Innovation boots India’s Robotics Startup Indust RECN ea Se aD ee LSS XC Sg THE MOST POPULAR ELECTRONICS MONTHLY MAGAZINE TT ‘Automotive BMS Suppliers productronica India Testing Automotive MCU ‘Accelerating Innovation DSS LL INSPIRATION Get inspired at orcall 4 Rion oy oo} Digi-Key ees “ moet eee erat ere a PeeINSPIRATION StrongIRFET™ 2 Technology in 80/100V The Power MOSFET addressing a broad range of applications StrongIRFET™2 i the new Infineon Power MOSFET technology in 80V and 100V targeting a broad range of applications such as motor drives and battery management systems for LEV application. Featuring broad availability and excellent price/performance ratio make these right-fit products an easy choice for designers interested in convenient selection and purchasing. This new technology offers 40 percent RDS(on) improvement eos Ease and over 50 percent lower Qg compared to the previous ‘StrongIRFET™ devices, translating into higher power efficiency for improved overall system performance. Increased current ratings allow for higher current carrying a capability, eliminating the need to parallel multiple devices translating to lower BOM costs and board savings. ‘Strong|RFET™2 is available in D2PAK, D2PAK-Tpin, DPAK, TO- 220 and TO-220 FullPAK in 80V and 100V, verBans0 poz6N0NF2s Conveientsecton 2 targeting abroad range of applications nd purchasing ives and battery management applet GU ages CuCR CRS at et eC teeter at Oro need to turn inspiration into innovation easel Pree Roe mye.) renee anal att eeeway ax Fe 06 Administration Preety Bhaskar 12 Circulation uta Dstt rina 24 CNADSTRILTOR Advertisment Hoad Office EM Media LLP Bnd oo: Pt. Siu Pn, aaa, Tech, Editor Se 53 Cchennat Nema ‘eit Se, =—— (As Soph 1, Rash Bul, a = Terman he eee fois 28 ream Site me seme Poa eee eerd ientinrcnenenen aceasta NEWS Tech News COVER STORY The New Ways forward for Ev Battery Management Systems INDUSTRY WATCH Innovation boots India's Robotics Startup industry Interview Ste Keaay sr re, RL uses Ut Merci Tce, Interview Dc ita Kae, Cooder & Oo Nice Interview i Aas aor Chit Open fia, 1590 AUTOMOTIVE BMS Aaotve BMS Supis Mcu Testing Automotive MCU -An Overview 81 UPCOMING ISSUES, opm 34 36 38 47 50 56 62 68 cmmm CONTENIS EVENT "Bulg new Connecns” WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY his aw Wi sles hp hp sce 5G 5 Advancing Etended Realty tothe Next Level 5 ee fm 8? om 3 088 Toy Mos Inet Tig Mahon eg ‘CONSTRUCTION Bbsooh cote to wing nd ob POWER ELECTRONICS. (Mat are the ay as cbt Una MOSFET adept? DESIGN ZONE ra uta pie oe Sp koe is DRIVES ard is ve (00). Soldtt Dive 980); Whats he Di? 06 TECHNOLOGY NEWS, Regulars ‘much more. SEMPER™ NOR Flash Memory ‘SEMPER™NOR Flash memory provides the high-performance and critical safety features needed for automotive, industrial, and communications applications. Key Features: Density -256 Mb, 512Mb, 1 6b,2Gb,4GD Voltage-1.8,3.0V Interface -Quad/Octal SP, HYPERBUS™ Performance: > xSPI:400 MB/s read bandwidth > Standby:11 yA Low Power: > Deep Power Down: 1.3 WA > Standby: 11 yA Infineon endurance flex architecture: > Endurance: 1+ million programjerase cycles, > Data retention: 25 years Functional Safety: 150 26262 ASIL-B compliant; ISO 26262 ASIL-D ready y Cinfineon \www.infineon.com/cms/en/product/memories/nor-flash/semper-nor-flash/VIAVI AMD-Powered Frontier Supercomputer Now Fastest in the World he AMD-powered Frontier supercomputer is now the first officially recognized exoscale supercomputer in the world, topping 1.102 ExaFlop/s during o sustained Linpack run. That ranks first on the newly- released Top500 list of the world’s fastest supercomputers as the number of AMD-powered systems on the list has expanded significantly this year. Frontier not only overtakes the previous leader, Japan's Fugoku, but blows it out of the water - in fact, Frontier is faster than the next seven supercomputers on the list, combined. Notably, while Frontier hit 1.1 ExaFlops during «a sustained Linpack FP64 benchmark, the system delivers up to 1.69 ExoFlops in peak performance but has headroom to hit 2 ExaFlops after more tuning. For reference, one ExaFlop equals one quintillion floating point operations per second. Frontier also now ranks as the fastest Al system on the planet, dishing out 6.88 electronics maker « sly 2022 « (06) Exaflops of mixed-precision performance in the HPL-Al benchmark. That equates to 68 million instructions per second for each of the 86 billion neurons in the brain, highlighting the sheer computational horsepower. It ‘appears this system will compete for the Al leadership position with newly-announced Al- focused supercomputers powered by Nvidia's Arm-based Grace CPU Superchips Additionally, the Frontier Test and Development (Crusher) system also placed first on the Green500, denoting thot Frontiers architecture is now olso the most power-efficient supercomputing architecture in the world (the primary Frontier system ranks second on the Top500}. The full system delivered 52.23 GFlops per watt while consuming 21.1 MW (megawatts) of power during the qualifying benchmark run. At peak utilization, Frontier consumes 29 MW. First organic bipolar transistor developed he invention of the transistor in 1947 by Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain at Bell Laboratories ushered in the age of microelectronics and revolutionized our lives. First, so- called bipolar transistors were invented, in which negative and positive charge carriers contribute to the current transport; unipolar field effect transistors were only added later. The increasing performance due ee pot to the scaling of silicon electronics in the nanometer range hos immensely occelerated the processing of data. However, this very rigid technology is less suitable for new types of flexible electronic ‘components, such as rollable TV displays or medical applications. For such applications, transisiors made of organic moterial, or carbon-based semiconductors, have come into focus in recent years. Organic field effect transistors were iniroduced os early as 1986, but their performance sill lags far behind silicon components. A research group led by Prof. Karl Leo and Dr. Hans Kleemann at the TU Dresden hos now succeeded for the first ime in demonstrating an organic, highly efficient bipolar transistor. Crucial to this wos the use of highly ordered thin organic layers. This new technology is many times faster than previous ‘organic transistors, and for the firs time the components have reached operating frequencies in the gigahertz range (i,e., more than @ billion switching operations per second) Meet MCX XP Semiconductors announced the new MCX portfolio of microcontrollers, designed fo advance innovation in smort homes, smart factories, ewmelecronicsmakercom Equip your manufacturing and lab floors with the world leading PCT system for maximum accuracy and efficiency The Passive Connector Testing (PCT) system from VIAVI Solutions is a powerful family of modules, software, and peripherals for testing Insertion Loss, Return Loss, length and polarity of optical connectivity products. Built on the award- winning VIAVI MAP-300 Optical Test platform, the PCT delivers a scalable test system that can be configured for R&D, production, or qualification test applications to optimize quality, productivity, and capital utilization Don't settle with old technology that can be cumbersome and time consuming. With the VIAVI PCT system, you can implement the latest technology to improve operational efficiencies: * Fast and world’s most accurate IL/RL measurements + Small and Modular —Buy as you grow by adding switches and external power meters + Simple, reliable remote automation + Largest install base of IL/RL measurement system for connector manufacturing testing * Built on 30 years of design expertise + Scripting with enterprise-wide data management options % a Learn more at fo viavisolutions.com/map-pct Oe CameeLS SNS a ee eae)TEMOLOGY Hs ES Le smar cities and across mony emerging industrial and loT edge applications. The portfolio includes four series of devices built on a common platform and is supported by the widely adopted MCUXpresso suite of development tools and software. This combined offering allows developers to moximize software reuse across the portfolio to speed development. The portfolio also features the first instantiation of NXP new, specialized neural processing unit (NPU) for accelerating inference at the edge, delivering up to 30x faster machine learning throughput compared 10.0 CPU core alone. Driven by the proliferation of edge devices, the MCU has evolved dramatically over the last few decades. While they are at the heart of many of today's edge applications, the next generation of intelligent applications will require o new class of MCUs that allow developers to navigate a complex landscape of power, performance and security requirements, os well as connectivity options, while balancing total system cost and energy efficiency. Built on a commen foundation of core technologies and supported by a unified software suite for maximal software reuse, the MCX portfolio will enable the flexibility needed to address this electronics maker + Ivly 2022 + (08) challenge. The breadth of the MCX portfolio allows developers to select devices that best fit their pplication needs, freeing them to invest in differentiating aspects of their design. Quick Charge 5 technology mogine being able to charge your smartphone from 0-100% in less than 20 minutes. Sounds like an impossible task, right? Not if you are using the latest Snapdragon powered RedMagic 7 Pro. With a 5000mAh battery and 135W fast charging fueled by the latest Qualcomm Quick Charge 5 technology, the RedMagic 7 Pro will be fully charged and ready to go in about 15 minutes. This would not have been possible without the new generation of premium ier power management ICs (PMICS} ~ the Qualcomm SMB1396 and the Qualcomm SMB1399 - which ore the building blocks for charging stack-cell batteries in phones. By leveraging unique architecture, phone manufactures can enjoy significantly higher battery efficiency while using of a smaller-sized battery. Moreover, the solution is scalable to accommodate a variety of different power requirements helping simplify new designs. f youre concemed about heat, the device follows multiple safety protocols, including Qualcomm Smart Identification of Adapter Capabilities technology, which work together fo maximize power ironsfer efficiency, increase safety, ond help extend the battery life cycle ‘on a users’ device. Samsung begins production of world's first 3nm chips omsung Electronics revealed that production of its 3- nanometer (nm) manufacturing node using the Gate-All-Around (GAA) transistor architecture hos begun The company said that when matched fo its Sm process, their 3nm process consumes 45% less power, offers improved performance by 23%, cond has a 16% smaller surface ‘oreo. Samsung's 3am process node incorporates a gate-cll- round (GAA) transistor architecture that packs larger channels in gates for electricity to flow through while lowering the voltage level compared to the preceding FinFET transistor architecture. a olecroniesmakercom HARWIN Connect with confidence Harwin's connector products are proven to perform in extreme conditions, with shock, vibration and temperature range rigorously tested. Micro connectors start at 1.25mm pitch delivering 2A per contact, up to 8.5mm and 60A - covering a wide range of applications from charging infrastructure to battery ‘management systems. Connectors shown actual size With our quality, service, support, and highly reliable products, you can depend on Harwin. 1a EM GROUP PUBLICATIONS, ‘The)Partnerjof, electronics maker + ily 2022 + (09). Ale THANOLOGY bi Ea) -* DeepComputing, who worked 5) New Aus- Semiconductor- cine mers Community The leotep wcsved on | Launches on the design, and Xcalibyte, who does system setup, as well 8 building ond adding support ‘As the term implies, the gates completely enclose the unknown single-chip system with deeeedigtk GAL andi td @ quad-core RISC-V processor, a he founders of a new place that oll four sides of the channels GPU, on NPU for arfficia to keep tabs on the are utilized encbl "intelligence. The Pro model will Australian semiconductor industry, titled AUS. GeO ee SemiconductorCommunity, are ‘amount of drive current to pass hip system. through the gates in comparison The standard version uses inviting anybody who is curious to FinFET, which only employs 28nm single-chip system. 