ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

QUS3206/MNA
 All matters consists of particles which can
have one of three charges :
- Neutral
- Positive (+ve)
- Negative (-ve)

 Like charges repel each others, opposite

charges attracts each other
 Transmission line (transmission line) in Peninsular Malaysia is
operated by Tenaga Nasional Berhad.

 Delivery system in Malaysia using online 3 phase electricity (3-

phase) alternating in power 500kV, 275kV, 132kV or 66KV.

INTRODUCTION
 potentialenergy per unit charge associated with a
static electric field – VOLTAN ( V)
 movement or flow of electrically charged particles –
AMPERE ( A)
 the
rate of conversion of electrical energy to or from
other energy. – WATT ( W)
 The formula for electric is : -

W = VA , A = W/V , V = W/A

ELECTRIC TERMS
How you should be thinking
about electric circuits:

Voltage: a force that

pushes the current
through the circuit (in
this picture it would be
equivalent to gravity)
How you should be thinking
about electric circuits:

Resistance: friction that

impedes flow of current
through the circuit
(rocks in the river)
How you should be thinking
about electric circuits:

Current: the actual

“substance” that is
flowing through the
wires of the circuit
(electrons!)
MOVIE TIME!!
 Ifan electric circuit has a well-defined output terminal,
the circuit connected to this terminal (or its input
impedance) – LOAD
 Load affects the performance of circuits that output
voltages or currents, such as sensors, voltage sources,
and amplifiers.
 There have High Loads and Low Loads

LOADS
 1) Transformer
– function is to increasing to
decreasing electric current.
- Transformers are essential for
the transmission, distribution,
and utilization of electrical
energy.

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
 2) Fuse
- In electronics and electrical
engineering, a fuse is a type of
low resistance resistor that acts
as a sacrificial device to provide
overcurrent protection
- Short circuit, overloading,
mismatched loads or device
failure are the prime reasons for
excessive current.

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
 3) Cable
- A cable is most often two or
more wires running side by side
and bonded, twisted, or braided
together to form a single
assembly, but can also refer to a
heavy strong rope
- cables are used to carry electric
currents

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
 4) Conduit
- An electrical conduit is a tubing
system used for protection and
routing of electrical wiring
- Electrical conduit may be made of
metal, plastic, fiber, or fired clay
- The term trunking is for electrical
wireways, generally rectangular in
cross section with removable lids

ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
WHAT FACTORS
AFFECTING THE SIZE OF
CABEL?
HOW IS ELECTRICITY
DISTRIBUTED ?
 Thetransmission system consists of a network of
overhead lines or in densely populated areas, under
ground cables
 The
lines are designed to transmit large amounts of
power from point of generation to the load area
 We classify transmission lines with reference to:
 Voltage

 Distance

 A.C or DC
 Ultra high voltage transmission lines(1000 KV)

 Extra high voltage transmission lines(745 KV)

 High voltage transmission lines(200 KV)

 Medium voltage transmission line(132 KV)

 Long length T.L (> 150 KM )

 Medium length T.L (50-150 KM)

 Short length T.L (<50 KM )

 Alternating Current
Direct Current (DC) (AC)

- When cable size which is carrying the AC Current is bigger

compare to DC
Current.
- Reason of more activity of electricity converting in AC Current

SUPPLY SYSTEM
 Currents are passed only one direction.
 Easily obtained and taken
 The earliest methods in the history of electricity supply
by Thomas Edison at the end of the 19th century
 Efficient but difficult to use in large installation

DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
  When the supply voltage commute on a
frequency rating, also current commute and
will continue to change the direction of flow.
 Voltage level changed most efficiently in a
solid state transformer if the current is
alternating current, AC

ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

 1- Are there any
electric supply using
Direct Current ?
If yes, where?

2- Why most of
transmission line are
using Alternating
Current?

DISCUSSION 1
DOMESTIC
ELECTRIC
SYSTEM
 Domestic electric power supply is :
13A – 240V – 50Hz

 Power outlets rated at 13A but some have 15A which

it is cover differently

 Lighting outlet rated at 5A

DOMESTIC ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

 All circuits is switched on a live wire
 Alllive wires have a fuse, design to fail and break the
circuit if too much current flows
 Modern system used an electro magnetic circuit
breaker in place of the fuse
 For industrial uses, the electric current is 415V

DOMESTIC ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

 CONSUMER CIRCUIT

 It is a service provided by the supplier

to the consumer
 Supply through the cable overhead or
underground services which in turn will
be connected to the kilowatt-hour
meters.
 This meter will show the rate of energy
consumption by consumers.
 This meter is the right provider and also
the installation and maintenance are
the responsibility of the supplier.
  Beginning of the kilowatt-hour meters, installed by a
registered electrical contractor, it is the responsibility of
the user.
 For small users, the arrangement of control circuit is
placed into the consumer unit (consumer unit)
 Each installation must have a switch control users of
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) and Residual Current
Circuit Breaker (RCCB)

CONSUMER UNIT
 Consumer
unit

MCB
RCCB

CONSUMER UNIT
  For most users, the total number of load is substantial.
 It requires a distribution board for the average consumer unit
could not cope with the load.

