Logical Operators

And
Truth Tables
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should
be able to…
a. Define a conditional, negation,
conjunction and disjunction
b. Interpret symbols using these operators
c. Identify the truth value of each operators
d. Define converse, inverse, contrapositive
and biconditional.
 Negation
The negation of a proposition p is denoted
by
~ p : (read as “not” p,)
and is defined through its truth table:
p ~p

T F
F T

It tells us that if p is true then ~p is false and

if p is false, ~p is true.
 Examples: Negation
State the negation of the following
propositions.
• a: p(x) = x+1 is a polynomial function.
Ø ~a: p(x) = x+1 is not a polynomial function.
• b: 2 is an odd number.
Ø ~b: 2 is not an odd number or 2 is an even
number
 Examples: Negation
State the negation of the following
propositions.
• c: The tinikling is the most difficult dance.
Ø ~c: The tinikling is not the most difficult dance
• d: Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
Ø ~d: Not everyone in Visayas speaks
Cebuano.
 Examples: Negation
Take note that negation ~p is not necessarily
the complete opposite of p.
For example, the negation of the statement
“Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano”
merely states that there are Visayans who
do not speak Cebuano.
The negation does not say that all Visayans
do not speak Cebuano.
 Conjunction
The conjunction of propositions p and q is
denoted by
p ∧ q : (p and q),
and is defined through its truth table:
p q p∧q

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

The propositions p and q are called

conjuncts.
 Conjunction
Take note that for the conjunction to be true,
the conjuncts must both be true.
p q p∧q

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
 Examples: Conjunction
There are other words that signify
conjunctions. The following are examples of
such:

“but”, “even though”, “yet”, and “while”

 Examples: Conjunction
Let p and q be propositions
p: Square is equilateral.
q: Square is equiangular.
Express the following conjunctions as
english sentences
a. p∧q
Square is equilateral and equiangular.
Both p and q are true thus the conjunction is
true.
 Examples: Conjunction
b. p∧~q
Square is equilateral but not equiangular.
p is true and ~q is false, thus the conjunction
is false.
c. ~p∧q
Square is not equilateral but equiangular.
~p is false and q is true, thus the conjunction
is false.
 Disjunction
The disjunction of propositions p and q is
denoted by
p ∨ q : (p or q),
and is defined through its truth table:
p q p∨q

T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

The propositions p and q are called

disjuncts.
 Disjunction
Take note that for the disjunction is false if
both disjuncts p and q are false.
p q p∨
q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 Examples: Disjunction
Let p, q and r be the following propositions.
p: π is an integer
q: ⅓ is rational
r: 2 is a real number

Express the following disjunctions as english

sentences and determine their truth values.
 Examples: Disjunction
p: π is an integer
q: ⅓ is rational
r: 2 is a real number
a. p ∨ q
Either π is an integer or ⅓ is rational.
p is false but q is true so the disjunction is
true.
 Examples: Disjunction
p: π is an integer
q: ⅓ is rational
r: 2 is a real number
b. p ∨ ~r
Either π is an integer or 2 is a not real
number.
p is false and r is supposedly true but
became false due to negation, thus both are
false so the disjunction is false.
 Examples: Disjunction
p: π is an integer
q: ⅓ is rational
r: 2 is a real number
c. p ∨ q ∨ r
Either π is an integer or ⅓ is rational
or 2 is a real number.
p is false, q is true and r is true thus not all
are false so the disjunction is true.
 Conditional
• The conditional of propositions p and q is
denoted by p è q:
(If p, then q,)
• and is defined through its truth table:
p q Pèq