0 join the discussion, three of the sides of the ia (Oneced Severe channels, created by technology industry The firm also talked about veterans Mike Nicholls, Partner the adaptobility of the design of ot Main Sequence, and Glenn : Downey, Executive Direcior of ts 3nm process node, which Y The Maltby Group and an allowed it to modify the channel eee width to provide the utmost satisfaction to its clientele. Samsung said that they were also working on a second. The ROMA is equipped with generation 3nm process no 16GB LPDDR4/LPDDR4X RAM thot would be beter in terms of and 256GBeMMC flash. The gccaional contibutor to his power use, performance, and ‘Arm $C300 Sec with a goal of helping surface area: processor is used to protect collaboration and dota. projects in the fledgling World's first The lapop wil support paca 3 RISCY laptop cmc slit ea unveiled laptops and accessory upgrades [S00 working in the field, hobbyists, Linux-based ROMA laptop _¢t significant discounts." The first_ and others, and has been active mers will receive a free since February onductor hers and industrialists was unveiled recently, 100 featuring an unnamed quad ore RISC processor with GPU with o M ‘nd NPU. It is intended primarily It will also be possible to leary 9 gears ok manufacturing und NET, and the laptop will ship Those wanting to stay up fo Aosk-style wallet. date on the semiconductor inn for software developers ond has personalize your ROMA, for this modern lives and Web3 technology integration yo order an engraving of sictoatelin povtance has come The ROMA laptop is the your name or other inscription info focus recently. con join the result of o collaboration between on the case server here. WE POWER YOUR PRODUCTS ectronics maker + lsly 2022 « (10 woacelect recom-power.com/acdcCover Story DS OE Daa re me RSMo el Key LAL LCS WRT RST eel me) aL SUEUR OC OSU me CEC CUO TUT MAW USMY eS EV production, the need for Battery Management Systems has also been on the surge. To future proof the EV ecosphere's changing needs, we need to employ the right performance management system for the battery packs TSR se LCS Se STO ertainly, EV — electric status of the battery and high. The batteries can go out of vehicles are not the determining its health and bolance because of unequal future tense anymore, charge status. Battery status con gad distribution, leading to cond you might see people be monitored remotely on: arene ances ccilliee around you buying an EV for screen/tablet/smartphone. themselves, gearing up with the eee The BMS accurately determines the State of Charge (SOC) ond Stote of Health (SOH) for the battery, which are vital parameters required for ensuring the battery's longevity edvancements in the constantly If you are an EV owner, you changing mobility segment. know that it is economically The whole concept of E-mobilty viable to commute to work vice- is like the center point of a see saw built to versa. You could either charge ot Vs as home overnight or at the /*SALID: x / a {SMU aw Electronics { 100%; 10 9001:2015 COMPANY LWI Electronics Inc. 62, 14th Cross, | Block, R.T. Nagar, Bangalore 560032, Indi ‘elax: +91-80-23550578, 23540578, 25639578, 23541578, 23541579 Branch Office Fax: +91-80-23539578 1. Mitigate the foreign corporate parking garoge. But dependency on oil and gos It also supports possive cell the anxiety arrives on the bolancing, crucial when the Boftety fr overcharged or weekends, whether to go for a completely discharged. long drive, unaware about the range of a trip. 2. Nurture a cleaner and healthier space towards sustainable development To solidify the ground of improvement, the EVs follow a modular approach towards The BMS (Battery Management System) is 0 Pariicularly, « BMS is energy conversion and storage Cell: +91-9844048366, 9901499900, 98440036111, 9901199900 performance management needed for E-bikes and EVs for the batteries. Here is how an Ema aleseliveyireinio com framework for monitoring the where the motor current row is. affordable and reliable Battery e ClaC! wwwlivewireinfo.com at FOF, Eas contact: hr@livewireinfo.com electronics maker + ily 2022 + (12)Cover Story Management System for Electric Vehicle is important: The BMS is the monaging cand commanding unit for your EV or E-bike’s battery pack to maintain longevity and ensure operational safety Ideally, o BMS is on accurate predictor of the conditions the battery packs can be susceptible to, such os shocks, vibrations, overloading. It monitors and predicts accurate SOC {State of Chorge) and SOH(State of Health], vital parameters for improving the overall battery performance, The continuous monitoring process immunes the battery from overcharging, temperatures, or any short circuits Whenever the battery exceeds o safe limit voltage, the BMS cuts off the power supply from the battery How a Smart BMS Can Be EV’s Long-Term Companion We must not overlook the fact that the battery is the heart of the EY, and a safety-critical system is o must fo prevent ony catastrophic failures. Considering BMS Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle os a self-check system, operational sustainability is well ensured. With o wide range of EV options evolving in the market, robustly smart BMS powered with reliable and multifaceted communication protocols can be very well suited for further development. What should be in the Next- generation BMS? Next-generation BMS should be different from electronics maker + sy 2022 + (14) traditional BMS in different ospecis fo improve the life cycle ‘ond performance of EV Lithium- ion batteries. Some of the features of next-generation BMS ore: It should have the capability to celebrate with real- time dota instead of laboratory data. It should be capable fo work with @ 5G high-speed information system and bandwidth so thot the odvantages of big data and cloud computing will be fully ultlized. So, the limitations of compuiation power ad storage capacity in traditional BMS will be reduced significantly. It should have the feature {0 adjust the degree and rate of charge bosed on health especially during fast charging, In the next generation BMS, the concept of digital twin should be ullized to improve the data logging. With the application of an ‘advanced co-estimation algorithm for SOX (SOC, SOK, ‘SOP. and SOE) estimation in next-generation BMS more reliable and costelfective Lithium-ion battery pack will be developed. Analysing the Market While the pandemic adversely affected the battery management system market due to a reduced demand for EVs cand the closure of some ‘automotive facilities, sales are con the rise. In foct, EVs represent © $7 rillion global market ‘opportunity between today and 2030, and $46 trillion between now and 2050, BloombergNEF recently predicted. The lithium-ion category will continue to generate the highest revenue in the battery management system market, based on battery type. A longer life, lower maintenance requirements, higher energy density, eco-fiendliness, and better resilience moke these batteries preferred among end users, according to the report. The wireless bifurcation, on the basis of connectivity, is ‘expected to witness the higher CAGR in the battery management sysiem market in the near future, of 54.8%. With the rising demand for reducing the wiring and the inereasing edoption of the internet of things (lo1), wireless battery management systems are gaining ropid popularity The Road Ahead for Battery Advancement and BMS AAs the designs of EVs evolve, the design of batteries cond subsequently the role of battery management systems will also evolve simultaneously in order fo ensure operational efficiency, affordability, ond longevity of the battery systems in particular, and EVs as whole. With every new EV in the morket the BMS evolves to get much smarter and easy to use. Currently we are in the advent of the age of Electric Vehicle in India, and it is expected to become more important in neor future, Smart Batteries and allied solutions will empower the Electric Mobility sector in Indio. vewmelecronicsmalercom AAHAMMOND LL’ 1551W IP68 miniature enclosures Learn more: hammfg.com/1551W —, merourenore PUBLICATIONS nolectronicsmatercom electronics maker + ily 2022 + (15)Cover Story increasing global po; need to pause and con: environment and the pollution than resulis from this. In our quest to find mobility solutions with @ lower environmental impact, there is an increasing demand for efficient and more environmentally friendly transportation. With governments installing stricter regulations and growing consumer awareness, electric vehicles have been gaining quite a momentum. Governments d are promoting the use of electric vehicles. For instance, In the U.K., during 2020, the government announced thot the sale of new across the worl trol and diesel cars will be hased out by 2030, and by 2030 all new cars and vans will be zero emission. To achieve this, the government has also rolled out creating charging infrostructur covering both homes and places of work In tronsition to sustainable mobility and energy storage, Batteries are emerging as a critical ingredient. Batteries will be extensively deployed in automobiles as clean energy and for balancing power grids in enewable energy plants. McKinsey & Company forecosis that the market for battery cells will grow on average by more than 20 percent per year until 2030, ing at least $360 billion globally. This rapid growth will tion of require scaling up prod battery-cell manufacturir electronics maker « July 2022 + (16) Automakers are migrating from legacy development approach to Virtualization Validation approach as the most cost- effective way to address above critical engineering challenges within stringent delivery time for battery and battery management systems. Using virtualization, designers can configure the battery pack virtually and study its behavior over a different driving scenario, thermal cooling system, vibrations, impact etc. copacily and battery pack manufacturing capacities, which will offer significant value. creation opportunites fo manufacturers and suppliers to the automotive and energy industry Battery ecosystems con be powerful tools for economic wvelopment and the Government of India envisages an investment that will boost domestic manufacturing and 50 facilitate battery storage mand creation for both electric vehicles ond stationary storage along with the development of « complete domestic supply chain and Foreign Direct Investment in the country. Already, four companies have been selected to receive incentives under the government's Rs 18,100 crore 7 We Mr. Shitalkumar Joshi, Ansys PLI scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Challenges Safety and cost are two critical hurdles that affects primorily the EV morket but also © great extent in the energy storage, While the EV manufacturers are racing to accelerate the EV development to get to the morket faster, fire risk has become a big concem for them Recently, there have been several fire incidents reported across the globe resulting in deaths, severe injuries, vehicle recalls. Also, to maximize the EV performance, the battery cells temperatures need fo be continuous monitored and ke specific temperature limit within Bringing easy ML programming for smart sensors NANOEDGE Al STUDIO NANOEDGE Al STUDIO Cee eee eer Dre enue) Ne eC Roo Ren en RCC SD ROR UP at ice te Tey eee Seca e i S a een en mc Ce mu eeu Rae ee i Teme Cae aT ro De OnE ey acre iy th an attached STM32 board or from test data files ened meres ee ees ntroler series Mewar aig e) Been ene sea SC et Seay oe Berrie ener Menger eres cetteCover Story To add to i, the battery pack and BMS of an electric vehicle account for about 40%- 50% of EV cost. Though the average cost of electric vehicle botteries has been steadily decreasing through 2021, an average cost of $100 per kWh for lithium-ion battery packs is usually the cost-competitive price point for most electric vehicles. Currently, it stands slightly above $150 per kWh, Delivering safer, high performing, cost-effective electric vehicles to the consumers is top priority both in India ond globally. In the EV industry, being at early stage, the cumulative industry experience to deal with the complex system of electro- chemical-thermal and software is sill evolving. OEMs will need to bring vehicles to market early cond also maintain safety and cost to be able to stay relevant in the ongoing phase of disruption Future Outlook Organizations know that theie future success depends on the critical decisions they make today. With the multitudes of requirements from the perspective of battery life, safety, cond range, the EV development process has become very complex. A complex interplay between multiple physics ond software calls for an integrated engineering approach as opposed to traditional build and test approach, Automakers are migrating from legacy development approach fo Virtualization electronics maker + sly 2022 + {18} Volidation approach os the most costeffective way to address ‘bove critical engineering challenges within stringent delivery time for battery ond battery management systems. Using virlualization, designers can configure the battery pack Virually and study its behavior ‘over a different driving scenario, thermal cooling system, vibrations, impact etc. ‘A Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) and shift left philosophy is gaining momentum of executive level cond they ore supported by Virtual Validation and verification efforts. In MBSE opproach, we start with the corchitecture design, copsulate prior knowledge, understand ‘rade space and minimize risk of cost or schedule. For example, for battery design, it stars with EV Architecture, capsulate prior battery knowledge, function definition and configuration design, followed by initial trade study, detail design, integrating hardware and sofware (BMS) validation on virtual platform, identifying the comer cases and ensuring safely Ansys Solutions A comprehensive solution enables organizations to adopt Virlualization philosophy that will cllow them to virtually test battery and vehicle in real-life like conditions. Battery and BMS solutions from Ansys is spread cross the product development cycle right from the concept design, requirement analysis, detailed design of battery module and pack, model base software development for BMS cond also operation and maintenance at aftermarket. It colso covers the Battery Pack and BMS life cycle including the sofety critical aspects, compliance such as Autosar ond 1SO 26262. Physics based tools include solvers for eleciro- chemical simulation, structural reliability, crash, electromagnetic studies, system inlegration and system simulation tools supported by simulation process cond data management and rmulti-disciplinary optimization (MDO) Major cost and time is involved in the verification and validation where OEMs need to carry out different types of physical testing before going for Homologation. Ansys physics ‘ond system solutions not only helps to virtualize most of test, but also conducts requirement verification right from the concept stage to product integration tests and homologation. We, as Ansys, can bring battery system development teams, hardware teams, BMS cond software developers together on the same platform to design and validate the system by virtual integration and thereby help them find out where one needs to put a focus on to ‘optimize component and subsystems to meet successful integration, stake holders’ requirements and regulatory compliance standards. vewmelecronicsmalercom Cover Story Trends and Market insights from Mr. R Vijayalayan, Senior Manager, Application Engineering — Automotive