KIDS NEW FLOWER SCHOOL MATHEMATICS FOR

GRADE 11
LESSON 7.1
UNIT– 7
THE SET OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
7.1 The Concept Of Complex Number:
A complex number is a number of the form z = a + bi, where a and b are real and i2 = -1 or i
=√ −1 . The letter ‘a’ is called the real part of z denoted by Re(z) and ‘b’ is called the
imaginary part of z denoted by Im(z).
If a = 0, the number bi is said to be a purely imaginary number and if b = 0, the number a is
real. Hence, real numbers and pure imaginary numbers are special cases of complex
numbers.
The complex numbers are denoted by Z ; i.e., Z = a + bi.
In coordinate form; Z = (a, b).
Note : Every real number is a complex number with 0 as its imaginary part.
Example 1 Using the notation introduced above, you have:
a. √−4 (√ −1) √ 4 2i b. √ −25(√ −1) √ 255i
c. √−2√−1 x 2(√−1)√ 2√ 2i
Notation:
The set of complex numbers denoted by ℂ is given by
ℂ= {z / z = x + yi where x and y are real numbers; and i √ −1}
Note that i √−1→i2 1.
Example 2 a. For z = 2 − 5i, Re(z) = 2 and Im(z) = − 5
b. For z = 6 + 4i, Re(z) = 6 and Im(z) = 4
c. For z = 0 + 2i = 2i, Re (z) = 0 and Im(z) = 2
d. For z = 0 + 0i = 0, Re (z) = 0 and Im(z) = 0
e. For z = 4 + 0i = 4, Re(z) = 4 and Im(z) = 0
Equality of complex numbers
Suppose z 1 = x + yi and z 2 = a + bi are two complex numbers; then we define the
equality of z1 and z2, written as z 1= z 2, if and only if x = a and y = b.
Example 3 If 153yi 3x 12i , then 3x 15 and 3y 12
Thus, x 5 and y 4.
EXERCISE 7.1
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1. Write the following without exponents.
a. i3 b. i4 c. i7
d. i8 e. i100 f. i101
g. i102 h. i103
2. Generalize for i2n and in.
Hint:- Consider the case when n is odd and when n is even.
3. Identify the real and imaginary parts of each of the following complex numbers.
3−5 i
a. b. √ 5+2 i √ 2
7
c. 7 d. 5i
4. Find the value of the unknowns in each of the following equations.
a. x 3i 2 12yi b. 7 2 yi t 10i+3

LESSON 7.2
Answers to Exercise 7.1
1.
a. i3=i 2 i=−1.i=−i b. i4 =i2 i 2=−1.−1=1

c. i7=(i¿ ¿2)3 ⋅ i=−13 ⋅ i=−1.i=−i ¿ d. i 8=(i¿ ¿2)4 =(−1 )4 =1¿

50
e. i100 =( i2 ) =(−1 )50=1
50
f. i 101=i100 .i=( i2 ) .i=(−1 )50 i=1. i=i
51
g. i102 =( i2) = (−1 )51 =−1
51
h. i103 =i102 .i=( i 2 ) .i=(−1 )51 i=−1.i=−i
2.
1 2
i =ii =−1
i 3=i 2 ⋅i=−1⋅i=−i i 4 =i3 ⋅i=−i ⋅ i=−i 2=−(−1 )=1
5 4 6 5 2
i =i ⋅i=1 ⋅i=i i =i ⋅i=i⋅ i=i =−1
7 6 2 3 8 7 3 4
i =i ⋅i=i ⋅i=i =−i i =i ⋅i=i ⋅i=i =1
9 8 4 5
i =i ⋅i=i ⋅i=i =i

…………….. . . . . . . . .. ………. …… …….. ….. ………….

