nec diaential equaluen Wrth hiqhea hdes.

d dz

A Tunct of of Tf {Z)=°) hen

con
con
is Sd to be homegenous othoaose hekaornus,
Soiul honenous cqalien (alled.oRplrnenasy
tundien

Pasluntt soluht o Ly=t( Callad. a posiulad

1coRal 912---Ya ao naa indapendat olh
of Ly 0 tt
aaso Solulan
Solulen
t O 92 t-++nyo
Conplunnlosy tunction . +Cnyn Th genc
Sduton C + PI
PT ahcalat intaqaal
 equaloy
Orth Constan
(onstanN
homogenous
Ly° Coeient

o
0 n -

AnT) y
Auzle,
Solve and qet th 0ots

Cose
Cose I distin ct
oll to sools asi oal disin c
e
e 2 X

Case 2 TO Aots O9 egua

Suppse
9(CTt t )e Ce -+Ct
ale 3 Complex 30ols ocou
Suppose
M2d-1B

y e Cl8 i tSin B) t Gens,- t

Suppa
M d-i8 My
CO
yeCet a) Bx +(c2t
t ge"'s Cne n
o Solve

Aullas mt0-2 0
(t2) (m-)= o
2
C e-
sSolve
+ Ldx
dt
+9z =
d
Aux

,M --3

(Ctot)es

Solue
(DD Dt) 9 0
d

(mE) (+u) -o
M
m-4
M t2i

3 Solve d 0 2
t
AE m 0

nt2 +2m) (mt22m) (onl i)

42 42 =0, M422M0
Euce-auchy uation
idy a, 1 dj -
dy tay0
lel e
Z nz
dy dydz
d2
duy
d

d d

d2
22

dz?

Substule in

Tis i nin the

a tb)dyta at br)
d
Q =0
toke at bz =e
2 loa (at bx)
di
du d
 29
b
atb

d'y
d1

d ) (
-b
dy b
(atb a tb)d2

(atb)
Solve
o

duy dz

Sale ce -akm

dy - e

d
Subyldua

d'y dy dy
d2 a2 -3
&y 2 dy
d 22

-2Mn 3.
C t ca
M-3
 Solue
d ' y >(31 +2)dy+36=o
d dx

atbie
2t31 e
2 t31)
ay
3
da 2-3

H
dr 243

dy dz
(2+322 t32) dz .
232
d +32 d
.a d2 d2
+L) 3
243xd
dy +344

d22
36y.D
2
18 9dy 34y0

3 6 =0
2 M 2

(3tt a3z4)
 31
Reduction of adoa oasioble Coeticients

of
Suppose i s a Solurtion

To tind Assue thad 4 4y, ohich is to

be detesmined

u'y
UH uty
y uyi'+ 2uy+uy

ut2uy tu'g +P(uytuy,)+1uy,=

(y ey t 2y,) + u'y, t2u'g!t Puy,

u'y+y+PuJu=o
+2yt Pyu o
let =u

u(tPg) U =o

di
U
 Lnb=-a tny, -Rdx
e
JPdx

CLdz
ten
2 .u udx
e-Sdx

3 Solve -zy t yz6-0 z a Sold

ot
- Spaz
U
e CanbeLRi ag

Pa

dz tn

uud di Y 9,=tnx
The Second soluluo)
e y 2 be solutiors of an oda on an
intesual I Then .9 a aid to be

neaslu independasithe Onons Kian 9.9,

danoted by w (. 9) =

92-4

3 check whethen 9
Lincasl independad

w9,a)
-OSInO

2
Ces u0X

-o thenth a noosly dapandant

T wo then tho as nearhy indapadont

s check hetha e a Lnoas independent

e xe
ee
) ~e
ZX

ee Gres indepordeat
a e two Soluttons of a Second ol
noo homoge neous 0Dedeperd o
Then the wmonkian o s
ntesuol
donticaWu 230 h
NOn-26o at ony Point of I

eyt 9D w(y
9Py+9,-o

mllioly Loith 2

99P9 yy 0

g 4
Py, +y.9.
9-grt P(h9)-o
wt P(-w) 0

wPW -0
P w
W
 35
Idepalg

C e P d y

I f w 0 , he O

4 o 4A c to
0
c o , than =

Method of asiotion of pohameten

To tind postnculas ntega
gtP +2y- n(
The honmeneous. solutld othe homoqeeous eg
tPy+ 90 s t292
To Atnd YP
yeneal olulisn 9n +yYe
Take 9 P 4 g t V92 toha uU ase to be dolsMunad
AsSu
u'y.tVy, 0 -