Industry, MathWorks India Pvt. Ltd. acquired much mor id growing -gulatory pressure on acturers to comply safety standards th Growing concern over climate change, increasing fossil fuel prices, and decreasing battery technology prices created a congenial environment for the production and usage of more electric vehicles (EVs). The battery packs ond battery technology design enable automotive companies to produce more efficient electric vehicles. EV batteries require accurate real-time monitoring and contral fo avoid overcharge or over-discharge conditions that shorten their lifespan and impact sofety.The critical parameters for the functioning of battery packs and electric vehicles ore State of Charge (SoC), State of Health wuncolectronicsmakercom Mr. R Vijayalayan, MathWorks India Pvt. Ltd. (SoH) and temperature. Accurate state-of-charge eslimation is important becouse battery management systems (BMS) use the SOC estimate to inform the user of the expected usage until the next recharge, keep the battery within the safe operating window, implement control sirategies, and improve battery life. Hence, battery management systems (BMS) could be referred fo as the central nervous system of the bottery pack, especially in electric vehicles. Since it is the elecironic system that controls ‘ond manages the rechargeable bottery pack, i! must funciion in ‘on optimized manner and, more importantly in @ sofe manner ‘As we are investing efforts to boost the EV charging infrostructure in the country, battery swapping is an alternative which involves exchanging discharged batteries for charged ones and provides flexibility to charge them separately. NITI Ayog, is working on e draft policy on Battery Swapping in alignment with the government's vision of encouraging large-scole adoption of EVs by improving efficient ond effective use of scarce resources (viz. public funds, land, and raw materials for advanced cell batteries) for the delivery of customer-centric services. One of the key aspects of this policy is to stipulate the minimum technical and operational requirements that battery swapping ecosystems would need to fulfil, to enable effective, efficient, reliable, safe, and customerriendly implementation of a battery- swapping infrastructure. One key trend we are seeing is the increased focus on battery safety, Li-ion batiery technology is the most used battery technology in the development of batieries that run electric vehicles. This is @ sophisticated technology, hence proper care is necessary in manufacturing and operations. Li-ion batteries store energy in small packages so if an adverse evenls happens that releases that energy without proper control, it could cause o dangerous condition known as thermal electronics maker + July 2022 + (19)Cover Story runaway. Thermal runaways cause shor circuits, crashes, overheated batteries (in the absence of a proper BMS) and many other issues. This is why battery manufacturers are looking to enhance the safety of the cell Some safety features include echnology to turn off paris during an adverse event or finding @ non-inflammable electrolyte for the battery. In addition to the above, engineering can also help design safer vehicles. This is where a properly designed BMS. is invaluable. Engineers are also keen to provide odditional safety to the vehicles through proper design. When designing a BMS, engineers develop feedback and supervisory control that monitors cell voltage and temperature, estimates slate-of-charge and state-of-health, and limits power input and output for thermal and overcharge protection. As per the NITI Ayog draft policy on battery swapping, batleries are required to be BMS-enabled for efficient monitoring, data analysis, and sofety, The manufacturer must ensure that appropriate BMS is in place to protect the battery from conditions such as thermal runawoy. With the need for efficiency improvement and meeting the shrinking timelines, there's a big need for virtualization of the Electric Vehicle development and testing processes using simulation. Using simulation, engineers can assemble all the key software components that have to work together for @ specific application and study how well they meet their requirements. Virual Vehicle electronics maker + sly 2022 + (20) ‘also enables engineers to assess functional behaviour and gain insight while reducing time spent in the vehicle, especially when test cases have hazardous scenarios. Innovation ‘As mentioned above, the growing demand for advanced feotures and zero-emission vehicles puts automotive engineering teams under significant pressure to incorporate new technologies at on ever-faster pace. The ‘organizations are focusing on making systems connected and smart We see organizations ‘oddressing these challenges through two main methods. First, many businesses are simply “Doing things better,” especially in ways that improve the customer's experience. Detecting anomalies as fast as possible, scheduling maintenance before the system fails, or optimizing the operation of a fleet's systems are possible ‘once the system is connected. In ‘addition, information from the systems in operation can provide extremely useful feedback to development teams as they work ‘on next-generation systems. The second strategy is to "Do New Things” and transform the organization with new business models ond revenue ‘opportunities. For many organizations, these are strategic shifls towards digital transformation, The few innovation trends that we are observing with respect to BMS technologies globally and locally are: + New business models - A bottery is probably the costliest part of an EY, contributing to 25- 40% of the fotal cost. So, you can expect continuous innovations by Original Equipment Manufacturers and other related players to bring the cost down. New models like Battery as @ Service (BaaS) will emerge + Charging Improvements: Recent reports show Original Equipment Manufacturers increasingly believe that solid- state batteries offer higher energy density than conventional lithium-ion bateries. This important as it could potentially shorten the charging time and lower costs + Al-based sensor models: As accurate SoC is critical to effective operation, Al is being explored os a method to generate accurate SoC prediction in those cases where traditional techniques have limitations. Virtual sensor ‘modeling using Al can help in situations where the signal of interest cannot be measured or when a physical sensor adds too much cost and complexity o the design. Deep learning and machine learning techniques can be used os alternatives or supplements to Kalman filters and other well-known virtual sensing techniques. These Al- based viriual sensor models must integrate with other parts of the embedded system: * oT for remote monitoring: With the need for remote monitoring of performance of battery, we would be seeing more technologies like loT being leveraged to make them happen * Cloud technologies for real- time calibration: With the need for better calibration increasing, companies increasingly leverage cloud technologies to help frequent calibrations thot will optimize the SoC ond SoH of the battery vwelecronicamalercom * Digital Twins : A digital twin provides access to verified simulation models across cloud plotforms, hence supporting collaboration and rapid innovation across multiple engineering teams. Researchers, engineers, and other stakeholders use digital twin models to help accelerate development fime and reduce batteries’ development cost. Enabling BMS development Lithium-ion battery packs are the predominant energy slorage systems in aircraft, electric vehicles, portable devices, and other equipment requiring o reliable, high- energy-density, low-weight power source. BMS’ are responsible for the safe operation, performance, and battery life under diverse charge- discharge and environmental conditions, New ways forward The increased focus on Battery Swapping from a government perspective is bringing BooS business model as «a means for consumers to purchase on EV without the battery pack. This lowers their initial investment. Availability of swapping infrastructure helps the cusiomers use the vehicle by subscribing fo a battery service provider. The draft policy on battery swapping also talks about the need to monitor the vehicle battery remotely and even having the capability to immobilize the battery if required. This needs the BMS to have proper control systems. We will aso see innovation is using technologies like loT 10 help make remote monitoring happen wmolectroncsmateccom Virtual vehicle refers to the Virlualization of the vehicle product development lifecycle, typically using a system-level simulation of the vehicle behavior. Virtual vehicle simulations enable automotive engineers fo gain insight into real-world behavior quickly, perform virtual testing in different scenarios, and verify the functionality of embedded sofiware. Frontloading development in this way helps speed up variant assessment, study edge cases safely, ond improve product quality. MathWorks Solutions MathWorks provides engineering software that supports battery technology development and has been working with several companies fo help them design and deliver betier BMS. The companies we work with include large four- wheeler OEMs and Tier! suppliers to two-three-wheeler start-up companies. Our ‘Accelerator and Startup program has been helping several new EV ‘companies, especially in Indio adopt BMS early in their development cycles, The BMS model serves as the basis for oll design and development activities, including deskiop simulation of the design's functional aspects, formal verificationand validation to industry standards, and code generation for real-time simulation and hordware implementation Electric vehicles require design and analysis at the vehicle level involving multidomain systems integration. MATLAB®, Simulink®, and Simscape™ enable engineers to front-load the development of electric vehicles (EV) through the Cover Story systematic use of data ond models. Engineers can use pre- built reference applications to lower the barrier for simulation. With MATLAB, Simulink, and Simscape, engineering teams can: + Use Model-Based System Engineering to design complex EV architectures and optimize systems + Get full EV simulation with motors, generators, and energy storage components up and running quickly using pre-built reference applications for common powertrain configurations *+ Perform analyses such os orchitecture tradeoff, motor and battery sizing, and control parameter optimization * Capture system architecture, deioiled design, and implementation details in a single environment with digital trace across models from diflerent process steps + Model batteries and develop battery monagement sysiems (BMS), fuel cell systems (FCS) and develop {vel cell control systems (FCCS), traction motors and develop Motor Control Units (MCU) + Use data-driven workflows and otffical intelligence (Al) in EV development Our engagements are through our products, solutions, training ond consulting. MathWorks also regularly conducts free virtual sessions on these topics. We see hundreds of people — engineers, researchers, students ond faculty joining our sessions. Our experts participate in conferences on BMS related topics and even shore their thoughis at various online publications. . electronics maker « \sly 2022 + (21)Automotive BMS AUTOMOTIVE BMS SUPPLIERS 1, Bosch Corporation Bosch Corporation is a multinational engineering & technology firm that operates within industrial technology & energy, mobility (hardware & software), and consumer goods. In 2020, the company generated a turnover of USD 50,424.12 million from its mobility solutions center, which accounted for 60% of the consolidated revenue. In 2021 it unveiled its passenger segment portfolio for electrification, which includes e-oxel, advanced driving modules, battery management & thermal management system, and fuel management & cell systems. The company also announced that the production of these systems will initiate in 2022, followed by the launch of fuel-cell systems in 2023 2. Continental AG Top Automotive Battery Management System SuppliersContinental AG is a Germany-based multinational manufacturing organization specializing in manufacturing interior electronics, powertrain & chassis components, brake systems, automotive safety equipment, tres, and other parts. It serves various automotive and transportation sectors. The company generated a revenue of approximately USD 9,600 million in 2020 from the electronics maker + sly 2022 + (22) vehicle networking & information sector, which marked as 21% of the total revenue. In August 2021, Continental AG and Varta ‘announced a collaborative effort toward developing the next generation of powerful and effective batteries for two- wheelers. The development can be integrated into a two-wheeler pplication by combining cedvanced BMS from CES 3, Panasonic Corporation Top Automotive Battery Management System SuppliersPanasonic Corpor is considered one of Japan's superior electronic companies ‘and currently offers electronic producls and solutions. Its name uniil 1st October 2008 wos Matsushita Electrical Industrial which was later changed to Panasonic Corporation. In 2020, the company generated a revenue of USD 67,436 million, which decreased by USD 4,611 million, or oround 6.3% from the previous year. In 2019, Panasonic Corporation developed a battery management technology for evaluating the residual volue of lithium-ion batteries. It further developed a new Battery Monitoring Integrated Circuit (emic) 4. Intel Corporation Top Automotive Battery ‘Management System Suppliers Intel Corporation was ranked 45th in the 2020 Fortune 500 list as one of the lorgest U.S. Corporations in revenue from 2007 to 2016. In 2019, Intel ‘announced that it released the first Battery Management System's (BMS) reference design & application note in collaboration with the University of Piso. The BMS integrates an FPGA.bosed real-time control that manufacturers can extend over other