1.

Discuss cause and impacts of child trafficking

What Is Child Trafficking?

 Child trafficking has no universal definition, though many legal instruments mention it.
One of these is the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989, which refers to child
trafficking in Article 11 line 1, stipulating that “illicit transfer and non-return of children”
is forbidden. Traffickers organize themselves via large international networks, which
engage in many activities, such as drug trafficking or prostitution
 The traffic or trade of children is characterized by the recruitment, transport, transfer, and
housing of any person by different methods.  It may also involve resorting to force or any
other forms of restraint, through kidnapping, deceit, fraud, as well as the abuse of
authority. Offering, accepting payments, or benefits for obtaining the consent of the
victim (or person having authority over the victim) are also illicit acts that contribute to
child trafficking
 Child trafficking is a type of human trafficking.  It is defined as the recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harboring, and/or receipt in kidnapping a child for the purpose of
adoption, exploitation, forced labor or slavery. In 2000 the first major international
instrument in ending child trafficking was part of the UN Palermo protocols.  It is also
known as the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons,
Especially Women and Children. 
 As defined child trafficking includes any human being under the age of 18 years old.
There are exceptions in areas where the age of majority (legally an adult) is set lower
than 18. 

1.2 Types of Child Trafficking

There are various types of child trafficking. Child trafficking happens when kids are kidnapped
or parents are lied to, tricked, forced or persuaded in children leaving their homes.  
Children are trafficked for:

 Sexual Exploitation
  Forced Marriage
 Forced Labor
 Criminal Activities
 Benefit Fraud
 Domestic Slavery
Much like we all think of slavery conditions these children are victims of neglect and abuse. 
People trafficking and enslaving children often physically abuse these children, cause emotional
abuse, and sexually molest them.  

1.3 common Child Trafficking Signs

Watch for children who:

 Live in substandard conditions in their home

 Spend an unusual amount of time doing household chores
 Have possessions that are uncommon
 Are in possession of lots of money
 Not signed up for school
 Don’t know where they are
 Have little time to play with other children
 Won’t talk about where they live or who they live with
 Seem to give a rehearsed story when compared to other children

1.4 Causes Of Child Trafficking

There are a wide variety of causes of child trafficking.  The primary cause of child trafficking is
how lucrative it is for child traffickers.  An estimated 150 billion dollars is made from child
trafficking per year in the world.  Causes for children to be vulnerable to child trafficking
include: poverty, lack of education, no birth records, humanitarian disasters, and illegal
adoptions.  This practice continues due to demand and ineffective legislation. Some countries
don’t have enough legislation or it simply isn’t enforced. 
There are many explanations for child trafficking:

 Poverty
 Humanitarian Crises
  Lack of Education
 Absence of Birth Registration
 Lucrative Activity
 Insufficient or Unenforced Legislation
 International Adoption

1.4 Effects of Child Trafficking

Child trafficking and exploitation has serious social and psychological effects.  Children are
routinely sold as commodities. These entities who deal in child trafficking are in a multi-billion
dollar industry and in many times operate with virtual impunity.  
Children are trafficked to be used in commercial sex work along with pornography and other
forms of child labor.  A single child may be sold into many different forms of child slavery.   

2. What are the indication of good governance explain them

What is Good Governance?

 The concept of "governance" is not new. It is as old as human civilization. Simply put
"governance" means: the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions
are implemented (or not implemented).
 Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international
governance, national governance and local governance. Since governance is the process
of decisionmaking and the process by which decisions are implemented, an analysis of
governance focuses on the formal and informal actors involved in decision-making and
implementing the decisions made and the formal and informal structures that have been
set in place to arrive at and implement the decision. Government is one of the actors in
governance. Other actors involved in governance vary depending on the level of
government that is under discussion.
 In rural areas, for example, other actors may include influential land lords, associations of
peasant farmers, cooperatives, NGOs, research institutes, religious leaders, finance
institutions political parties, the military etc. The situation in urban areas is much more
complex
  Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus oriented,
accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and
follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities
are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in
decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.

2.1 Eight principles of good governance

Citing from the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
thePacific (UNESCAP), the concept of good governance has eight principles.

1. Participation
Participation in the concept of good governance here is an opportunity for everyone to voice
their opinions through institutions or representations. In addition, everyone, without exception,
has the right to freedom of association and expression.

2. Rule of law
To implement good governance, the legal framework in the country must be enforced
impartially, especially concerning human rights law.

3. Transparency
Transparency means that every policy taken and implemented by the government must be carried
out under existing regulations. In addition, there must be a guarantee that any information related
to the policy can be accessed by everyone, especially those who are directly affected by the
policy.

4. Responsiveness
Good governance needs institutions and processes to attempt to serve all stakeholders within a
reasonable time.

5. Consensus oriented
This fifth principle is related to the decision-making process. When the decision-making process
cannot accommodate everyone’s wishes, then at a minimum, the decision must be a decision that
can be accepted by everyone and does not harm anyone.
6. Equity and inclusiveness
Good governance ensures justice for the community. Everyone has the same opportunity to
maintain and improve their welfare.

