch nationwide

surveys with the help of student community and NGOs to document and salvage all the
indigenous crop varieties, the precious genepool that Indian farmers have developed through
millennia, which are mostly on the verge of extinction. Farmers groups in different parts of
the country should be identified for government sponsored in situ protection of such
indigenous crops in farmer’s fields. The crops should include cereals, millets, vegetables and
fruits among others.
1. Organic agriculture should be promoted all over the country for better health of humans and livestock, to reduce
pollution load substantially, to lower the farm investment on the part of the farmers and to restore soil health and
promote its water holding capacity.
2. Bee keeping should be promoted in a big way not only to produce honey which has increasing national and
international demand but also to increase farm output as the bees are major pollinators of crops. Bee keeping
without tampering with the forest structure should be permitted to peripheral village communities around state
forests, without tampering with forests, but to promote pollination of both forest species and crops in the nearby
landscapes.
3. The forum expressed deep concern about the villages getting impoverished and increasingly deprived of men-folk,
especially youth, due to migration to cities for making better livelihoods. This has been noted as a nationwide
phenomenon. The major reasons for such a sad situation, arrived at by the multidisciplinary forum of participants
including people at grassroots and students, are:
4. Uncertainty in the agricultural sector due to dependence on seeds supplied by multinational companies or
government sources, which have seriously impoverished the rich, indigenous agro-diversity which the country was
known for in the past. About 99% of the cotton grown in Maharashtra and Karnataka are Bt. Cotton strains which
have, of late, shown massive failures in resisting pink bollworm. Farmer’s suicides are reported most among the
cotton growers. Similarly almost over 90% of rice grown are dwarf varieties sponsored by government sources
which have replaced an enormously rich and diverse stock of native varieties endowed with pool of genes to
endure climatic uncertainties, while supplying substantial quantities of straw for cattle feed.
5. Many small and marginal farmers are unable to maintain cattle due to forbidding price of paddy straw and its
transportation needs. Prices of oil cakes and other feed mixes also have escalated. Moreover fodder trees which in
early days were more freely available in the village commons have also vanished largely. Further with exotic trees
figuring more in the afforestation programmes of the forest departments availability of edible leaves and shoots has
dwindled all along the country-sides.
6. Further grim fodder situation and water crisis following of increasingly episodical droughts, associated with crop
failures and cause farmers sell cattle at distress prices, which could be considered enormous blow to farmland
fertility, soil structure and water holding capacity compelling farmers depend more on expensive chemical
fertilizers.
Evaluating the above situation, the forum made the following recommendations
for the farming sector:
A. Millet cultivation needs to be promoted strongly by the State and Central Governments, especially all
along the semi-arid tracts and rain-shadow regions for the following reasons:
1. At a time when usable water resources are getting scantier highly water demanding crops like
sugarcane and rice should be more confined to zones receiving abundant rainfall. Ground water
use for growing such crops should be tapered off. Dam building for irrigation purposes needs to be
relooked and limited to meet unavoidable circumstances only rather than for bringing more lands
under cereal crops and sugarcane.
2. Millets are among the food grain has least water demand
3. Millets require only minimal use of manures and fertilizers and have low carbon footprints
4. Millets are relatively more pest, disease and drought resistant
5. Millets have more nutritional benefits than cereals; these are like: millets are gluten free; they are
rich in fibres and richest sources of essential minerals and vitamins than cereals. Millets due to
high fibre content facilitate sustainable use of body’s insulin and therefore regular eating of millets
can keep away most forms of diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases, which are highly taxing and
raging in the Indian population.
6. Further realizing the manifold benefits of millets as human food several companies are flooding
the markets with highly priced millet based food for infants, adults and diabetics.
7. Millets being recognized as super cereals the Government of India rightly declared 2018 as the
Year of the Millets and recommended to the UN celebrating 2019 as the International Year of the
Millets.
B. The forum endorses the stand of the Government of India’s policy toward bringing back the millets into
the fore and hope more steps will be taken in the coming years in this direction.
C. We propose a much needed ‘de-cerealisation drive’ to overcome the following crisis:
1. As the cultivation of starch rich cereals like rice and wheat, which along with sugarcane, are highly water
demanding crops the water tables in the country are on decline at an alarming scale. Whereas the cereal production
has grown several-fold since 1960’s our people, including children are fed on more and more of starch-foods and
less of protein, vitamin, mineral and fibre-rich pulses. As a consequence, India has achieved the ignominy of
occupying the second position in the population of diabetics (associated with cardio-vascular and kidney
problems), next only to China. The country has one third of the malnourished and stunted children in the world,
who, though fed largely with starch foods, are chronic victims of hidden hunger due to lack of micro-nutrients and
proteins.
2. The PDS and mid-day meal programmes in the schools are, by and large, based on cereals and have least component
of pulse, promoting not only hidden hunger but too much taxing on our depleting water resources.
3. As uncertain climate is setting in over the planet our agriculture is leaving behind stronger and stronger carbon
footprints, developing increased reliance on chemical fertilizers, overlooking the fact that crop rotation with pulses
can add on an average 100 kg of nitrates to the soil and spare so much of fertilizers. Nitrogenous agricultural wash-
offs are creating serious eutrophication problems for our lakes and other water bodies. This is apart from the fact
that the flooded rice fields are sources for greenhouse gases like nitrous oxide and methane. Further the burning of
enormous quantities of paddy straw is creating serious air pollution problems (eg. the infamous Delhi fog). These
bioresidues are to be created to bioethanol which can be blended with gasoline. Similarly, the crop residue from
pulses can be used as fodder and for soil enrichment.
D. The Conference therefore expressed the hope that the Government would make radical changes in our
agricultural agenda by all out promotion of pulses which is of high significance in this country having
the world’s largest population of vegetarians and semi-vegetarians, whose main sources of proteins come
from pulses. Pulse based diet would also help in creating healthy and sensible youth who would
constitute valuable asset to the nation. Pulse based diet has numerous health benefits such as (i) optimal
brain functioning, (ii) controls obesity due to lower lipid accumulation in human body, (iii) helps in
optimal, digestion, (iv) controls diabetes, blood pressure, (v) muscle generation, etc.
The conference dealt at length with the need to protect fragile ecosystems
considering the services. The august forum highlighted the compelling need and
urgency to regulate the relentless exploitation of natural ecosystems, implications on
water and food security with the homogenization path adopted throughout the globe.
In addition to these, planet earth is plunging helplessly into a dreadful era of
increasing uncertainties in the climate, with telling effects especially upon our food
and water security and also prevalence of zoonotic diseases.
Lake 2020: Conference on Ecosystem Structure, Function,
Goods and Services
The 12th Biennial Lake Symposium
28th to 30th December 2020, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru
भवन्ति नम्रास्िरवः फलोद्गमः

