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COM 215 December-1-2018
COM 215 December-1-2018
COM 215 December-1-2018
COMPUTER PACKAGES II
Semester: 1
6. Graph
A graph or chart is an information graphic that represents tabular, numeric data.
Charts are often used to make it easier to understand large quantities of data and the
relationships between different parts of the data.
7. Diagrams
A diagram is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas,
constructions, relations, statistical data, etc., used to visualize and clarify the topic.
8. Symbols
A symbol, in its basic sense, is a representation of a concept or quantity; i.e., an idea,
object, concept, quality, etc. In more psychological and philosophical terms, all
concepts are symbolic in nature, and representations for these concepts are simply
token artifacts that are allegorical to (but do not directly codify) a symbolic meaning,
or symbolism.
9. Maps
A map is a simplified depiction of a space, a navigational aid which highlights relations
between objects within that space. Usually, a map is a two-dimensional, geometrically
accurate representation of a three-dimensional space.
One of the first 'modern' maps was made by Waldseemüller.
10. Photography
Photography is the art or practice of taking and processing photographs.
One difference between photography and other forms of graphics is that a
photographer, in principle, just records a single moment in reality, with seemingly no
interpretation. However, a photographer can choose the field of view and angle, and
may also use other techniques, such as various lenses to distort the view or filters to
change the colors. In recent times, digital photography has opened the way to an
infinite number of fast, but strong, manipulations. Even in the early days of
photography, there was controversy over photographs of enacted scenes that were
presented as 'real life' (especially in war photography, where it can be very difficult to
record the original events). Shifting the viewer's eyes ever so slightly with simple
pinpricks in the negative could have a dramatic effect.
11. Engineering Drawing
An engineering drawing is a type of drawing and is technical in nature, used to fully
and clearly define requirements for engineered items. It is usually created in
accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation,
appearance (such as typefaces and line styles), size, etc.
12. Computer Graphics
Computer graphics are pictures and films created using computers. Usually, the term
refers to computer-generated image data created with the help of a specialized
graphical hardware and software. It is a vast and recently developed area of computer
science. Computer graphics is responsible for displaying art and image data
effectively and meaningfully to the consumer. It is also used for processing image data
received from the physical world. Computer graphics development has a significant
impact on many types of media and has revolutionized animation, movies,
advertising, video games, and graphic design in general.
Assignment
Instructions:
i. Time duration: 2 weeks
ii. To be submitted in a flash drive
iii. Filename should be your matriculation number
iv. Group submission in a single flash drive is allowed but each are to be separated using
your matriculation number and coping each other’s work is not allowed, the work of
any student found guilty would be canceled.
1. Painting packages
A painting package produces images by changing the color of pixels on the screen,
these are coded as a pattern of bits to create a bitmapped graphics file. Bitmapped
graphics are used for images such as scanned photographs or pictures taken with a
digital camera.
Advantages
• The main advantage offered by this type of graphic is that individual pixels can
be changed which makes a very detailed editing possible.
Disadvantages
• Individual parts of an image cannot be resized;
• Only the whole picture can be increased or decreased in size.
• Information has to be stored about every pixel in an image which produces files
that use large amounts of backing storage space.
Examples of graphics packages that produce bitmapped images includes:- MS Paint,
PC Paintbrush, Adobe Photoshop and JASC’s Paint Shop Pro.
2. Drawing packages
A drawing package produces images that are made up from coloured lines and shapes
such as circles, squares and rectangles. When an image is saved it is stored in a vector
graphics file as a series of instructions, which can be used to recreate it.
Advantages
• They use less storage space than bitmap graphics;
• Each part of an image is treated as a separate object, which means that
individual parts can be easily modified.
Disadvantages
• They don’t look as realistic as bitmap graphics.
Examples of drawing graphics packages includes:- CorelDraw, Micrographix
Designer and computer aided design (CAD) packages such as AutoCAD.