7. Effectiveness and efficiency

Every decision-making process and its institutions must be able to produce decisions that meet
every community need. Community resources must also be utilised optimally by the government.

8. Accountability
All institutions involved in good governance have full responsibility to the public for the sake of
improving the quality of society.

Good indicators for good governance?

 3. Mention and explain the essential elements of state
The state has four essential elements:

1. Population
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
What follows now is a brief elaboration of these elements.
1. Population
The State is a human institution. Hence population is it’s first and foremost element. No state
can be imagined without the people, as there must be some to rule and others to be ruled. The
people constitute its “personal basis”.

It is however, difficult to fix the size of the population of a state. For the Greek Philosopher
Plato, the ideal state should not contain more than 5040 people. But Rousseau the French
Philosopher would treat 10,000 inhabitants as the ideal population.

2. Territory
People cannot constitute a state, unless they inhabit in a definite territory When they reside
permanently in a fixed place, they develop a community of interests and a sense of unity. It
becomes easy to organise them into a political unit and control them. So the state requires a fixed
territory, with clearly demarcated boundaries over which it exercises undisputed authority.
Territory is its “material basis”. The territory of a state comprises:

i) Land, mountains, rivers and lakes within its frontiers,

ii) Territorial water, extending six miles into the sea from the coast,

iii) Air space, lying above its territory.

4. Sovereignty
The fourth essential element of the state is sovereignty. It is that important element which
distinguishes the state from all other associations. The word ‘Sovereignty’ denotes supreme and
final legal authority and beyond which no further legal power exists.

Sovereignty has two aspects- internal and external. Internal sovereignty is the supreme authority
of the state over all individuals and associations within its geographical limits. By virtue of it, the
state makes- and enforces laws on persons and associations. Any violation of these laws will lead
to punishment.

External sovereignty implies the freedom of the state from foreign control. No external authority
can limit its power. India before 1947 was not a state because though it had the other three
elements, i.e., population, territory and government, the fourth and the most important one i.e.,
independence was missing.

4.Discuss the cause and impacts of migration

Migration is a way to move from one place to another in order to live and work. Movement of
people from their home to another city, state or country for a job, shelter or some other reasons
is called migration. Migration from rural areas to urban areas has increased in past few years in
world.

4.1 Causes of Migration

Nowadays, many people decide to migrate to have a better life. Employment opportunities are the
most common reason due to which people migrate. Except this, lack of opportunities, better
education, construction of dams, globalization, natural disaster (flood and drought) and sometimes
crop failure forced villagers to migrate to cities.

Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of
settling in the new location. When large numbers of people relocate, historians ask questions
about why these people moved and what impacts their movements had.

Broadly speaking, there are two categories of factors that influence people’s decisions to
migrate. Push factors occur where someone is currently living and make continuing to live there
less attractive. A push factor could be political unrest, a lack of job opportunities, or
overcrowding. Pull factors occur in a potential destination and make it an attractive place to
migrate to. A pull factor could be better job opportunities or having relatives or friends who have
already moved to this location.

4.2 Impacts of Migration

Migration is becoming a very important subject for the life of cities. Many opportunities and
attraction of big cities pull large numbers of people to big cities. Migration can have positive as well
as negative effects on the life of the migrants.

4.2.1 Positive Impact

 Unemployment is reduced and people get better job opportunities.

 Migration helps in improving the quality of life of people.

 It helps to improve social life of people as they learn about new culture, customs, and
languages which helps to improve brotherhood among people.

 Migration of skilled workers leads to a greater economic growth of the region.

 Children get better opportunities for higher education.

 The population density is reduced and the birth rate decreases.

4.2.2 Negative Impact

 The loss of a person from rural areas, impact on the level of output and development of rural
areas.

 The influx of workers in urban areas increases competition for the job, houses, school
facilities etc.

 Having large population puts too much pressure on natural resources, amenities and services.

 It is difficult for a villager to survive in urban areas because in urban areas there is no natural
environment and pure air. They have to pay for each and everything.
 Migration changes the population of a place, therefore, the distribution of the population is
uneven in India.

 Many migrants are completely illiterate and uneducated, therefore, they are not only unfit for
most jobs, but also lack basic knowledge and life skills.

 Poverty makes them unable to live a normal and healthy life.

 Children growing up in poverty have no access to proper nutrition, education or health.

 Migration increased the slum areas in cities which increase many problems such as
unhygienic conditions, crime, pollution etc.

 Sometimes migrants are exploited.

 Migration is one of the main causes of increasing nuclear family where children grow up
without a wider family circle

5.What is crime explain its cause

Crime is essentially an act that is punishable by law. It doesn't occur owing to a single cause
but is an extremely complex happening that is influenced by the culture of the place in which it
takes place. For the same reason, many activities that are deemed illegal in one country are legal
in another.