functions such as battery health monitoring and cell balancing. The system uses © Dual Extended Kalman Filter (DEKF) algorithm to estimate the SOC values for 96 cells by using a MAX 10 development kit 5. Denso Corporation Suppliers Denso Corporation is « multinational automotive component manufacturer established in 1949 as Nippon Denso Co. Lid. Aller separating from Toyote, it became an individual entity, which still owns 25% of the current organization. Denso Corporation operates 200 consolidated subsidiaries in Japan, North America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. In October 2020, Denso developed the next-generation bottery monitoring integrated IC for lithium-ion batteries. The battery IC aims to increase the efficiency of EVs and hybrid vehicles by extending the range. It was also touted os the world’s first IC to detect batiery voltage while monitoring multiple cells ae MONCHEN INDIA’S ONLY EXHIBITION FOR Identification, Authentication & Digital Payments RFID INDIA EXPO BIOMERRICS I DIGITAL ARTIFICIAL Al SECURITY INDIA EXPQ PAYMENTS INTLLiceNcE EXPO www.smartcardsexpo.comRobotics eae iusty Robots are being used for increasingly advanced use cases, equipped with artificial intelligence to navigate and perform tasks autonomously in industries such as manufacturing and logistics, consumer, healthcare, agriculture, and others. These advanced use cases require innovative robotics solutions, and robotics startups equipped with the right set of tool can drive fast paced innovation and improve the breadth and depth of available robotics solutions. emand for automation driven by a higher cost cof human labor hos led to the growth of the robotics industry. Although companies can find it challenging to justify the cost of robot installation, in the long run, they will see that the cost of operating these robois is for lower compared to human wages. Robots also improve safety and accuracy. And, of course, robots don' get sick or tired, and they also don't spread viruses. Indeed, robots have become essential workers in mony industries electronics maker + sly 2022 + (24) The global robotics market is valued ot 41 billion USD in 2020, according to Statzon's ‘oggregoted dato. This number is expected to grow by 270% in 2026. Furthermore, as demands for robots increase, numerous start-ups are joining the field, further enhancing the morke!'s growth The robotics industry is still relatively young, but it has delivered amazing progress. The promise of more innovative and forward-thinking technology in science fiction that we once dreamed about now seems within reach. While companies ‘ond scientists are working toward that dream, here are some of the INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS Industrial robots are used in manufacturing to perform repetitive tasks. They are often primary forms of machines. They can be stationary or capable of some movements that are ‘cutomated and programmable. Next Move Strategy Consulting reported that the global market for industrial vewmelecronicsmalercom robots was valued at oround 32.2 billion USD in 2021 Factors such as increased demand for automation, high cost of human labor, governmental support, and advancement of R&D will push the market value to grow at a CAGR of 12.1%. China has been the leading country in the industrial robot market for several years, with revenve of more than 12 billion USD, accounting for 38% of the market share globally. The Asia- Pacific region is forecasted to have the highest market growth, with China, Jpan, and South Korea leading the market in the region Typical industrial robot applications are material handling (including material transfer, machine loading, and unlocding), assembling, disassembling, soldering, and welding. Based on those opplications, itis expected that ‘automotive, manufacturing, and logistics are the three biggest industries using this technology. Fonuc, ABB, KUKA, and Yashakawa are the four major suppliers in the market, ‘accounting for around 56% of the global morket share (Next Move Strategy Consulting market research report in 2021) COLLABORATIVE ROBOTS (COBOTS) Ino traditional sense, industrial robots are often considered the least intelligent Bindysury type of robols since they perform simple and repetitive tasks. They should not be confused with Collaborative Robots or cobots. These robots are new inventions for the industrial setting. They are designed to share our workplace and work hand-in- hand with us. Cobots are usually smaller than the typical industrial robots but equipped with o sophisticated sensor that can anticipate human actions and complement them. Like traditional industrial robots, cobots can olso be used for material handling processes. However, the smaller size of these robots combined with more intelligent technology makes it possible for them to perform small parts assembly and even machine tending, @ repetitive process that is potentially dangerous when done manvolly. The automotive industry is the largest end-user segment, with 0 35% share of the cobot market. Cobots in the automotive industry ore used for door panel installation, machine paris loading and unloading, and small parts assembly. The growing need to automate complex manufacturing processes is driving the demand in this segment. Electric and semiconductors, as well os food and beverage, are the other two industries where cobots are commonly used. Manufacturing companies in North America were the early adopters of cobots and currently dominate the global market with @ hold of 33% of the market share. Asia Pacific is also the fastest-growing region with Indio expected to have the most rapid growth, There are more than fifty cobot manufacturers globally, but only @ small electronics maker + tly 2022 « (25)stir Bina number have so far deployed cobots on any meaningful level of scale. Denmork-based Universal Robots is the clear market leader with a 47 % market share. Techman Robotics, FANUC, and Rethink Robotic hold less than 10% of the market share each, MOBILE ROBOTS Moving materials around factory settings is burdensome cand fime-consuming when done manually. So why use employees for this task when it con be automated using the help of robois such as AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle), AMR (Autonomous Mobile Robots), and AMMR (Autonomous Mobile Manipulation Robot}? AGV is the most simple machine out of the three. It can only work on a fixed route guided by wire or magnetic markers. Changing or disrupting the routes can be cosily and complicated AMR has a more intelligent navigation system. It creates mops within is sofware, recognizes obstacles, ond can plan movements to ovoid them. The more sophisticated form of AMR is AMMR. It is an AMR machine with an arm for ‘autonomous grasping and picking, Instead of just transporting items, AMMR can. ‘cutonomously load and unload the items and even place them ‘on designated shelves. Mobile robots have one of the fastest-growing markets in the robotic industry with a CAGR ‘of 21%, based on a report from Next Move Strategy Consulting The market value is estimated at coround 10 Billion USD in 2020 cond is predicied fo reach 72.5 billion USD by 2030. These robots are most prominent in the USA, but countries in Asia are showing a fascinating market ‘growth, with Japan leading the region. Logistics and warehouses re the most common settings for mobile robots bu! these robots can also be found in education, entertainment, and even military settings. Mobile robots are ulilized to transport material, carry heavy ‘objects, clean the floors, ond perform many other tasks. In ‘addition, in the military mobile robots can be deployed for combat scenarios. Mind Commerce, another market research company, reported that AMR is the most significant contributor, ‘accounting for around 50% of the total market share compared to other mobile robots in the market. Some of the top players electronics maker + ily 2022 + (26) in mobile robols manufacturing cre among others KUKA, iRobot, Lockheed Martin, Honda Motor, Somsung Electronics, Amazon Robotics, and Softbank Robotics. MEDICAL SURGERY ROBOTS Robots for medical use hove been around for several decades now, changing how surgeries are performed. Robot- assisted surgery is offen mentioned as the new revolution in surgical processes. It helps surgeons to perform complex procedures with more precision and control. This type of surgery is usually used in minimally invasive surgery, where finy and precise incisions ore needed. However, surgery robots can also be used fo perform open surgery. Statzon’s aggregated research data shows that the global surgical robot market is volued at around 5.4 billion USD, The emerging trend is expected fo continue with a CAGR of +13.8% until 2028. Innovations in the industry are expected to reduce the cost of the systems over the coming years. Thus, market penetration is expected to increase. Hospitals in the United States and Europe have rapidly adopted robotic surgery, but other countries like India, Indonesia, China, and Taiwan are catching up in using this technology, Around 86% of surgical robols in the morket can be found in hospitals, and the rest 14%, are placed in Ambulatory Surgery Center, on outpatients facility providing same-day surgical care. The robots are currently being used mostly in general surgery, with gynecological, urological, and orthopedic surgery following the trend, vwwelecronicamalercom The leading companies in robotic surgery are, among others, Medtronic, Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Smith & Nephew, and Intuitive Surgical Industrial Robots to propel Indian Robotic Startups There is a huge shift in global manufacturing. We have eniered the golden era of industrial robotics adoption. Orgonisotions worldwide are actively seeking robots and automation to future-proof themselves against disasters and political volatility. A recent McKinsey survey found that 67 percent of companies surveyed accelerated their adoption of automation, including robotics and artificial intelligence. India has an incredible ‘opportunity in front of us. The Indian robotic startup ecosystem can be as successful as Indian SaaS and capture a global market share. However, we need to address 0 few hurdles facing Indian robotics startups today to do so, India can be a Global Robotics Solution Provider The global robotics industry is expected fo grow ropidly at a CAGR of 18.2 percent to wnolectroncsmateccom $176.8 billion by 2025. This lorge market provides some unique opportunities for the Indian robotic ecosystem. With its strong software talent pool, India has long been a preferred destination for developing products There is thus an opportunity to make India a global robotics solution provider. If we capitalise ‘on this opportunity now, the Indian robotics ecosystem can be os huge as Indian SaaS The SaaS ecosystem in India has given rise to global market leaders like Freshworks, Zoho, and Chargebee. With large investments, we have leveraged our talent pool to create a vibrant ecosystem. Indian SaoS startups have raised ‘a staggering $4.3 billion since 2020. There are currently 14,443 Sa0S stortups in India. We can replicote this success in the robolics solutions space, but some hurdles remain. The need for advancements There is 0 race to unlock a lorge unsolved opportunity for increasing industrial robotics opplications in manufacturing, Todays focus is mainly on the @ina application of robotics ond automation in warehousing and distribution. Several tasks in manufacturing are still too complex for robots but simple for humans. With the technology available today, these tasks ore difficult to automate. Activities like ‘pick and place involve picking items from a bin, orienting properly, fastening bolts, nuts, screws, and washers. This is why manufacturers stil need manual labour to perform low-skill repetitive tasks. Such automatable tasks account for almost $15.8 trillion in wages (McKinsey Report) Robots built with current technology also require high upfront customisation costs and lack flexibility. To make the ROI work, manufacturers need product designs to stay constant for at least five to seven years after calibrating a robot. This is not olways possible in today’s rapidly changing world with shorter product life cycles. This limits large-scale adoption in manufacturing. What we need is to develop adoptable robots that can visualise and understand objects and tasks like humans. Advances in machine vision technology can make this possible. These intelligent robots con facilitate the creation of universal factories that are product agnostic. They can be viewed as a key longer-term infrastructure asset. Unlocking this opportunity can moke India a sought-after destination for global robotic solution needs. This will also help increase robotics adoption in India by providing better ROL for local manufacturers electronics maker « tly 2022 + (27)electronics maker + sly 2022 + (28) Testing Automotive MCU -An Overview DFT expert, STMicroelectronics, India and Sandeep Jain DFT expert, STMicroelectronics, India There is a growing share of electronics in a car, ranging from infotainment, body and engine-controls to advanced driver-assistance modules. Today, premier cars have up to 70 MCUs (Microcontroller Control Units), interconnected by several system buses and exchange thousands of signals between themselves. To put a erent lectronlcs 10 that in business perspective, analysts estimate T autonomous chips annual revenue to grow from $11 billion (in 2019) to $29 billion in 2030, representing a revenue of $350 per vehicle by 2030. vehicles enables performance enhancement, better safety, security along with other value- ‘odded features. With increased complexity of electronics components including comeras, radars, sensors etc, it is important to put sufficient emphasis on their reliability. A single malfunction of an electronic component can lead to a life-threatening situation. = Semiconductor componies eS supplying the electronic components subject them to rigorous testing for ony = functional or