- Designers: Designers are the group of people who actually work on the design
part of the database. They keep a close watch on what data should be kept and
in what format. They identify and design the whole set of entities, relations,
constraints, and views.
- End Users: End users are those who actually reap the benefits of having a
DBMS. End users can range from simple viewers who pay attention to the logs
or market rates to sophisticated users such as business analysts.
Data Model
Data models define how the logical structure of a database is modeled. Data Models
are fundamental entities to introduce abstraction in a DBMS. Data models define how
data is connected to each other and how they are processed and stored inside the
system.
Types of Data Model
1. Entity-Relationship Model
Entity-Relationship (ER) Model is based on the notion of real-world entities and
relationships among them. While formulating real-world scenario into the
database model, the ER Model creates entity set, relationship set, general
attributes, and constraints.
ER Model is based on:
o Entities and their attribute
o Relationships among entities
2. Relational Model
The most popular data model in DBMS is the Relational Model. It is more
scientific a model than others. This model is based on first-order predicate logic
and defines a table as an n-array relation.
The main highlights of this model are:
o Data is stored in tables called relations.
o Relations can be normalized.
o In normalized relations, values saved are atomic values.
o Each row in a relation contains a unique value.
o Each column in a relation contains values from a same domain.
Data Independence
Data Independence is the type of data transparency that matters for a centralized
DBMS. Data independence is the idea that generated and stored data should be kept
separate from applications that use the data for computing and presentation. It refers
to being able to modify a schema definition in one level without affecting a schema
definition in the next higher level.
- DROP
Drops commands, views, tables, and databases from RDBMS.
Examples:
ü Drop object_type object_name;
ü Drop database tutorialspoint;
ü Drop table article;
ü Drop view for_students;
- ALTER
Modifies database schema
Examples:
ü Alter object_type object_name parameters;
ü Alter table article add subject varchar;
Data Manipulation Language
SQL is equipped with data manipulation language (DML). DML modifies the database
instance by inserting, updating, and deleting its data. DML is responsible for all forms
data modification in a database. SQL contains the following set of commands in its
DML section:
- SELECT/FROM/WHERE
- INSERT INTO/VALUES
- UPDATE/SET/WHERE
- DELETE FROM/WHERE
These basic constructs allow database programmers and users to enter data
and information into the database and retrieve efficiently using a number of
filter options.
- SELECT/FROM/WHERE
o SELECT
This is one of the fundamental query command of SQL. It is similar to the
projection operation of relational algebra. It selects the attributes based
on the condition described by WHERE clause.
o FROM
This clause takes a relation name as an argument from which attributes
are to be selected/projected. In case more than one relation names are
given, this clause corresponds to Cartesian product.
o WHERE
This clause defines predicate or conditions, which must match in order to
qualify the attributes to be projected.
For Examples:
ü Select author_name From book_author Where age > 50;
This command will yield the names of authors from the relation book_author
whose age is greater than 50.
- INSERT INTO/VALUES
This command is used for inserting values into the rows of a table (relation).
Syntax:
INSERT INTO table (column1 [, column2, column3 ... ]) VALUES (value1 [, value2,
value3 ... ])
Or
INSERT INTO table VALUES (value1, [value2, ... ])
For example:
INSERT INTO tutorialspoint (Author, Subject) VALUES ("anonymous",
"computers");
- DELETE/FROM/WHERE
This command is used for removing one or more rows from a table (relation)
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition]
For example:
DELETE FROM tutorialspoint WHERE Author="unknown";
WEEK- NINE
Assignment
Instructions:
i. Answer all questions
ii. All assignments are to be submitted before the commencement of your exams
iii. To be submitted in a flash drive (Filename should be your matriculation number)
iv. All assignments are to be done using Microsoft word (well organized and formatted
documentation)
v. Group submission in a single flash drive is allowed but each are to be separated using
your matriculation number and coping each other’s work is not allowed, the work of
any student found guilty would be canceled.
2. Explain:
(a) statistical graphs,
(b) frequency distribution
(c) correlation analysis