DISTRIBUTION UNIT
 THEYHAVE 10 ELEMENTS
IN ONE DISTRIBUTION
BOARD?

 CANYOU FIND THAT’S 10

ELEMENTS?
FINAL CIRCUIT

 Circuitout of the distribution board or consumer unit

for supplying current without an intermediary to all
socket or outlet
 There have 2 types of Final Circuit :
1- Ring Circuit
2- Loop Circuit
  ring circuit acts like two radial circuits proceeding in
opposite directions around the ring, the dividing
point between them dependent on the distribution
of load in the ring

1) RING CIRCUIT
A circuit loop is a closed circular line that goes around
an entity. The term is usually used when dealing with
electricity to refer to a closed path that is followed by
electrical current, and generally includes other
components and devices.
 Itis commonly been installed in large scale building
that have a lot of subdivision

2) LOOP CIRCUIT
SAMPLE OF
ARCHITECTURE
DRAWING
SAMPLE OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 any tool used in electrical wiring work that does not
use the current as:

1. ceiling rose
2. Lamp holder
3. Socket
4. Adaptor
5. Switch

ELECTRICAL ATTACHMENTS
  Place finish wiring connections remain
 Here, the flexible cable will be connected to a load such as
lights and fans.

1) CEILING ROSE
 Attachment used to hold lights and it can facilitate
connections to supply lighting.
 It have 4 types which is :
1. Batten
2. Edison screw
3. Goliath screw
4. Pin

2) LAMP HOLDER
Batten Edison screw

Goliath screw

Pin
  The cause of the connection that plugs into the
fixed installation.
 Can accept a plug that connects the supply to
a portable device.

3) SOCKET
  Added to the output device to the lamp or
socket outlet.
 Usually have 2,3,4 or 5 depending on the type
of product and design.

4) ADAPTOR
 It can break or mechanically connecting electrical circuits.

5) SWITCH
HOW TO CALCULATE ?
  A house using 300 units of electricity in a month. Block tariff
scale rate charged is the first 100 units and 50 units of second
25 cent and 20 cent to 23 cent other remaining units.
Calculate the rates.

TARIFF
A strike can average 100 million volts of electricity
 Current of up to 100,000 amperes
 Can generate 54,000 ºF
 Lightning strikes somewhere on the Earth every
second
 First
person studied about lightning is BENJAMIN
FRANKLIN

LIGHTNING FACTS
Lightning Doesn’t Go Straight
Down
 Malaysia is among the countries with the highest rates of
lightning activity in the world

 80% of recorded lightning in Malaysia is capable of 50 to 100

million and the current Volt Ampere reach 20,000.
 Trapflash (lightning arrestor) is a common lightning
protection devices installed on high buildings
structure.

 Lightning
will strike the terminal tentacle flash and
continue to discharge into the earth.

INTRODUCTION
 Prevent / minimize damage

 Attractlightning discharges exposed to damage and

sensitive in some parts of the building

 Providea low electrical current path on the earth

terminal

FUNCTION
 4 main components: air terminals, conductors,
surge protection and earthing rod
 AirTerminals are usually installed at the top of the
building structure
 Conductor is to conduct electricity from the
lightning to the ground
 Surge protection is an appliance designed to
protect electrical devices from voltage spikes
 Earthing rod is to connect the conductor to earth

COMPONENTS
 It receives / trap lightning.
 All metallic components must be connected directly to the
terminal.

COMPONENT – AIR TERMINAL

 Flow the lightning current from the primary flash
head to grounding rod
 It must be plugged directly leading to the
grounding rod without any hindrance.

COMPONENTS – CONDUCTOR
 A surge protector attempts to limit the voltage supplied to an
electric device by either blocking or by shorting to ground any
unwanted voltages above a safe threshold

COMPONENTS – SURGE PROTECTION

  should be buried up to get a low
earth resistance values
 According to Malaysian Standard MS
document, stating the resistance of
the earth for lightning trap device
shall be under 10 Ω.
 Planting depth rod is according to
soil type.

COMPONENTS – EARTHING ROD