manufacturing defects = Device testing is o well- established process, that requires specific design activity in order to insert proper test Fig 1 : Growing semiconductor share in an automotive vewmelecronicsmalercom infrastructure in the die, with suppor! of dedicated EDA software. It Is categorized as Design for Test (DFT) or more generally as DFx, to include other manufacturabilty, reliability and yield aspects However, auiomotivemicrocontroller unit (MCU}pose additional chollenges and constrains on the testing mechanism, compared to communication, nelworking or entertainment domains. In this article we provide an overview of these unique chollenges and testing solutions deployed. Automotive Testing Challenges Overview 1. Mission critical application Automotive unit is a life- sensitive application, both for people inside as well os outside the vehicle, thusthere isnoroom for an error. We can very well imagine the impact, ifthe air bogs do not get deployed at the right time! The level of acceptable defects is cexpressedby DPPM (Defective Parts Per Million) and Automotive Safely Integrity Levels (ASIL) defined under ISO 26262 While for a consumer grade device, a DPPM number of ~300 maybe acceptable, for automotive it has to be close to zero | Thus automotive MCU requires a very high test- coverage and it is common practice to test almost all design nodes through structural stuck-ot (SA) ond transition delay (TD) fests. The requirements are slightly relaxed for typical consumer grade devices. It is ‘worth mentioning here that goining just the last 0.1% coverage, takes significant design efforts and 0 whopping number of test patterns, thus adding to the test time and test cost. Also, in order to cover all types of possible defects in automotive devices, new fault models are continuously explored and added to the test suits, eg, cell-aware, bridging ‘ond small-delay-defect tests In addition to the factory testing, the devices are regularly screened for any defects that may have creeped-in during the operating lifecycle. Critical logic and memories are fitted with o self-test copability using LBIST ond MBIST respectively, that gets triggered at device booting, shutdown or at regular intervals. The results are monitored by MCU pplication software and any issue gels raised os an ‘oppropricte alarm in the system. Self-lest, however, brings its ‘own design overheads when isolating the test-logic from ‘external interferences to ensure that the functionality is not disturbed, prevention of unknown states (X-sources) to ovoid coruption of signatures and test-point usage to increase the controllability and observability of the design Primary aim of any self-test technique is to detect in-field failures, hence the execution time requirement for such echniques can be very stringent Any fault should be detected in a specified time called DT! (Diagnostic Test Interval) ‘otherwise it can prove fo be catastrophic for the entire system. This makes self-test implementation like LBIST an uphill task. Due to random nature of Logic Built-In-Self-Test (LBIST) engine, generated by on- chip PRPG(Psuedo Random Pattern Generator), it is sometimes very challenging to get the required foult coverage in the allotted time. This calls for mossive test point insertions in the design to improve the controllability and observability “ on tet uring mont on ical paths fn Interactive sscussions win vendo @ er rere etecions 5 ted to creme anvaten ot i Tagettat tie natch Several test points dropped Fig 2: LBIST implementation challenges fortwo of ST's automotive chips olectronicsmatercom electronics maker + \sly 2022 « (29)MCU Delay (ns) +30 local dispersion Categorizing DPPMs How failure rate A depends on time Fig 4: Change of aur rate ? overtime for random resistant and hard fo detect faults. While this step has been optional for normal ATPG testing, itis an absolute essentiol for LBIST. Testpoints are inserted for hard-to-detect faults, which usually happen to be in logic with deep combo depths and hence timing critical paths, which pose its own challenges during the backend implementation Fig. 2shows the rigorous exercise done to attain the desired run times for LBIST in two critical IPsfor an ST automotive chip.|P1 electronics maker + ily 2022 + (30) is 0 complex design having very high combinational depths. Several iterations with the CAD vendor to enhance the test point insertion algorithms resulted in ochieving the required test time ‘ond coverage goal. However, few designs like IP2 which echieved the test time goal with enhanced fest point insertion flow, created adverse effect on timing, a8 many control points were added on the critical functional paths.Thus, providing self-test feature in aulomotive chips can be very iterative and engaging process, with so many confliclingrequirements for the DFT engineers. 2. Wide environment range, -40 to +150€ temp A car is expected to work seamlessly when driving from the snow-laden mountains right into the scorching dessert or into the humid rain-forests. This putso lot of pressure when signing-off the device across temperature ‘extremes. The testing also needs to cover these extreme comer conditions yet maintoin high production-yields. Automotive qualification includes testing the systems at locotions with extreme and opposed conditions like Finland in Winter or Morocco in Summer, etc. fo validate the operating range. Automotive DFT architecture is designed to handle die-to-die and on-chip variance resulting from manufacturing process parameter variations, together with extreme temperature range. The resultant impact to setup cand hold timings on design paths, during shift as well as capture phase of scan based testing, are handled through dedicated and robust design structures. This is typically not a need for consumer grade products where the ambient femperature range is roughly 0 10 85C. The library characterization, analog models and design sign- off also need to cater to these increased variations and additional margins. This is further aggravated with device aging. As an illustration, Fig depicts how delays get impacted due to variations across PVT (Process, Voltage, Temperature) and ageing, Extreme left on the figure is the reference delay with normal vwwelecronicamalercom (typical) parometers and subsequent curves show how the delays get skewed with changing parameters. Device qualification involves somples that are specifically manufactured at different process comers (called matrix: lots) and then tested at every supply-temperature condition Special circuits, eg on-chip process monitors, are added on each unit to identiy the device behavior and to tune (or trim) regulators, oscillators and other ical components accordingly. The data is collected over large number of samples to identify any process drift and to fine-tune the manufacturing, os needed. Scan methods and yield analyzers are leveraged heavily to extract, diagnose and process such data, 3. Extended Lifetime - 15yrs An MCU in the car is required to serve for entire operating life of the car, typically 10-15yrs, without needing any service or replacement. Fig 4 shows typical foilure rate change over lime. The device qualification needs to account for ageing, long-term reliability and eorly failure detection. Every automotive unit is run through stress tests (BurnlN, HVST, VLVetc}, unlike many consumer applications where only few sample units are subject to stress fests. The goal of stress tests is to push any weak component fo fail upfront, rather than fail inthe field, Some of the ageing manifestations are NBT! (Negative-bias temperature instability), Hot Carrier Injection (HCI) and Time-Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB)effects [3]. These are typically screened through HTOL wmolectroncsmateccom (High Temp Operating Life) siress and additional Vmin/Vmoxmargins during test. For brevity sake, we will skip delving into the details. However, these tests further push the design ond test limits. For ‘exomple, testing at Vmin of 0.9V, while also accounting for tester- ‘equipment uncertainties and on- chip volt-drop, the end nodes of ‘0 path may eventually get a voltage below the signoff Vin. Couple this with PVT parameters ‘ond we may be headed ot throwing some otherwise good devices (yield impact). We typically add sign-off guard- bonds and additional robusiness ‘on scon-structure, especially on hold-sensitive shift-paths, to ovoid such losses. Silicon Lifecycle Management (SLM) is another emerging paradigm, in order to maintain the device reliably available through-out the operating iifecycle [4]. SLM leverages test infrastructure, in addition to other sensors like in-situ monitors, to detect and manage issues while in-field. Presence of these additional structures adds {0 test overheads ond require unique solution at each layer. For example, in-situ cells are customized fo fully scan-test the monitoring sites, in addition to the functional nodes. Needless to re-iterate that most consumer applications are ‘exempt from such rigorous tests. 4, Standby operation Ceriain sensors and control domains remain powered-up through-out, even when the ignition is off. These devices draw power from the battery in the car ond hence cre required to keep the power consumption fo bare minimum. We would certainly be upset fo MCU see the batlery all drained ond unable to self-start,ofter parking the car for two-weeks in the garage! Many automotive devices, especially body applications, are designed with mukiple power- domain is lands; which sometimes hove independent voltage levels os well The test architecture is designed to handle the isolation tests, power-controllers, standby operation etc. Multiple supplies also need consideration during low-pin-contact testing, Networking, server and going applications remain powered with an electricity source, hence do not require such low-power designing. 5. Security and safety hardening of test logic Test logic has been demonstrated as a useful tool to extract device secrets by the adversaries. A car in the field contains many secret keys and codes, from chip manufacturer, OEMs, user as well as 3rd party vendors. Access to these assets imposes financial losses as well «3 tisk on the roads (both for the user as well as people around the car), if misused.A device may contain sensitive data from the user, chip vendor os well os 3rd parry solution suppliers. Hacking oF manipulating o rented car ‘may put the next user a risk or at ransom! Structural logic, like scan chains, are shown as easy tools to read out device secrets. Thus itis vital that fest logic is robustly disabled cand cannot be used to lounch an attack or read any device secrets [5], even under diagnostic or fail-retuen scenarios, Atthe same time, test logic can electronics maker « \uly 2022 « (31)also be leveraged to identify any malicious logic or Trojans on the device, inserted during the design or manufacturing In addition to security, test signals also need to be safety compliant. Any sof-error {SET/SUT) in test logic cannot be allowed to impact the device functionality and put it info on unwanted state. Various obfuscation techniques as well as redundancy logic (e.g Triple Module Redundancy) is placed on the test logic ond enablement paths to cater to security and sofety requirements 6. Volume economics Automotive qualification ond cerffication is a long, rigorous and expensive process. So a device, once qualified, is used for multiple years, before being upgraded to a new version. Car manufacturers would deploy 0 single qualified product across multiple models for many years. Automotive chip vendors need to sustain their design, fabrication and testing faciliies for @ longer © single product. All facilities need to consistently perform at same parameters on which device was qualified, without any deviations, thus adding to the maintenance costs. This places the automotive MCUs into high-volume, low. margin bracket compared to consumer markets. So much so that ‘Automotive grade’ devices re sometimes referred os ‘military-spec products at consumer prices. The resulting revenue pressure pushes higher multisite and low- cost-tester solutions, thus adding further complexity to the test corchitecture and execution. We talked about some of the unique needs and challenges faced by automotive chips and associated complexities while testing these devices. Testing community has put special crchitecture and techniques in place, and are constantly evolving, in order fo ensure a safe, secure and reliable drive on the roads. It certainly impacts the device and cycle-time costs, but as someone said - if you find testing expensive, try without it References: fl) hitps://www.mckinsey.com/indus tries/advanced-electronics/our insights/automotive: semiconductors-for-the- ‘outonomous-age [2] Investigation of Critical Path Selection for In-Situ Monitors Insertion, 2017 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on On Line Testing and Robust System Design ((OLTS) 3) hitps://semiengineering.com/cir cuit-reliobility-verfication-for- ‘automotive-electronics 4] hitps://www.synopsys.com/soluti ons/silicon-lifecycle management.html [5] X. Li, W. Li, J. Ye, H. Li and ¥. Hu, "Scan Chain Based Attacks ond Countermeasures: A Survey," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 85055-85065, 2019 EM GROUP electronics maker + sly 2022 + (32) Education and Training Resources & GSES B2B EXPO, CONFERENCE & WORKSHOPS On Education & Training Resources, Supplies, Technology and Infrastructure 9-10-11 NOVEMBER 2022 GREATER NOIDA EXPRESSWAY, DELHI-NCR 250+ For Stall Booking:- Gms EXHIBITORS @ +91-8130990660 1000+ &%_pallav@sdpromomedia.com BRANDS ® wwwettechx.com 5000+ ACADEMICIANSEVENT TM Lea Cel LO Ur RRL Ute Pe EMCO) Ty RSL Uti aera nfineon Technologies AG highlighted how it links the real to the digital world by enabling smart and connected ‘applications at Embedded World 2022 in Nuremberg. A prerequisite for unlocking the potential of the loT and decarbonization. The company showcased a variety of smart loT plications in sectors including jart building and