∴ Generally ; i = −1 if n is odd
2n

1 if n is even {
i
2 n+1
{
= −iif nis odd
iif n is even

Complex number Real part Imaginary part

3. a 3−5 i 3 −5
7 7 7
KNFS MATHEMATICS
b √ 5+2
FORi √ 2
GRADE 11 √ 5 7 (COMPLEX 2NUMBERS)
UNIT √2
c
d
7+ 0i
0+5 i
7
0
0
5 2
KIDS NEW FLOWER SCHOOL MATHEMATICS FOR
GRADE 11

4. a. x−3 i=2+12 yib . 7+2 yi=t−10 i+3 .

−1
x=2∧ y= t+ 3=7=¿ t=4∧ y =−5
4

7.2. OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS

7.2.1 Addition and Subtraction
Definition 7.2
Given two complex numbers z 1=x+ yi∧z 2=a+ bi ,
we define the ∑ ¿ difference of complex numbers as fol lows :
i . z 1 + z 2=(x +a)+( y+ b)i
ii . z1 −z2 =(x−a)+( y−b)i
Example 1
a. (3 – 5i) + (6 + 7i) = (3 + 6) + (− 5 + 7)i = 9 +2i
b. (3 −4i) −(2 + i) = (3 −2) −(4 + 1)i = 1 −5i

Properties of complex numbers under addition.

The set of complex numbers is closed under addition.
Addition of complex numbers is commutative.
Addition of complex numbers is associative.
0 is the additive identity element in ℂ.
For every z in ℂ there is an additive inverse –z such that z + –z = 0 = –z + z.

Exercise 7.2

1. Perform each of the following operations and write your answers in the form of
x + yi.
a . √−9+ √−64 b .(4 +5i)+(2−3 i)
c . ( 4+5 i )−( 2−3 i ) d .(7−11i)−(3+ 12i)
e . ( 2+ √−16 )−( 1+ √ −25 ) f . i 6+ i5
12 16 21 9 18
g .i −i +i h . 2i +3 i
2. Solve each of the following for x∧ y .
a . ( 4−2 i )+ ( 3+5 i )=x+ yib .(10+ 7i)−(2−3 i)=x+ yi
c . ( x + yi ) +2 ( 3 x − y )+ 4 i=0 d .(2 x +3)i+4 ( y + 4 i)+5=0

7.2.2 Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers

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Multiplication
Definition 7.3
Given two complex numbers z 1=x + yiand z 2=a+ bi, the product of z 1and z 2is defined as follows:
z 1 . z 2=( ax−by )+(bx +ay )i

You do not need to memorize the formula, because you can arrive at the same result by treating the
complex numbers like multiplying terms involving variables; multiply them as usual and then
simplify noting that i2= –1.

Example 2
(2+3 i)(4+7 i)=2 × 4+2 ×7 i+4 × 3 i+3 i ×7 i
¿ 8+14 i+12 i−21=(8−21)+(14+12)i
¿−13+26 i

Properties of multiplication of complex numbers:

The set of complex numbers is closed under multiplication.
Multiplication of complex numbers is commutative.
Multiplication of complex numbers is associative.
Multiplication is distributive over addition in ℂ.
1 is the multiplicative identity element in ℂ.

Division
Now divisionof complex numbers can be defined as follows :
Suppose ; z 1=x+ yi∧z 2=a+ bi≠ 0 are given , then you have the following :

( )
z1 1 1 a bi
=z 1 . = ( x + yi ) =( x + yi)( 2 2 − 2 2 )
z2 z2 a+ bi a +b a +b
ax+ by ( ay−bx ) i
¿ 2 2
+ 2 2
a +b a +b
Definition 7.4
z1
Suppose ; z 1=x+ yi∧z 2=a+ bi≠ 0 are given , then z 1 divided by z2 denoted by ∨z ÷ z is
z2 1 2
z1 ax +by (ay−bx )i
defined to be z 1 ÷ z 2= = + 2 2
z2 a2 +b2 a +b

Note:
1 1
For every z ≠ 0∈C there is its multiplicative inverse such that z × =1.
z z
Example 3