ug Vg anq
p uy uy, 4 Vy,' V,"
Sbin

ytuy. +vy+vy,"tP (uy,tv) 12(u)

 e kave

ytPy t9) (9'+ P u) +uy +Vyh

u'yv-n -
P+9y
9puy tV92
ug'g --
uyv'ya 20 -

v y ya)-y.

ay9a

Y2_dn
W

dn
higho d no0- homogENEOUg eualin)

yFC (n-2)

(9,4Yn)= 9

y0)0)
e

Replae bs ast
Colun o,o,1)

Wn_aid
w
3 Solve

t 4 Se 227

AC
m t 2

CCes 2 t Sin2
9,cosR ySn 2

Sin 2

-2n22

(8 + in 2 )

2 t 0 L:bhaas indapendant

(9 di

Sin22 ecX d

2Sin22 Secd

Pd 27 2ddL
sint Sec tdt
 Stnt
Sint Sec1 d
du ast dt
d sect
Sint ta t (stdtVtant
Sint länt Sitd
Sittant t

'

No, V=- d
22

aC83Y Seco di.

(eSa2 -da
Ces

3da.(se azd
n (Seca tan2

9-9P +9h enexl se lilusg

 solve
Soln

M-

-2
m(-1) z
M-3
9 - ) (m-a) 2

n-m-a) 3m(m-z' ihon -t2

n(n-(na) -am (n-) +6m- t o
PRer thus e
et m=1,2,3
il li

J1 y2-2 y,=#
W
3

9
y
9 ' - 3

12-) -E (L7)
 3 x

O 3z2
0

X
2 O

Se)- y, ( _d sdr

-durde oh
2g-3y't 61y-4y zilnx -

3 6
2

Lnz d t z 2xx inz dr t

2
y dx.

l n zAn dz +
2
z nzd 4 Inacoy
 laydy 2 zhzd1 +
273

(Lnz
Methods of undastesmnied CO-eliclernla
+Pg+Gu--0
To tind P
Table, -
Teams, i Y() choie o e()
Kex Ce

K Kot t, t -
--
t knz"
3 KLe o (en) K Cesto k2Sin ox
KSio
ke e (Mits WxtH,sn
kesint
Rules Basic Aule
. Tf S o o the
tunctio0 n ho fiastfast elu
hoo
Coei ci ea
9P tho
SamoLene -thon delagnuna (
Substitution n
ea (
2
Modification ule -
T
horto ene gus
choic of ye
eqaln ten ultpky 4s
 e he hemegenagus du (po
doube cot
3 Sur uula
T ( a Su ofunctt ons n te fist
Colum choose fo yP hesum tunlien
of tha tunlian
0the Leopond.ng inag ot Setond (olunn

21 Solve by Methad owdoaMuned toeltuunt

y-81 oith yo)=o, yo)=
A nt=o
M- t22

h A (oS 2 + BSin 2z

P tk2

Noo Subgauta n e e get 1

2
T+K)=Ex

k2 t (to tkit k, Y') - Sz

t4Ko 0

K=
22
ko =O

p tz

eneaseluln
uAC2 2

A -1 0
A

-3A
y aA SIn22 2B 2 47

A( tsin2-t 2
 4S
34t2=e*- (O
AC m- 3M +2 = O
M-2m -Mt =0

h Cet (e
choose p Axe
A(zet Ae

Ale+ (74)e)
Az4)

A(zta)e-3 Ae(t 2 Axed = ex

A -3
At 2A =O
A-3A =
A

YP-xe
an&al sol n

C e t Coe2_ze
t 2yty-e, ) y)=
9t2u 4y- o

= - , M,

p A-e

(R-2?)e*

YeAS - - ) + [2-2z)e

A[T-zt+)ez
Subslae

A =

tJe
(at7)e+ Are-
 -I=C
-Cie e (z(-e) 4 A2(-e)t

C t C

I=-(-1) + Ca
C2

C 0
- e -et e