homes, smart builders ond person, at holl electronics maker + sy 2022 + (34) ‘Smart home and smart buildings. With its mission to make life easier, safer and greener, Infineon's broad portfolio of loT solutions help companies offer consumers more comfortable, safe and energy-efficient homes ‘and buildings, by using the company's latest microcontroller, sensor, securily and connectivity solutions. Smart mobility. As a leader in ‘outomotive solutions, the company is focused on making smart cars a reality using proven coutomotive-grade microcontrollers, connectivity, secufily and sensor technologies. The company’s microelectronics play a critical role in delivering ze10 emissions vehicles that are smari, connected, safe and dependable Cifineon CMe onnectio cess) co ‘Smart factory. Empowering the smart factory with semiconductors, Infineon is at the core of shaping industry 4.0, also known as industrial loT. By enabling the smort factory, Infineon is helping to make manufacturing enterprises environmentally sustainable and achieve superior operational efficiency. Driven by the passion of Mokers, hobbyist, students and technology enthusiasts, Infineon offers the right tools, services, kits, shields & boards for ony project ideo-from lab to fab. Supported by Infineon experis and a robust developer ecosystem and community, the ‘company helps find the perfect path fo turn ideas into solutions. vwwelecronicamalercom Software and tools. Infineon's proven development platforms gives product designers a mojor advantage by presenting them all the tools at their fingertips while covering the full loT specirum-from sensing and connecting, to computing and securing Infineon's Division President of the Connected Secure Solutions Division, Thomas Rosteck, presented “Innovating loT at the Edge: Connected, Al- enabled ond Secure". The presentation provided details on how connectivity, security and arificial intelligence (Al) are the backbone for the future of loT. Additional conference presentations included “Embedded Cloud Services’, presented by Josef Pauli. This workshop taught the audience how to build their own embedded cloud application based on the Infineon PSoC™ 64 standard secured AWS microcontroller “The Matter Standard Secures the Smart Home" presented by Sieve Hanna. This presentation. discussed how the Matte standard will enable seamless, ‘gnostic interoperability with sirong security and privacy protection for smart home applications. “Enhanced Automotive Security and Interoperability with TPM 2.0 in an AUTOSAR Compliant Microcontroller System" presented by Florian Schreiner. This presentation shes how the TPM 2.0 standards are integrated into the Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR) architecture, relative to the security functionality of the TPM library specification and TSS host-software (TPM Software Stack). *eSIM M2M or Consumer - How to Select the Right eSIM Solution for your Application?" presented by Oliver Carron. This presentation highlighted the differences between M2M and Consumer EVENT > . specifications, and provide guidance on how to pick the right eSIM solution depending on device type, application and business model. “Bluetooth Mesh: Connecting the Next Wave of loT Technolo presented by David Egan. This presentation detailed about the new Bluetooth Mesh networking standord, compared fo other options including Zigbee o€ Wi-Fi, Locoted at Infineon's booth, the company has set up comprehensive number of ! "TechTalks." The 26 half-hour presentations, starting at every holf hour, covered a broad area of different topics, from software to product, consumer to industry, and maker fo professionals. Information about the Embedded World show highlights is available at wwwwinfineon.com/embeddedword. EM GROUP The) Partnerjof WPS viesmokeccom electronics maker + Wy 2022 + (35)WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY Our Wireless World How Wi-Fi 6 will seamlessly integrate with 5G to help keep us connected David Haynes, VIP Specialty Technologies, Lam Research ost of us have a good understanding of what 5G is by now. Buzz around the fifth-generation wireless technology has reached a fever pitch - and for good reason.? It offers significantly greoter bandwidth, faster connectivity, and lower latency, enabling it to power a much broader range of digital applications than its predecessors. 5G is ushering in «a new wave of business and societal transformation, making it possible to perform edge computing at scale by enabling cellular ond other connected devices to run untethered across «@ much wider geographical range than ever before. electronics maker « suly 2022 + (36) To deliver these benefits, 5G utilizes o greater portion of radio frequencies in the wireless spectrum. Although it uses many of the same frequencies as 4G ‘and LTE, it can also support higher-frequency bands above 5G Hz. In the future, the 5G spectrum will also extend into the millimeter-wave range. Not the only new kid on the block 5G is not the only wireless revolution taking place, however. Ip parallel, « new generation of Wi-Fi - including 6 ond 6E - have also been launched. Like 5G, these technologies are poised to make a significant impact on our everyday lives. Wi-Fi 6 was first launched «as 0 dual band technology running at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. In April 2020, the US Federal Communication Commission or FCC [the body that manages the wireless spectrum in the US), announced that it would also ‘open up 1200 MHz of unlicensed spectrum in the 6 GHz range for an extended technology that has become known as Wi-Fi 6E. As with 5G, the faet that Wi-Fi 6 and 6E can run at higher frequencies with wide bondwidth significantly differentiates them from prior generations of Wi-Fi They offer faster data transfer speeds - up to 10 Mbps, roughly a 5x increase over Wi-Fi 5 - and reduce the power usage of WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY 2 i i || B | ~é ow || mY cellulor handset modems, thus improving battery life. They also offer increased capacity, which provides a more reliable connection when multiple devices are streaming data simultaneously. It's this last point that really mokes o difference. In these times, when mony of us have been working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most will have experienced a situation where the quality of an important video conference call has been negatively impacted by someone elee in the home sireaming a video or ploying a game over their wireless network. Frustrating, yes? Wi-Fi 6 and 6E were designed to help eliminate this problem - ot least for now. Society's appetite for dota seems to know no bounds. However much bandwidih we have, we always seem to find 0 way to use 200 100 Exabytes per Month 2017 20182010 Offioad traffic rom mobile devices trafic from mobile davies it up and need more. Not fo worry though: Wi-Fi 7 is already in development, with a projected launch date in 2024, and will offer even more spectrum - above 7 GHz. In the meantime, 5G and Wi-Fi 6/6E will make our increasingly connected lives a litle easier. 5G and Wi-Fi 6/6E will coexist and are complementary It is important to realize that 5G and Wi-Fi 6/6E are not competing technologies but complementary ones. In fact, they are designed to work in harmony and moke our connected experience a seamless one. The 'hand-oft of mobile data from 5G networks to Wi-Fi is key to this seamless connectivity. In a typical day our mobile phone may switch many times from 5G cellular networks 2020 2021 2022 1 Exabyte = quintillion bytes = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 when we are outdoors or in the car, to Wi-Fi networks when we re at home, in the office or in public spaces such as malls, airports and sports stadiums. The sheer volume of all this, mobile data that needs to be handed off to Wi-Fi networks is quite staggering - more than 100 exabyies per month are projected to be offloaded from cellular networks in 2022 olone.22 The combination of 5G ond Wi-Fi 6/6E will be a game changer for seamless, wireless connectivity. However, although it may sound simple conceptually, ensuring these two technologies can coexist in the some or adjacent frequency bands will make the parallel configuration of these networks extremely challenging. Specifically, the technical demands on the filters that allow signals in the band to be separated are becoming increasingly challenging Developers are now incorporating films that have higher scandium doping levels (typically >20%) in aluminum nitride as it delivers improved device performance? 22 This is an rea in which Lam Research is working closely with our customers to collaboratively develop and deliver solutions that meet these challenges. About Author David Haynes, vice president of Specially Technologies for the Customer Support Business Group (CSBG) at Lam Research, discusses the introduction of Wi- Fi6 and how, together with 5G, ncolectroniesmakercom electronics maker + Iuly 2022 » (37)5G oG Advancing Extended Reality to the Next Level Extended reality (XR) which encompasses augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) has enormous potential to deliver immersive experiences of the future and transform both industry G delivers incredible speed and such connectivity is poised to bring significant benefits to extended reality. However, in addition to speed, low latency is crucial fo ensure that applications are usable and interactive, whether it is human electronics maker + lly 2022 + (38) and community. Arie to-machine or machine-to- machine communication. In todays dynamic and disparate environment, delivery of XR on a large scale will consist of high performance compute, ultra-low latency communication networks ‘ond a robust end-to-end security fromework. 5G coupled with hyperscale data centers and ‘edge-cloud deployments would be the big enablers for XR, as they offer ultra-low latencies at higher bandwidths. Also, the industry is preparing for the move to 800G to accommodate the expansion of 5G, the growth cof 4k and 8k video, and other services that drive demanding performance requirements. XR presents huge opportunity for carriers and by capitalizing on their on-going 5G rollouts, mobile network operators are in an excellent position to enable the realization of XR on a large scale. Latency is the new speed As majority of emerging 5G value-adding applications ore time critical in nature with demanding requirements on reliable low latency, itis important to see how mobile network operators enable large scale XR by introducing time- critical communication capabilities in 5G networks.The required latency levels, just like the required level of upload or download bandwidth, depend on the type of application. In goming, AR, VR and many machine-to-machine controlled applications, the latency requirements are dramatically more stringent than less interactive applications like video playback or download. The time-critical communication capabilities in 5G make it possible to overcome these challenges by offloading XR processing fo the mobile network edge. Latency and gaming experiences are quickly rising in prominence for 5G benchmarking. Moreover, goming is a well-established indicator of the performance of the service provider's network. If the gamers are choosing a network, its because it's better. And that performant network is the one that will win subscribers for all next generation applications, from vehicle-to- vehicle applications to cugmenied reality (AR) Dealing with complexity The communication ecosystem is rapidly evolving ond network providers are already working on deploying the infrastructure that meets all the needs. Access, edge and core of the networks are being redesigned and deployed Access networks will have enhanced radio networks to give better subscriber coverage, edge networks will effectively handle higher throughput and the core network all that while will effectively process multi-millions of traffic flows effectively via network slicing 5G supports diverse, new, and complex use cases such as; Enhanced Mobile Broadband (MBB), Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) and Ulra-Reliable Low Latency Services (uRLLC). Moreover, 5G enables provisioning differentiated or specialised services for diverse users (customers or enterprises across verticals), which have requirements for services that support multiple use cases or applications. For example, new services will need to support opplications such as virtual reality, gaming, and immersive reality; mission-critical services such as emergency response; connected autonomous vehicles; billions of loT devices, and Industry 4.0 initiatives. The requirements for these services also come with high expectotions for quality, speed, and reliability; since many of these services are critical for businesses, therefore require stringent SLAs. This means communication service providers (CSPs) must deliver, monitor, and ossure not only a continuously increasing number 5G of complex services, but also volidate the strict SLAs associated with each of them. Testing and monitoring ‘As network equipment vendors, service providers, MSOs and enterprises are all focused on improving agility and ‘operational efficiency, the challenges of 5G can have significant implications on reliability, quality of service, and quality of experience for networks and users. The ability to proactively test end-to-end services is becoming more crucial in ‘addressing numerous challenges ‘ond complexities around new services and their provisioning.To win in the complex world of 5G, network operators and service providers must evaluate themselves through objective ‘and scientific measurement of the user experience. This can be ‘accomplished through combination of drive, walk, and stationary testing to ensure siatistically valid assessment throughout the coverage area Testing methodology and on imparial analysis uses proven, scientific methods to measure voice, video, data, gaming quality and perormance, and highly customized to the needs, from assessment of specific, specialized 