Crime is essentially an act that is punishable by law. It doesn’t occur owing to a single cause but
is an extremely complex happening that is influenced by the culture of the place in which it takes
place. For the same reason, many activities that are deemed illegal in one country are legal in
another. A case in point would be alcohol consumption which is illegal in Muslim countries but
legal everywhere else. With changes in culture, people’s outlook towards what constitutes crime
changes too. Owing to this, there can be various causes of crime that change based on the nature
of the crime, the time and place of its occurrence, and the like.  As a result, criminalization and
decriminalization of various phenomena is an ongoing process
5.1 Causes of crime

Poverty

Poverty is one of the main reasons for crime. Countries with high rates of economic deprivation
tend to witness higher crime rates than other countries. Since people do not have the means to
secure a living in the right ways, they invest their time in criminal activities since they are not
only an easy means to get what they want but also do not require any other prerequisite talents.
The ever-increasing divide we are witnessing between the rich and the poor can also be
attributed to more and more of the poor looking to crime as a means for living. Not being able to
earn and sustain themselves leaves people so frustrated that they resort to illegal means to sustain
themselves and their families.

Peer Pressure

It is an established fact that peer pressure plays a significant role in the lives of all teenagers and
young adults. That is a phase of life where people tend to look up to their friends and believe
what they do is the right or rather ‘hip and happening’ thing to do. So, peer pressure compels
them to join the bandwagon.

Drugs

Crime and drug abuse are closely related. A person under the influence tends to indulge in
criminal activities that they may have not indulged in otherwise. The main problem arises when
they get addicted to the drugs and believe they require it to sustain themselves. In such a
situation, drug addicts are ready to go to any extent to procure these illegal substances.

Politics

The interrelation between politics and crime is overlooked many times. This is problematic as
many people have engaged in criminal activities while dealing with political issues. There are
umpteen politicians with a criminal record.
Religion

Even today, unfortunately, various divides and issues of society can be attributed to religion.
Despite it being a basic human right, many people are deprived of practising their own religion.
This leads to a feeling of resentment in the minds of believers. vandalism.  

Society

In today’s times, money is one of the most important aspects of everyone’s life. The meaning of
money is not restricted to the amount of wealth in a person’s bank account but is instead also
attributed to their societal status, worth, and even values. As a result of this, people value money
more than their relationships and happiness.

Unemployment

The lack of employment opportunities is an issue faced by developing and developed countries
alike. A huge portion of the youth of today are unemployed and as per a report by
the Confederation of Indian Industry, the youth employment rate is ever-increasing. According to
the data recorded by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, the unemployment rate in our
country is ever increasing.

Unequal rights

Deprivation is another significant contributor to the increasing crime rates. People resort to
notorious activities when they are deprived of their basic rights since that impedes their means to
obtain a livelihood in a conventional and honest way.

Unfair justice system

The flawed justice system is another major contributor to crimes. When people believe that they
are not given their due and are unfairly treated by the system itself, they harbour feelings of
resentment towards it and start to rebel. This involves them engaging in criminal activities and
doing the opposite of what is expected of them.
5.3 Different types of crimes 
Any act that is in violation of the law is a crime. There are various types of crimes. Though not
exhaustive, criminologists group crimes into a few categories mentioned below. 

Personal crimes

Personal crimes or crimes against persons refer to those crimes that are perpetrated against an
individual. They include murder, homicide, rape, aggravated assault, robbery, and other such
violent acts. 

Property crimes

Property crimes refer to crimes that include theft but do not involve bodily harm. Some examples
include arson, larceny, burglary, theft, etc. Here, the victim is not physically affected but is
indirectly affected by harm or loss to their property. 

Hate crimes

These refer to crimes against an individual which are fuelled by prejudices against the said
individual’s race, gender, religion, caste, creed, disability, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and other
such distinguishing factors usually associated with one’s heritage. 

Victimless crimes

Victimless crimes or crimes against morality refer to illegal acts which are not aimed at a
specific individual. Here, there are no complainants. Victimless crimes include gambling,
administering illegal drugs, prostitution, and the like which are immoral but do not harm any
individual per se. Such crimes are also known as consensual crimes as the violators here
willingly engage in illegal acts knowing it is against the law. The word consensual crime is
preferred by most over victimless crime as the offenders are said to be victims in these cases as
their acts harm themselves. 
White-collar crimes

Crimes committed by people who have a respectable position in society and are economically
and socially well placed in the course of their occupation are called white-collar crimes. Some
examples would be embezzling, tax evasion, insider trading, violating tax laws, and the like.
Such crimes, though not gruesome, are still extremely detrimental to society and have a great
potential to cause economic consequences like a recession in no time.  

Organized crimes

Organized crimes refer to crimes that involve the sale of goods and services which are unlawful
by a structured group like a mafia. This would include drug cartels, smuggling of weapons,
prostitution, and even money laundering. Needless to say, organized crime has various negative
impacts on both society and the economy.