1 3 7i 3 7i
a. 3−7 i = 2 2 − 2 2 = 58 − 58
3 +7 3 +7

i+1
b. 3−4 i =( i+1 ) ( 2
3
2
(−4 i )
)
− 2 2 =( i+ 1 )
3 +4 3 + 4
+
25 25(
3 4 i −1 7 i
= +
25 25)
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Exercise 7.3
Perform the following operations and write your answers in the form of a +bi where a and b are
real numbers.
1. (− 3 + 4i)(2 – 2i) 2. 3i (2 – 4i) 3. (2 – 7i)(3 + 4i)

4. ( 21––3ii )( 21––3ii ) 5. ( 23−2– 3 ii )+6+ 9i 6. i 12 −i 7

7. i 20 −i 24 +i15 8. ( 2+31 i )
7.3 COMPLEX CONJUGATE AND MODULUS

Consider complex numbers z 1=x+ yi∧z 2=x− yi ,Then

i. The product z 1 . z 2=¿ (x + yi)(x – yi) = x2+ y2 , which is a real number.
ii. The sum z1+ z2 = (x + yi) + (x – yi) = 2x, which is twice the real part.
iii. The difference z1–z2 (x + yi) – (x – yi) = 2yi, which is a purely imaginary number.
The complex number x – yi is called the conjugate (or complex conjugate) of the complex
number x + yi. Conjugates are important because of the fact that a complex number
multiplied by its conjugate is real; i.e., (x + yi) (x – yi) = x2 + y2.

Definition 7.5
The complex conjugate ( ¿ conjugate ) of a complex number
z=x + yi , denoted by z , is givenby z=x− yi
Example 1
a. If z=5−6 i, then z =5−(−6)i=5+6 i
1 1
b. If z=−1+ i ,then z=−1− i
2 2
c . If z=4=4+ 0 i, then z=4
d . If z =−2i , then z=2 i
Example 2: In the table below, three columns are filled in; you are expected to fill in the
remaining two columns.
Complex Conjugate Product ∑¿ Difference
number z of z ( z) (z .z) (z + z) ( z−z )
2 + 3i 2 − 3i 13 4 6i
2 – 3i 2 + 3i 13 4 −6 i
3 – 5i 3 +5i 34 6 −10 i
3 + 5i 3 – 5i 34 6 10 i
4i − 4i 16 0 8i
− 4i 4i 16 0 −8 i
5 5 25 10 0
a + bi a − bi a + b2
2
2a 2 bi
2
a − bi a +bi A +b2
2
2a −2 bi
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Properties of conjugates
Theorem 7.1
For any comp lex numbers Z 1∧Z 2 ,the following properties hold true .
i . Z 1=Z 1 iv . z 1 + z 2=z 1+ z 2
ii . Z 1 +Z 1=2 ℜ ( Z 1) v . z 1 . z 2=z 1 . z 2

iii . Z1 + Z 1=2 ℑ ( Z 1 ) vi . ( )
z1 z1
= ,if z2 ≠ 0
z2 z2
Note that iv∧v of the above theoremcan be extended ¿ any finite number of terms .
i .e . , z 1 + z 2+ z 3 +… … … . … ..+ z n=z 1 + z 2+ z 3 +… … … …+ z n
¿
z 1−z 2−z 3−… … …. … ..−z n =z1 −z2 −z3 −… … …−z n
Definition 7.6
The absolute value (or modulus) of a complex number z=x + yi ,denoted by |z|, is defined to
be |z|=√ x 2 + y 2.

Example 4
a If z=2+5 i ,then |z|=√ 22 +52=√ 29
b If z=5+12 i ,then| z|=√ 5 +12 =√ 169=13
2 2

c . If z=i , then|z|=√ 1 =1
2

d . If z =−2 ,then |z|=√(−2) =2

2

Note:
If z 1=x+ yi∧z 2=a+ bi , then

|z 1−z 2|=|(x−a)+( y−b) i|= √( x−a)2 +( y −b)2

LESSON 7.4
Some properties of conjugates and modulus can be summarized as follows:
Theorem 7.2
For any two complex numbers Z1 ∧Z 2 ,the following p roperties hold true:
2
i . z 1 . z 1=|z 1| v .| z1 . z2|=|z 1| .|z 2|