नवाम्बुभभभरभू रववलन्म्बनो घनाः ।
अनद्
ु धिाः सत्परु ु षाः समद्
ृ धधभभः
स्वभाव एवषः परोपकाररणाम ् ॥
-सुभावषि
On bearing fruits, trees bend (become humble),with
new gathered water, clouds hang very low, wealthy good
men maintain non arrogant nature, this is the nature of
benevolent persons.
-Subhashitam
Energy and Wetlands Research Group,
Centre For Ecological Sciences,
Indian Institute of Science,
Bengaluru 560012
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The XII Lake Conference - Lake 2020: Conference on Ecosystem Structure,

Conference Paper · November 2022

T V Ramachandra M D SUBASH Chandran

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Bharath Setturu Vinay Shivamurthy

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Conference on Ecosystem Structure,

United Nations Statistics Division European Union

• The Biodiversity Managements of Most Gram Panchayats are found to be ineffective

• The forum felt that diversions of west-flowing rivers from the

• The rivers of the Western Ghats should be spared hereafter from

• Government may assist estuarine stakeholders in restoring abandoned shrimp farms

• Bio-shielding of the coast is a most ideal, eco-friendly, ever-growing, aesthetically

• Agriculture and Horticulture Departments of respective States should launch nationwide

भवन्ति नम्रास्िरवः फलोद्गमः

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