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

The propositions p is called premise and q is

called conclusion.
 Examples: Conditional
Suppose that
a: It is raining
b: The ground is wet.
Consider the following conditionals:
• p: If it is raining, then the ground is wet.
• q: If it is raining, then the ground is not wet.
• r: If it is not raining, then the ground is not
wet.
Analyze the truth values of these conditionals.
 Examples: Conditional
• p: If it is raining, then the ground is wet.
True, since both a and b are true
• q: If it is raining, then the ground is not wet.
False, since the conclusion b is false
• r: If it is not raining, then the ground is not
wet.
True, since the premise a is already false
 Examples: Conditional
• Another way to understand the truth value
of conditional proposition p à q is to think of
it as a promise or a contract. The
conditional p à q is false or, equivalently,
the promise is broken when the hypothesis
p is true, while the conclusion q is false.
 Examples: Conditional
Determine the truth values of the following
propositions.
• If 2 > 0, then there are more than 100
million Filipinos.
– Both premise and conclusion are true. Thus the
conditional is true.
• If 2 > 0, then there are only 5 languages
spoken in the Philippines.
– The premise is true but the conclusion is wrong.
Thus the conditional is false.
 Examples: Conditional
Determine the truth values of the following
propositions.
• If 2 < 0, then it is more fun in the
Philippines.
– The premise is false so no matter what the
conclusion may be, the conditional is true.
 Examples: Conditional
Consider the following propositions:
p: Two angles are complementary.
q: Two angles are acute.
• pàq
– If two angles are complementary then they are
acute.
– If premise is assumed true and the conclusion
is also true, then the conditional is true.
 Examples: Conditional
Consider the following propositions:
p: Two angles are complementary.
q: Two angles are acute.
• qàp
– If two angles are acute then they are
complementary.
– The premise is assumed true but the conclusion
is not always true, then we can say that the
conditional is false.
 Examples: Conditional
Consider the following propositions:
p: Two angles are complementary.
q: Two angles are acute.
• ~p à ~q
– If two angles are not complementary then they
are not acute.
– The premise is assumed true but the conclusion
is not always true, then the conditional is false.
 Examples: Conditional
Consider the following propositions:
p: Two angles are complementary.
q: Two angles are acute.
• ~q à ~p
– If two angles are not acute then they are not
complementary.
– The premise is assumed true, the conclusion is
also true then the conditional is true.
 Conditional Variations
• pàq
– Conditional
• qàp
– Converse
• ~p à ~q
– Inverse
• ~q à ~p
– Contrapositive
 Conditional Variations
• pàq
– If two angles are complementary then they are
acute. [The conditional is true]
• ~q à ~p
– If two angles are not acute then they are not
complementary. [The contrapositive is true]
Remark:
The truth value of the conditional and
contrapositive are the same.
 Conditional Variations
• qàp
– If two angles are acute then they are
complementary. [The converse is false]
• ~p à ~q
– If two angles are not complementary then they
are not acute. [The inverse is false]
Remark:
The truth value of the converse and inverse
are the same.
 Example
Consider the following propositions:
p: A number is irrational
q: A number is nonterminating and
nonrepeating.
Find the truth value of of the following
conditionals:
a. p à q
b. ~p à ~q
c. q à p
d. ~q à ~p
 Example
p: A number is irrational
q: A number is nonterminating and
nonrepeating.

a. p à q c. q à p
Ø True Ø True
b. ~p à ~q d. ~q à ~p
Ø True Ø True
Both conditional and converse are true. Thus, we
can say that it is biconditional!
 Biconditional
• The biconditional of propositions p and q is
denoted by
p ßà q : (p if and only if q, )
and is defined through its truth table:
p q p ßà q

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T

• The proposition may also be written as “p

iff q”.
 Examples: Biconditional
Consider the following biconditionals:
• p: A parallelogram is a square if and only if
it is equiangular and equilateral.
• q: Two angles are complementary if and
only if they are acute.
Analyze the truth values of these
biconditionals.
 Examples: Biconditional
• p: A parallelogram is a square if and only if
it is equiangular and equilateral.
The components of p are:
a: If parallelogram is a square then it is
equilateral and equiangular.
b: If parallelogram is equiangular and
equilateral then it is a square.
Both conditional and converse are true then
the truth value of the biconditional is true.
 Examples: Biconditional
• q: Two angles are complementary if and
only if they are acute.
The components of q are:
c: If two angles are complementary then they
are acute.
d: If two angles are acute then the angles are
complementary.
The conditional c is always true but d is not
always true. Thus, the truth value is false.