ii .|z 1|=|Z 1| vi. || z 1 |z 1|

=
z 2 |z 2|
,if z 2 ≠ 0

iii .|ℜ ( Z 1 )|≤|z 1|vii .Triangle inequality: |z 1 + z 2|≤|z 1|+|z 2|

iv .|ℑ ( Z 1 )|≤|z 1|viii .|z 1−z 2|≥|z 1|−|z 2|

Proof :
Let z 1=x + yi∧z 2=u+ vi for some real numbers x , y , u∧v
2
i .¿ show that , z 1 . z 1=|z 1| , simply you multiply z 1 withits conjugate

z 1=x – yi as follows : z 1 × z 1=( x + yi )( x – yi )

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¿( x 2 + y 2 )+(x (− y )+ y (x))i=x 2 + y 2=|z 1|

ii . ¿ show that |z 1|=|z 1|, since z 1=x− yi, you have

|z 1|= √ x 2 +(− y)2=√ x 2+ y 2=|z 1|

iii . ¿ show that|ℜ ( z1 )|≤|z 1|,

2 2 2
since x ≤ x + y for every real numbers x∧ y , you have

|ℜ ( z 1 )|=|x|= √ x 2 ≤ √ x 2+ y 2 =|z 1|
iv . ¿ show that |ℑ ( z1 )|≤|z 1|,

2 2 2
Since y ≤ x + y , for every real numbers x∧ y , you have

|ℑ ( z1 )|=| y|=√ y 2 ≤ √ x2 + y 2=|z1|

For the proves of the v , vi, vii∧viii , Reffer your text book page 277−278.

 Note :
The triangle inequality can be extended ¿ any finite ∑ as follows :
|z 1 + z 2+ z 3 +… ...+ z n|≤| z1|+| z2|+| z3|+.. …+|z n|

( 1+i )4
Example 5 Find| z| when z=
( 1+6 i )( 2−7 i )
4
|1+i|
4
( √ 12 +12 ) ( √2 )
4
4
Solution :|z|= = ¿ =
|1+6 i||2−7 i| √ 12 +6 2+ √ 22 + (−7 )2 √37+ √53 √ 37+ √ 53

Exercise 7.4
1. Perform each of the following operations∧write your answers∈the
form of a+bi where a∧b are real numbers.
1
a. 2+ 3i
2−3 i
b. 4+ 5i ( c. )( 2−3 i )( 4−i )
( i−1 )( i+1 )
2+3 i 1+ 3i
d. 10−4 i e. 4−i

7.4. SIMPLIFICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Example 1: Express the following in the form of a + bi.

( 4+ 2i ) ( 5−6 i ) 20+−24 i+10 i+12 32−14 i

a. = =
( 1+i ) (1−3 i ) 1−3 i+i+3 4−2 i

¿ ( 32−14
2−2i )( 4+ 2i )
i 4+ 2i 128+64 i−56 i+28
=
16+4

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156+8 i 39 2
¿ = + i
20 5 5

b. (1 + √−81) − (2 − √−16) + (3+ √ 196 )

= (1 +√−1 √ 81) − (2 −√ −1 √16 ) + (3 +√ 196)

= (1+ 9i) − (2 − 4i) + (3+14) = (1− 2 +17) + (9i + 4i)

= 16 +13i

Example 2: Solve(2 – 3 i)(x + yi)=3.

Solution: Multiplying both sides of the equation (2 – 3i) (x + yi) = 3 by (2 + 3i)

(The complex conjugate) gives; ( 2+3 i )( 2−3i ) ( x+ yi )=3 ( 2+ 3i )

⇒13 ( x+ yi )=6+ 9i

6 9
⇒ x + yi= + i
13 13
6 9
⇒ x= ∧ y=
13 13

Example 3: Solve( x +1 )2=−4 .

Solution: ( x +1 )2=−4
( x +1 )=± √ −4 ⇒ ( x +1 )=± √ (−1 ) × 4
⇒¿
⇒ s . s= {−1−2i ,−1+2 i }
Animportant property of complex numbers is that every complex number has a square root .
Theorem 7.3
2
If w is a non−zero complex number , then the equation z =w has a solution z ϵ C .

