TE311 Introduction to Analogue Telecommunications

General Information
Lecturer: Dr. Mvuma, A.N Office Room: A 211 Mobile Phone: 0744-255-085 E-mail: mvuma@ee.udsm.ac.tz Wednesday Thursday Wednesday 12:00-12:55 (Room A104) 18:00-19:55 (Room A108) 13:00-13:55 (Room A104)

Lectures: Tutorials:

General Information
Textbook: B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983.

References: S. Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition, 2001. A. B. Carlson, P.B. Crilly and J.C. Rutledge, Communication Systems, McGraw Hill, 2002. M. J. Roberts, Signals and Systems, McGraw Hill, 2004.

General Information
Mode of Assessment: Continuous Assessment (CA) (2 Tests): 40% University Examination (UE): 60%

Lecture #1
Introduction and Overview
Points to be discussed in this lecture General Introduction What is a telecommunication System? Elements of Telecommunication Systems Transmitter, Channel and Receiver
Communication System Resources

General Introduction
Telecommunication systems are designed to convey information from a (information) source to (information) sink a distant destination/destinations through a communication channel. To transmit information in modern telecommunication systems, the generated message (physical manifestation of the information) is converted to an electrical signal using an input transducer. The received (electrical) signal is converted back to usable information by means of an output transducer.

General Introduction

Input message Input transducer

Input signal

Output signal Telecommunication system

Output message Output transducer

m (t )

m (t )

Elements of Telecommunication Systems

Input signal

Transmitted signal

Received signal

Output signal

m (t )
Transmitter

s (t )
Channel

r (t )
Receiver

m (t )

n (t )

Channel noise and interference

Elements of Telecommunication Systems

Transmitter A transmitter is designed to convert the messagebearing signal (telecommunication system input signal) from the input transducer m ( t ) into a form suitable for transmission over the communication channel s ( t ) . Information source is the device for generating the information to be conveyed by the telecommunication system. The information source can be analog or digital.

Elements of Telecommunication Systems

Transmitter Analog information sources generate messages that have values in a continuous range of amplitudes and time e.g. human speech, music, pictures, images etc. Digital information sources produce a finite set of possible symbols e.g. computer keyboard. Main signal processing at the transmitter are amplification, filtering and modulation. Others (in a digital communication system) are formatting, source coding, channel coding, encryption, multiplexing, etc.

Elements of Telecommunication Systems Channel

A communication channel is a physical medium that provides the connection between the transmitter the receiver. The physical channels include a pair of wires, an optical fiber, an underwater ocean channel, free space, etc. Effects of channels on a transmitted signal include attenuation, amplitude and phase distortion, and corruption by additive noise and interference.

Elements of Telecommunication Systems Channel

Channels based on guided propagation: Twisted-pair wireline channel: Bandwidth-limited channel with several hundred kilohertz (kHz). Telephone channels are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Used in telephone networks. Coaxial cable channel: Higher bandwidth - several MHz. Offers greater immunity to EMI. Used as a transmission media for local area networks (LAN) and in cable television systems.

Elements of Telecommunication Systems Channel

Optical fiber channel: Transports light signals from one place to another. Enormous potential bandwidth with low signal attenuation. Optical fiber channels are immune to EMI with small size and weight. They are also rugged and flexible. Channels based on free propagation: Wireless broadcast channels: Supports the transmission of radio and television signals. The transmission and reception is facilitated by antennas.

Elements of Telecommunication Systems Channel

Mobile radio channels: Introduces mobility into a public telecommunication network. The mobile radio channels are affected by multipath phenomena. Satellite channels: Provides broad-area coverage, reliable transmission links, and wide transmission bandwidths. A message signal is transmitted from the Earth station to a satellite via an uplink. A signal is amplified in a transponder and then retransmitted from the satellite to another Earth station via a downlink.

Elements of Telecommunication Systems Channel

Mathematical Models for Communication Channels The Additive Noise Channel:
channel
s (t )

Received signal r ( t )

r (t ) = s (t ) + n (t )
r (t )

is the attenuation factor.

n ( t ) is additive channel noise.
random

n(t )

Elements of Telecommunication Systems Channel

The Linear Filter Channel: Received signal r (t )
channel
s (t )

Linear Filter hc ( t )

+
r (t )

r ( t ) = s ( t ) hc ( t ) + n ( t )

h ( )s ( t ) d + n ( t )
c

n(t )

hc ( t ) is the channel impulse response.

Elements of Telecommunication Systems Channel

The Linear Time-Variant Filter Channel: Received signal r (t )
channel Linear Filter hc ( ; t )

r ( t ) = s ( t ) hc ( ; t ) + n ( t )
+

s (t )

r (t )

n (t )

+ n (t ) hc ( ; t ) is the channel response at time t due to an impulse at time t .

h ( ; t )s ( t ) d
c

Elements of Telecommunication Systems Receiver

The receiver operates on the received signal r ( t ) , which is a corrupted version of the transmitted signal so as to reconstruct a recognizable form of the original message signal for a user. The receiver reverses the signal processing transformation performed by the transmitter such as demodulation, filtering, amplification, etc.

Elements of Telecommunication Systems Receiver

Performance of the analogue telecommunication system receiver is measured by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at receiver output (ratio of the signal power to the noise power). The performance of a digital telecommunication system receiver is measured by the probability of incorrectly detecting a digit, or the probability of error. SNR or probability of error depends on the transmission power, and modulation/demodulation.

Communication System Resources

Transmitted Power: Average power of the transmitted signal. Channel Bandwidth: Band of frequencies allocated for the transmission of the message signal. In designing a communication system, efficient utilization of these resources is the main objective. Different modulation techniques can be used as a vehicle to facilitate the trade-off between transmitted power and channel bandwidth.

Course Contents
Signals and Spectra Linear Continuous Wave (CW) Modulation Exponential CW Modulation Noise in Analog Communication Systems Multiplexing Pulse Modulation