5G services to broad, nationwide user experience evaluation 5G's open and disaggregated architecture promotes true multivendor interoperability and diversity There are fundamental changes in how new services, such as; MEC, SD:WAN, SASE and O- RAN are being developed, deployed and optimized for market consumption. An end-to- electronics maker + ily 2022 « (39)end testing ond a , a user device through to the re network across all layers sical, transport, network mes highly imperative. As co quickly to emb differentiotor, while bala new demands as: ‘ ci to market managing and monitoring 5G's. with optimal quality d resources are the il help them build EM GROUP (he) Partnerjof, VPLS tuning to orm this fur hip in 5G testing validation and extensive th new mobile The ability embr EM GROUP Connected with TOP Industries and Clients Unique platform we produce, online, mobile, social media ern 3 ‘Access to 10. Milliont Products Online DIGIKEY.IN PRA eer Oa) an Cae Pitam Pura, Delhi-1 10034 PBST Loar) Seneca© 21 | Ey 23 | September, 2022 | India Expo Mart, Greater Noida, Connecting everything — smart, safe & secure aa A ' ate Organized by Partner association | pBELGINA@ Z 10a SOLD OUT Some of the confirmed brands ‘AeUREX| |sromerner| | AES. | Aneraan| | ae AD ‘OC: me || BERGEN E @ |2 DIL | | cers | |F58t | | = || F Diote bial t | |ascrowse|| AL |ronanax igun] [BBlevanea seeert|| komax eves |{ficron Corton) | = PIC || srg RG = reap || Gy scientiFic s———-|{ SE |[ aon || meme lo — EM || Tes5 OLER ot va waco || WE= || eymun || yefmro ||__@ | and many more... Supporting Associations H ICEA | € dik 3 Ose cere hy i CL le» electronica o ASM Hastge Su. || eoamrane = = || rea || SEMA || Hore OiFo || ae Ferypton | [ran xsern ¢> Meroe) | © men rbpa SEMICONIE | Saison 2 BZ, || Sx vermes || || watts? productronica Delhi NCR Accelerating Innovation Co-located trade fairs TPCAz=m MAT = BQS= SD burnsInterview 66 With the new core-independent peripherals, PIC and AVR MCUs are being used everywhere and in applications not normally associated with B-hit MCUS9@ Microchip has a passion for developing products and tools that make it easier for designer to solve your design problems and adapt to future needs. Microchip current lineup of PIC® and AVR® MCUs is the pinnacle of innovation in the 8-bit embedded space and incorporates the latest technologies to enhance system performance while reducing power consumption and development time. Steve Kennelly, Associate Director, 8-bit MCU Business Unit, Microchip Technology Inc. talks more about this product family and its MCU market growth in this exclusive interview. fe Q wat are the key and mutivotge inpuvoutput — GR wnat are the main technological advantages of Po" cnelog-to-digital applications of Microchip's . . converters with computation, - Microchip's new product software-configurable logic cells 8-bit PIC® and AVR® families of B-bit PIC® and ond virwol digital ports. Since MCUs? shets new peticherols ond Of course, many PIC ond AVR@ MCUs? features are fully integrated into AVR MCUs are used in single- PIC and AVR MCUs have the PIC and AVR MCUs, they chip designs, where the MCU fs always been known for bringing can be configured using the the only chip in the circuit, The ease of code development and same integrated development ropid hardware design to environment that is used fo edit number ofthis kind of system is embedded control systems. Our and compile code. They allow increasing os the embedded newest families extend use of embedded system designers to market continues to evolve and those advantages with on-chip make use of capabilities usually grow, and applications that were analog features ike OpAmps not associated with MCUs. previously fully analog are electronics moker » ily 2022 » (44) wmelecronicsmaliercom Interview becoming ‘smart systems. Examples of this kind of opplications would include light switches, charge cables and thermostats. In addition, PIC and AVR 8-bit MCUs are used to implement specific functions in more complex, multi-chip systems. Some examples where we see our paris used in this way include applications like dotacenter servers, commercial aviation networks and surgical robots. With the new core- independent peripherals, PIC cand AVR MCUs are being used everywhere and in applications not normally associated with 8- bit MCUs. Q Will customized functions, like designing MVIO/CIP, a peripheral independent of the core, increase the cost and size of 8-bit MCUs? The short answer is that any feature added to an MCU affects the cost and/or the size. The approach we take with new olectronicsmatercom peripherals and features is to make sure our customers realize value that is far greater thon the additional cost. For exomple, ‘our new paris that have mult- voltage input/output (MVIO) cost much less than adding « voltage level translator chip to a system that uses a similar MCU without MIO. The same is true of our parls with OpAmps and digital- fo-analog converters Q How do you see the future development of 8-bit MCUs? There is a notion that the cost of 32-bit MCUs is going down, do you think this will reduce the growth space of 8-bit MCUs? ‘As technology becomes more affordable, an increasing number of systems will toke advantage of technology to moke products that are foster, belier and easier to use. This frend is increasing the demand for all kinds of MCUs. Recently, we have seen some 32-bit competitors vacate the smaller memory and pin-count portion of their portfolios, creating an increase in demand for 8-bit PIC cand AVR MCUs in that space. In addition, our MCUs are offen found alongside 32-bit MCUs in many systems. There are several areas where 8-bit MCUs are far more suited to the task at hand, cand our customers choose PIC tand AVR for functions like analog 'co-processors', system management ICs, and creating custom, flexible peripherals. These devices can serve double duty as a main system processor but are offen paired with 32-bit MCUs in more complex systems Q Can you briefly introduce Microchip's advantages and future development plans in the 8- bit MCU market? As the market for 8-bit MCUs continue to grow, we have launched five new families this calendar quarter and are continuing to innovate. To help customers get the most out of our new MCUs, we are Continuing to invest in unified tools like MPLAB® Discover, MPLAB X ond MPLAB Code Configurator to provide the most electronics maker « July 2022 « (45)Interview up-to-date and usersriendly development experience. These tools allow developers to use the same integrated development environment that they are familiar with for all the new digital and anclog features on our MCUs. We are also continuing to support Studio and Stort for our latest AVR MCUs. We see continued growth in the marketplace, especially as the adoption of Core Index intelligent analog increases. endent Peripherals and More and more applications are becoming ‘intelligent"-that is systems that were previously ‘simple" are now required to have increasing levels of connectivity and/or flexibility to keep pace with customer preferences. The rapid growth in the number of loT nodes is an example of this trend. These systems typically perform a few simple tasks and are often required to be extremely efficient. For example, think of the way window and door sensors in a home security system have evolved from 1990 to now. Customers now require do-it-yourself installation, which precludes the use of in-wall wiring and presents challenges to the designers of those sensors. Battery life, easy analog sensor interfoce, flexibility and connectivity are “must haves! designers of these systems; 8-bit PIC and AVR MCUs fit those criteria perfectly. i EM GROUP PUBLICATIONS electronics maker + sy 2022 + (46) "WEMOST POPU ARECECTFONES Won mea qo Robots 6G From 5G to 6G Technology: Meets Energy, Internet-of-Things and Machine Learning hen it comes to developing wireless devices, engineers have a wide range of different communication technologies available to them. However, choosing the right technology for their application is an essential development stage; making the wrong choice could see the need for designs to be scrapped and started from scratch Wireless technologies have three main characteristics whereby only two can ever be optimized. These choracteristics ore bondwidth (the amount of dota that can be transmitted per second], energy, and range. A wireless technology that con extend @ long woy with o high bandwidth will undoubtedly require large amounts of power, while o long-range, low-energy solution will not be able to transmit large amounts of information. if energy consumption is the biggest concer for o design, engineers have the choice to eV cn eae look ot LoRaWAN, Bluetooth, or UWB. LoRaWAN has the added advantage that it can operate at great lengths (more than 15 km on a good day); Bluetooth can work with o wide range of devices, including smariphones; and UWB can provide precision positioning between devices If bandwidth is the most important factor in a design, engineers can look at Wi-Fi and cellular, as these are both designed with internet access in mind. Wi-Fi operates at a lower electronics maker + Iuly 2022 + 47)6G range than cellular (up to 100 ‘meters, assuming a clear day with no obstacles between an access point and a device), but in return uses less power. Cellular, however, can room between different access points without facing long reconnection times, but the high bandwidth and long range comes at the cost of increased power consumption. For those looking to maximize range, then the only ‘wo reliable options are either cellular or LoRaWAN, and this choice con be easily simplified by deciding whether bandwidth or energy is the most important IFenergy consumption is more important than bandwidth, then LoRaWAN is the logical choice, and vice versa for cellular. What does 6G offer? 6G is an emerging cellular technology that is still in active development, and there are currently no devices or demonstrations showing the future network. Furthermore, specific figures around 6G have not yet been published by ony entity, os the standard has sill not been decided upon (5G is sill in the process of being rolled out around the world) However, that doesn’t mean thot there isn't research on 6G, nor does it mean we can't make educated guesses as fo what it will provide. Additionally, telecom companies and researchers alike have already made statements about what they expect to find in 6G, so combining all ofthis gives us bosic idea of what 6G will do. The most impressive slatement that has been soid about 6G is that its slated to be the first unified network, electronics maker + ily 2022 + (48) meaning thot it will not be designed with just cellular in mind but home devices, smart cities, loT, and lloT. This unified network would not require individuals to have their own internet access points ond instead would rely on cellular mosis that can provide coverage in all rooms of all homes in sight. Just like current cellular networks, the access point that you would connect fo would be the same os that of your neighbor. Regarding what radio spectrum would be used, there is « lot of talk of terohertz frequencies, which would place 6G signals between microwave ond infrared. Researchers have already been able to demonstrate terahertz chips capable of transferring 1 TB of data over 1 km in a second, while other researchers have demonstrated terahertz data fransmission of 206 Gbps If 6G can operate at such speed and service devices in homes, it will also likely have sirong beamforming capabilites to prevent interference between devices. Furthermore, using 6G 0s a primary intemet connection for home devices would also require low latencies and high device support How does 6G compare with 5G? Because the details around 6G are extremely vague at the best of fimes, comparing the future network with 5G is somewhat premature. However, if we look at what we know oround 6G, and how it will undoubtedly be an improvement over 5G, we can make some cssumptions when comparing the two. The biggest difference by far between the two network technologies will be the speed improvement thanks fo the use of terahertz frequencies. 