2
Example 4 :Solve the equation z =1+i .

Solution :Put z =x+ yi thenthe equation becomes

( x + yi )2=x 2− y 2 +2 xyi=1+ i
⇒ x 2− y 2=1∧2 xy =1

( )
2
1 2 1
Hence , x ≠ 0∧ y= Consequently , x − =1
2x 2x
4 2
⇒ 4 x −4 x −1=0
2 4 ± √ 16+16 1 ± √ 2
⇒x = =
8 2

⇒ x=±
√ 1+ √2
2
1
Then , y= =±
2x
1
√2 √ 1+ √2
⇒ Hence , the soluti ons are z=± ¿

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Example 5 : Find the cube roots of 1.
Solution
3 3
You have ¿ solve the equation z =1,∨z – 1=0
3 2
Now , z – 1=(z – 1)( z + z +1).
3 2
So z – 1=0 implies z – 1=0∨z + z +1=0

2 −1 ± √ 12−4 −1+ √ 3 i
But , z + z +1=0 ⇒ z = =
2 2
−1+ √ 3 i −1− √ 3 i
Thus , there are 3 cube roots of 1 ,namely 1 , a nd .
2 2
Exercise 7.5

1. Write each of the following in the form a bi where a and b are real numbers.
3
13 i 5
a. − b.
3−2 i 1+i (i −1 )( 2−i ) ( 3−i )

c .i 120 −4 i 94 + 3i 31 d . ¿

1+2 i 2−i
e. i 400+ 3i 200 +5i−3 f . 3−4 i − 5 i

−1 √ 3
2. Given z 1=2+i , z 2=3−2 i∧z 3= + i,simplify each of the following:
2 2
z1 z 2
a . z 31−3 z 22+ 4 z 3 b .|3 z 1−4 z2 + z 3| c.
z3

3. Solve each of the following equations :

2 2 2
a . z + 4=0 b . z +12=0 c . z + z+1=0
2 3 4
d . 3 z −2 z +1=0 e . z =−1 f . z =1

4. Perform each of the following operations∧compare the values ob tained :

a . √(−4)(−9) b . √−4 √−9

c . √(−4)(9¿)d . √ −4 √ 9 ¿

5. If a∧b are any real numbers : find co nditions for which ,

√ ab=√ a √ b∧ √ab ≠ √ a √ b

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LESSON 7.5
7.5 ARGAND DIAGRAM AND POLAR
REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Notation:
2
The set of points∈the plane denoted by R × R=R represent the set of all ordered
pairs( x , y )of real numbers x∧ y .

Geometric representation of complex numbers

The pair of numbers (x,y) can be represented on an XY-plane, where x is called

abscissa and y is called the ordinate. Similarly, we can represent complex
numbers also on a plane called Argand plane or complex plane or the z-plane.
Similar to the X-axis and Y-axis in two dimensional geometry, there are two axes in
Argand plane.

 The axis which is horizontal is called Real axis

 The axis which is vertical is called Imaginary axis

The complex number x + yi which corresponds to the ordered pair (x, y) is

represented geometrically as the unique point (x, y) in an XY-plane.

For example,

 The complex number, 2+3i corresponds to the ordered pair (2, 3) geometrically.
 Similarly, -3+2i corresponds to the ordered pair (-3, 2).
 Complex numbers in the form 0+ai, where a is any real number will lie on
imaginary axis.
 Complex numbers in the form a+0i, where axis any real number will lie on real axis.

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Example ,
z=x + yi , z 1=−4+ 2i∧z 2=2−3 ican be represented
as shown∈Figure be low .
Imaginary axis

Z( x , y)
(−4,2)
z 1=−4+2 i
Real axis

z 2=2−3i
(2 ,−3)
It is obvious that the modulus of complex number x+ yi ¿ √ x2 + y 2 is the distance
between the origin (0, 0) and the point (x, y).

The conjugate of z = x+ yi is z = x- yi which is represented as (x,-y) in the Argand

plane. Point (x,-y) is the mirror image of the point (x, y) across the real axis in
Argand plane.

Example: Find the distance between the complex number z = 3 – 4i and the origin in
Argand plane.

Solution: Distance between the origin and z= 3 – 4i is equal to the modulus of z.

⇒∨z∨¿ √ 3 + (−4 ) =  √ 9+16 = √ 25 = 5 units

2 2

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Polar representation of complex numbers:

Let A represent the non-zero complex number x + yi. OA is the Directed line
segment of length r and makes an angle θ with the positive direction of X-
axis.

Ordered pair (r, θ) is called as the polar coordinates of the point A since
point A is uniquely determined by (r, θ).The origin is called the poleand the
positive X-axis is called the initial line.

Then, x = r cosθ

y = r sinθ

We can write z=x + yi as z=r cosθ +irsinθ=r (cosθ+i sinθ ),which is called the polar form
of complex number.

Definition 7.7
When a complex number is written in the form z=r ( cos q+ isin q),is called an
argument of z and is denoted by arg z. The particular argument of z lying in the
range – π <θ ≤ π is called the principal argument of z and is denoted by Arg z.

 Here, r =|z|= √ x 2+ y 2 is modulus of z and θ is known as the argument or

amplitude of z denoted as arg z
 For any non-zero complex number z, there corresponds one value of θ, in the
interval [0,2π)

 In any other interval of length 2π, for example consider the interval -π < θ ≤ π,
then the value of θ is called the principal argument of z.

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Example:
Represent z=√ 3+i in the polar form
−√ 3=r cosθ, 1=r sinθ∧¿ r = |z| = √ 3+1=2

⇒sin θ= cos θ= √ ,Which gives ,θ= ,

1 3 π
2 2 6
π π
Therefore , polar form of z is , ⇒ z=2(cos ( )+isin( ))
6 6

y
Note that ; =tan θ if x ≠ 0 , so θ is determined by this equation up ¿ a multiple of π .
x

{
k=0 , x >0
¿ Arg! z=tan
−1 y
x ()
+kπ , Where k=1 , if x <0 , y> 0
k=−1, if x <0 , y <0

Example 2: Express each of the following complex numbers in polar form.

a . z=2+2 √ 3i b. z=−5+5 i
c . z =3i d. z=−1 287
Solution:
√ 2
a . r= 22 + ( 2 √ 3 ) =√ 16=4

θ=tan ( yx )=tan ( 2 √2 3 )=tan (√ 3)= π3 = Arg( z )

−1 −1 −1

Therefore z=2+2 √ 3 i=4 ( cos +isin ) is the polar form of z .

π π
3 3

b. r =√ (−5 )2+5 2=√ 25+25= √50=5 √ 2

θ=tan −1( yx )=tan ( −55 )=tan (−1)= 34 π= Arg (z)

−1 −1

Therefore z=5 √ 2 ( cos

4 )
3π 3π
+isin isthe polar form of z .
4

c . r=√ 0 +3 = √ 9=3 , x=0 ⇒ cos θ=0

2 2

−1 4 n+1 π
θ=cos (0)= π , n ϵ Z .∈ particular if n=0 thenθ= .
2 2
π
The principal argument is Arg ( Z )=
2

(π
2
π
)
Therefore , z=3 cos + isin isthe polar form of z .
2

d. r =√ (−1 )2 +0 2=1 ,θ=sin−1 ( 0 ) ∧θ=cos−1 (−1 )

⇒ θ=( 2 n+1 ) π , n ϵ Z .The principal argument : Arg( z)=π .
Therefore , z=cos π +i sin π isthe polar form of z .