5G has ‘c moximum speed of 10 Gbps, which is anywhere between 10% ‘ond 100X the speed of what 4G offers, ond this makes sense when considering that 100% this number is 1 Thps. So reolistically, we can expect 6G to have connection speeds between 50 Gbps and 200 Gps. Anything beyond this may not be technically feasible, and keep in mind thot the overage 5G user will see speeds of about 100 ‘Mbps, which is significantly lower than its theoretical moximum. The second mojor difference that will be noticeable is that 6G will support far more devices than what 5G is able to do. In fac, its likely that the increased bandwidth of 6G will not translate into o speed increase over 5G but instead support for many thousands of simultaneous connections. For exomple, if 6G towers are designed for 1 Tbps, then this could potentially support over 10,000 devices ot the same time, all having a download speed of 100 Mbps (this is more than sufficient for most ‘opplications). This increase in bandwidth will also translate into lower connection latencies, which will be essential for fulure opplications involving vehicle-to- everything. The reduced latency will allow devices across the network to talk to each other with minimal delay, and this would ollow for wearable electronics to report their position fo nearby vehicles. Such © system would allow for intelligent car control systems to wnmelectronicsmakeecom ovtomatically break when o pedestrian is detected, regardless of road conditions or on-board sensors. Will 6G make all other network technologies redundant? The short answer to this question is no, and this is because such a future network will ikely hove high energy requirements. Of course, itis more than possible for network operators to simultaneously set up a secondary cellular neiwork with « strong focus on energy reduction (such as an loT version of 6G), but even then, there will be many applications that would do better with other technologies such as Bluetooth or UWB. Furthermore, technologies such as LoRaWAN offer exiremely long ranges while using minimal amounts of energy, and this is particularly advantageous in remote loT applications (such os forms and forests). No amount of 6G towers would ever be oble to compete with a 433-MHz signal that con go for mony miles that needs fo carry only a handful of bytes of information Bluetooth would sill be important for devices that intend to connect over a few meters, with one common example being wireless headphones. The low-energy nature and small range of Bluetooth means that it doesr't interfere with larger networks (such os Wi-Fi and cellulor), ond the use of Bluetooth would help to keep the overall usage of other neiworks down. Finally, the use of Wi-Fi to create private networks allows for users fo control their local traffic, see who has access to their internet connection, and create intemal services that they only want accessible inside the network (such as a local cloud server or NAS). Should engineers bother with 5G? ‘One may be wondering that if 6G becomes the unified network of the future, is it worth bothering with 5G in loT and smart-city projects? The answer to this question is an outstanding yes. Firsl, 6G is not expected to become a reality until 2030 at the earliest. Some companies have release dates of 2028, but 6G its likely that 5G will continue {0 be operational for @ long time thanks to its many improvements. over 4G. As such, waiting to develop loT projects with 6G in mind will see extremely long wait times, all of which could be put 0 good use by designing hardware and proving that cellular networks can be used for such applications Second, by uilizing 5G networks, cellular operators will be encouraged to continue investing in the field while making additions to the future 6G specification that will support engineers. If network operators see that only cellular devices are using their networks, then 6G may only be directed toward mobile device manufacturers instead of emerging markels such as loT and lloT, all of which could heavily benefit from 6G. 6G has real potential to become the firs network that isn't directed at one specific type of device, and the high speed ‘ond high device count it supporis could usher in a new era for large-scale networks. But unless engineers develop 5G projects to demonstrate how cellular networks can be used in lof, cellular operators may not pursue 6G with loT in mind. EM GROUP The Partner/of: your Success wnwlecraniesmakaccom ————— 5 (Coc electronics maker + Ivly 2022 + (49)CONSTRUCTION Bluetooth ‘old mobile using Android mobile ndroid controlled robot project make use of an indroid mobile phone for robotic control with the help of Bluetooth technology. This is a simple robotics projects using microcontroller. This project is a Bluetooth controlled robot. For this the android mobile user has to install on application on her/his mobile. Then user needs fo turn on the Bluetooth in the mobile. The wireless communication techniques used to control the robot is Bluetooth technology. User can use various commands like move forward, reverse, stop move left, and move right. These commands ore sent from the Android mobile to the Bluetooth receiver, Android based robot has @ Bluetooth receiver unit which receives the commands and give it to the microcontroller Gircuit to control the motors. The microcontroller then transmits the signal to the motor driver IC’s to operate the motors Components * Arduino UNO. * DC Motors * Bluetooth module HC-05 * Motor Driver L293D '* 9 Volt Battery and 6 volt battery * Botiery Connector * Robot * Microcontroller * LCD Display electronics maker « ily 2022 + (50) Bluetooth controlled Robotis controlled by using Android mobile phone instead of ony other method like buttons, gesture eic. Here only needs to touch button in android phone {0 control the Robotin forward, backward, left and right directions. So here android phone is used as transmitting device and Bluetooth module placed in Robot is used as receiver. Android phone will fransmit command using its in- built Bluetooth to Robot so that it can move in the required direction like moving forward, reverse, turning left, tuming right ond stop. Bluetooth Module HC Bluetooth module consists two things one is Bluetooth serial interface module and a Bluetooth adaptor. Bluetooth serial module is used for converting serial porto Bluetooth How to operate Bluetooth module? You can directly use the Bluetooth module after purchasing from market, because there is no need to change any setting of Bluetooth module. Default baud rate of new Bluetooth module is 9600 bps. You just need fo connect Rx ond TX to controller or serial converier and give 5 volt de regulated power supply to module. Bluetooth module hos two Nasreen Bano — tr a ro a : controlled robot ‘ ‘ eM TESTE! Deepak Aggarwal modes one is master mode and second one is slave mode. User can set either mode by using some AT commands. Even user can set module's setting by using AT command. Here is some commands uses are given: First of all user need to enter AT mode with 38400 bps baud rate by pressing EN button at Bluetooth module or by giving HIGH level at EN pin. Note: all commands should ends with \r\n (Ox0d ond 0x0a) or ENTER KEY from keyboard. Working Explanation In this project we have used a Robot for demonstration. Here we have selected a RF Robot with moving left right steering feature, Afier buying this Robot we have replaced its RF circuit with our Arduino circuit, This Robot hove two de motors at ils front and rear side. Front side motor is used for giving direction to Robot means turning left or fight side (like car steering feature). And rear side motor is melectronicsmakeecom s2V Battery fauctoth | controler 80551 Motoe used for driving the Robot in forward and backward direction. Bluetooth module is used to receive command from android phone and Arduino UNO is Used for controlling the whole system. Bluetooth controlled Robo! moves according to button touched in the android Bluetooth mobile app. To run this project first we need to download Bluetooth app form Google play slore. We can use any Bluetooth ‘app that supporting or can send data. Here are some apps’ name that might work correctly. ‘Aer installing app you need fo open it ond then search Bluetooth device and select desired Bluetooth device, And then configure keys. Here in this project we have used Bluetooth controller app. * Download and install Bluetooth Controller. * Tured ON mobile Bluetooth. + Now open Bluetooth controller app * Press scan * Select desired Bluetooth device + Now set keys by pressing set buttons on screen. To set keys we need to press ‘set button’ and set key according to picture given below: Alter setting keys press ok. When we touch forward button in Bluetooth controller app then Robot start moving in forward nolectronicsmatercom direction and moving continues forward until next command comes. When we touch backward bution in Bluetooth controller app then Robot start moving in reverse direction and moving continues reverse until next command ‘When we touch left button in Bluetooth controller opp then Robot start moving in left direction and moving continues left until next command comes. In this condition front side motor turns front side wheels in left direction and rear motor runs in forward direction. When we touch right button in Bluetooth controller app then Robot start moving in right direction and moving continues right until next command comes. In this condition front side motor turns front side wheels in right direction and rear motor runs in forward direction. ‘And by touching stop button we can stop the Robot. CONSTRUCTION Circuit Diagram and Explanation Circuit diagram for Bluetooth controlled Robot is shown in obove figure. A Motor driver is connected fo Arduino to run the Robot. Motor driver's input pins 2,7, 10 and 15 ore connected {0 arduino’s digital pin number 12, 11, 10 and 9 respectively. Here we have used two DC motors fo driver Robot in which ‘one motor is connected at ‘output pin of motor driver 3 and 6 ond another motor is connected at 11 and 14. AG volt Battery is also used to power the motor driver for driving motors. Bluetooth module's rx cond tx pins are directly connected at tx and rx of Arduino. And vec and ground pin of Bluetooth module is connected at +5 volt and ground of Arduino. And a 9 volt battery is used for power the circuit at Arduino’s Vin pin. Code #define m11 11 #deline m12 12 #define m2110 // front motor #detine m22 9 charstr(2),loid forward)) { digitalWrite(m11, LOW); digitalWrite(m12, LOW); U/ tear motor electronics maker + ily 2022 « (51)CONSTRUCTION digitolWrite(m21, HIGH); digitalWrite(m22, LOW); } void backward() 4 digitalWrite(m1 1, LOW); digitalWrite(m12, LOW); digitolWrite(m21, LOW); digitolWeite(m22, HIGH); b void lefit) { digitalWrite(m1 1, HIGH); digitolWrite(m12, LOW); delay(100); digitalWrite(m21, HIGH); digitalWeite(m22, LOW); } void right) { digitalWrite(m11, LOW); digitalWrite(m12, HIGH); delay(100); digitalWrite(m21, HIGH); digitalWrite(m22, LOW); } void Stop() { digitalWrite(m1 1, LOW); digitalWrite(m12, LOW); digitalWrite(m21, LOW); digitalWrite(m22, LOW); } void setup() { Serial-begin(9600); pinMode(m11, OUTPUT); pinMode(m12, OUTPUT); pinMode(m21, OUTPUT); pinMode(m22, OUTPUT); } void loop) while Serial.ovailoble() { char ch=Serial.read)); strli++]=ch; ifstei-t Serial.printin('Forward’); forward(); electronics maker » sy 2022 + (52) else iffstr[i-1]=='2) { Serial. printin(‘Left’); tations AAs the range of the Bluetooth ‘Communication is limited (a moximum of 10 meters for class 2 devices for example) the control range of Bluetooth Controlled Robot is also limited. ‘Make sure that sufficient power is provided to oll the modules especially the Bluetooth Module. If the power is not sufficient, even though the Bluetooth Module powers on, it cannot ‘ransmit data or cannot be paired with other Bluetooth devices. Applications Android application which is used in this project to control the Robot. This application has 9 keys / commands(9 numbers of keypad). We have used 7 commands. Command 7 and 9 cre not used and are reserved for future scope. User can even rename these key text as Forward / Reverse using the Set Keys option. User needs to turn on the Bluetooth on his/her mobile and press scan button as shown below. Then connect to the Bluetooth receiver on robot. ‘Once the connection is established then the application will show connected status os shown below. Low range Mobile Surveillance Devices Military Applications (no human intervention) Assistive devices (like wheelchairs) Home automation 1. The robot is small in size so can be used for spying 2. With few additions and 2. With few additions and modifications, this robot can be used in the borders for detecting cand disposing hidden land mines. 3. The robot can be used for reconnaissance or surveillance Future Development 1. We can interface sensors to this robot so that it can monitor some porameters. 2. We can add wireless camera to this robot, In future we plan to implement ‘our project as follows it will contain following 3 components: + A Robot Mounted with camera * A headset, with a full-color display * A mission control center Conclusion We select all equipment’s based con dato sheets. Itis feasible to implement Bluetooth communication between smariphone and microcontroller. It can be used in various industries for picking various objects where human intervention is not desired. On a large scale, it can be used to develop robots with military copplications. It can be used to target enemy without any human being crossing the territory. It provides for more development of applications based on ‘android operating system. Such 1s, Application based on sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope) etc. The development of opps for Android in Android SDK is easy cond free of cost. With tremendous smart phone in markets, itis bound to have many more applications in near future. Itis robust, sensitive and fast moving, hence can be copplied in rescue operations. vewmelecronicsmalercom Q What was the motivation behind developing an indigenous ETD at Vehant? With an objective of growing the scope of product offerings by the company, Vehant collaborated with NanoSniff Technologies for manufacturing and marketing the technological revelation in the field of explosive trace detection: NanoSniffer. The co- founder and CTO of NanoSniff Technologies, Nitin Kale, with his feam of dedicoted researchers at IIT Mumbai, developed NanoSniffer with the idea of significantly reducing the pain points faced by users in explosive trace detection. ETD is applicable in countering terrorist threats ond activities. Detecting traces of explosives is o complex & expensive task due fo muliple factors involved such os availability of a wide variety of materials that can be used as explosives with a dearth of easily detectable signatures. The weapons con be deployed in various forms, and the sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity are required to trace them which are very expensive. This is where NanoSniffer arrived 40 cause o radical change in the ETD industry wnolectroncsmateccom Interview NanoSniffer has supercharged the growth of ETD market with its new technology. ) ve Us) } Ev! Dr. Nitin Kale, Co-Founder & CTO of NanoSniff Technologies Vehant Technologies in collaboration with NanoSniff Technologies presents, NanoSniffer: A ground breal technology among explosive trace detection systems. Nanosniffer, can detect dangerous explosives like Nitroglycerine, Ammonium Nitrate and RDX in less than 10 seconds. Costing just one-third of the price of imported ETDs, the 100 per cent indigenously-made NanoSniffer can also identify and classify explosives into different classes of military, conventional and homemade explosives. Dr. Nitin Kale, Co-Founder & CTO of NanoSniff Technologies shares more insights about this product in this interview. electronics maker « tly 2022 « (53)