KNFS MATHEMATICS FOR GRADE 11 UNIT 7 (COMPLEX NUMBERS)

13
KIDS NEW FLOWER SCHOOL MATHEMATICS FOR
GRADE 11
LESSON 7.6
Note:
If z 1=r 1 ( cos θ1 +i sinθ 1 )∧z 2=r 2 ( cos θ 2+i sin θ2 ) ,
then z 1=z 2 if ∧only if r 1=r 2 ∧θ1=θ2 +2 π k , k ϵ Z . ( Why ? )

Example 3

( π π
) ( 7π 7π
) (
5π 5π
a.3 cos 3 +i sin 3 =3 cos 3 +isin 3 =3 cos 3 +isin 3 )
b.8 ( cos 6 +i sin 6 )=8 (cos 6 +i sin 6 )=8 (cos 6 + isin 6 )
π π 13 π 13 π 11 π 11 π

The polar representation of a complex number is important because it gives a very simple
method of multiplying complex numbers.

Theorem 7.4
Suppose z 1=r 1 ( cos θ1 +i sinθ 1 )∧z 2=r 2 ( cos θ 2+i sin θ2 ) .Then the following hold true.

a. z 1 z 2=r 1 r 2 [ cos ( θ1 +θ 2) + isin θ1 ( θ1 +θ2 ) ]

r1 r1
b. = [ cos ( θ1 −θ2 ) +i sin θ 1 ( θ1 −θ2 ) ]provided that r 2 ≠ 0.
r2 r 2
Proof:
a . z 1 z 2=r 1 ( cos θ 1+i sin θ1 ) r 2 ( cos θ2 +isin θ2 ) =r 1 r 2 [ ( cos θ1 c os θ2−sin θ1 sin θ2 ) + ( i cos θ1 sinθ 2+ icos θ 2 sin θ1 ) ] =
Hence , a is proved .
The proof of b is ¿ an exercise ¿ you .
Remark:
1. If θ is an argument of z , thenn θ is an argument of zn .
–1
2. If θis an argument of the non−zero complex number z ,then – θ is an argument of z .
z1
3. If θ 1∧θ2 are arguments of z 1∧z 2 then θ 1 – θ 2 is an argument of .
z2
4.∈terms of principal argument , you have the following equations :
i. Arg(z 1 z 2)= Arg z 1 + Arg z 2+2 k 1 π
ii. Arg ( Z−1 )=− Arg Z+ 2 k 2 π

iii. Arg ( )
Z1
Z2
= Arg Z1 −Arg Z 2 +2 k 3 π

iv. Arg ( Z1 ..... Z n ) = Arg Z1 ... Arg Z2 + 2 k 4 π

v. Arg ( z n )=nArg ( z )+ 2 k 5 π , where k 1, k 2, k 3, k 4, k 5 are integers.
5. It is not always true that Arg(z 1 z 2)= Arg z 1 + Arg z 2.
For example, Arg (1) but Arg |(−1)(−1)|Arg 10 
Example 4
KNFS MATHEMATICS FOR GRADE 11 UNIT 7 (COMPLEX NUMBERS)

14
KIDS NEW FLOWER SCHOOL MATHEMATICS FOR
GRADE 11

( 1+i )
17
Find the modulus∧ principal argument of z=
√3+i ∧hence
express z ∈ pola r form .

Solution
17
|√3+i| 2
17 17
|z|= 17
= 17
=2 2

|1+i| (√ 2)

Arg Z=17 Arg ( √1+i3+i )=17 ( Arg ( √3+i ) −Arg (1+i ) )

¿ 17 ( π6 − π4 )= −1712 π .
−17 π
Hence ArgZ = +2 Kπ , where k is an integer .
12
7π
We seethat k=1∧hence ArgZ= .
12

( )
17
7π 7π
Consequently , Z=2 2 cos +i sin Exer
12 12
cise 7.6

Exercise 7.6
1 Express each of the following complex numbers in polar form; and identify the quadrant to
which it belongs; find the modulus for each:
a .−3 b .3 i c 2+2 √ 3i

d .− √ 6−√ 2i e . √ − i
3 3
2 2

2. Find the principal argument for each of the following:

a . z=4+3 i b. z=4 – 3 i

c. z=– 2+ 2i d. z=– 2 – 2i

END OF UNIT7

KNFS MATHEMATICS FOR GRADE 11 UNIT 7 (COMPLEX NUMBERS)

15