FINAL YEAR B.

TECH PROJECT REPORT

In

“CALCUALTING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX OF PATODA VILLAGE”

Submitted by

Mr. Nikhil Bhujang (Roll no 1452)

Mr. Bipin Chavan (Roll no 1454)

Mr. Abhijeet Wadhekar (Roll no 1458)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Vikas .V. Mehetre

In partial fulfillment for the award of

Bachelors of Technology Degree in Civil Engineering

Of

Dr. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY

AURANGABAD (M. S.)

CERTIFIED BY STUDENT

This is to certify that the project report entitled “CALCUALTING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INDEX OF PATODA VILLAGE ”, which is being submitted to Maharashtra Institute of
Technology, affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad,
Maharashtra State, India in the faculty of Civil Engineering in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of ‘Bachelor of Technology’ in ‘Civil Engineering’. This is the result
of the original work and contribution under supervision and guidance of Prof. Vikas Mehetre. The
work embodied in this report has not formed earlier for the basis of the award of any degree or
compatible certificate or similar title of this for any other diploma /examining body or university
to the best of knowledge and belief.

Submitted by

Mr. Nikhil Bhujang (Roll no 1452)

Mr. Bipin Chavan (Roll no 1454)

Mr. Abhijeet Wadhekar (Roll no 1458)

Place: Aurangabad

Date:

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “CALCUALTING HUMAN

DEVELOPMENT INDEX OF PATODA VILLAGE”, which is being submitted to
Maharashtra Institute of Technology, affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada
University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India in the faculty of Civil Engineering in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of ‘Bachelor of Technology’ in ‘Civil
Engineering’.

This is the result of the original work and contribution under my supervision and guidance. The
work embodied in this report has not formed earlier for the basis of the award of any degree or
compatible certificate or similar title of this for any other diploma /examining body or university
to the best of knowledge and belief.

Submitted by

Mr. Nikhil Bhujang (Roll no 1452)

Mr. Bipin Chavan (Roll no 1454)

Mr. Abhijeet Wadhekar (Roll no 1458)

Prof. Vikas .V. Mehetre

Guide,

Civil Engineering Department

 Dr. Santosh Bhosle
Dr. Rashmita Srinivasan Principal
Maharashtra Institute of Technology,
Aurangabad
Head of Civil Engineering

APPROVAL SHEET

The following Students have done the appropriate work for the award of Bachelor of Technology
in Civil Engineering as a part of curriculum of Maharashtra Institute of Technology affiliated to
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad, Maharashtra State, India.

Name of Student:

Mr. Nikhil Bhujang (1452)

Mr. Bipin Chavan (Roll no 1454)

Mr. Abhijeet Wadhekar (Roll no 1458)

Guide Prof. Vikas .V. Mehetre

External Examiner Prof. ________________________

Date :- _________

Place:-Maharashtra Institute of Technology

Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India-431010

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very happy for the completion of this project. I would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to our guide Prof Vikas Mehetre, who gave us the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project and his valuable guidance and constant support with all necessary
help in our work. I am also thankful to all my teachers and college staff who have helped us
to complete this project.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents who helped a lot by encouraging me to
finishing this project in given time.

And the last, thanks again to all my friends, my group members and those who directly or
indirectly helped me during this project.

Mr. Nikhil Bhujang (Roll no 1452)

Mr. Bipin Chavan (Roll no 1454)

Mr. Abhijeet Wadhekar (Roll no 1458)

Sr. No. Description Page No.

Abstract 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1.1 About HDI
1.2 Key metrics of HDI
3-5
1.3 Steps to calculate HDI
1.4 Methodology used to express income
Chapter 2 2.1 Estimating missing values 5
2.2 Human development category 6
2.3 Data sources 7
Chapter 3 3.1 About Patoda village 8
3.2 Population of Patoda village 9
Chapter 4 Practical view of Patoda village 10 - 24
4.1 Water Purifier Plant 14
4.2 Tax System 15
 4.3 Flour Mill 16
4.4 Awards 17
Chapter 5 Data Structure 25 – 26
5.1 Adult Literacy Rate
5.2 Gross Enrollment Ratio
5.3 Education Index
Chapter 6 Conclusion 27
References 28

ABSTRACT
Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published a
series of annual Human
Development Reports (HDRs) in which the human development index (HDI) is
computed for each country. This
index has become an important alternative to the traditional unidimensional measure
of development (i.e. the gross
domestic product). Although the index still fails to include any ecological
considerations, it has broadened the
discussion surrounding the evaluation of development. Unfortunately, over the
years, the HDRs seem to have become
stagnant, repeating the same rhetoric without necessarily increasing the HDI’s
utility. This paper evaluates how well
these reports have lived up to their own conceptual mandate and assesses the ability
of the HDI to further the
development debate. We find that the reports have lost touch with their original
vision and the index fails to capture
the essence of the world it seeks to portray. In addition, the index focuses almost
exclusively on national performance
and ranking, but does not pay much attention to development from a global
perspective. We propose the
incorporation of three simple modifications for the index as a first step to overcome
these shortcomings. © 1998
Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published a
series of annual Human
Development Reports (HDRs) in which the human development index (HDI) is
computed for each country. This
index has become an important alternative to the traditional unidimensional measure
of development (i.e. the gross
domestic product). Although the index still fails to include any ecological
considerations, it has broadened the
discussion surrounding the evaluation of development. Unfortunately, over the
years, the HDRs seem to have become
stagnant, repeating the same rhetoric without necessarily increasing the HDI’s
utility. This paper evaluates how well
these reports have lived up to their own conceptual mandate and assesses the ability
of the HDI to further the
development debate. We find that the reports have lost touch with their original
vision and the index fails to capture
the essence of the world it seeks to portray. In addition, the index focuses almost
exclusively on national performance
and ranking, but does not pay much attention to development from a global
perspective. We propose the
incorporation of three simple modifications for the index as a first step to overcome
these shortcomings. © 1998
Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
 Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published
a series of annual Human Development Reports (HDRs) in which the human development index
(HDI) is computed for each country. This index has become an important alternative to the
traditional unidimensional measure of development (i.e. the gross domestic product). Although the
index still fails to include any ecological considerations, it has broadened the discussion
surrounding the evaluation of development.
Unfortunately, over the years, the HDRs seem to have become stagnant, repeating
the same rhetoric without necessarily increasing the HDI’s utility. This paper evaluates how well
these reports have lived up to their own conceptual mandate and assesses the ability of the HDI to
further the development debate.
We find that the reports have lost touch with their original vision and the index
fails to capture the essence of the world it seeks to portray. In addition, the index focuses almost
exclusively on national performance and ranking, but does not pay much attention to development
from a global perspective. We propose the incorporation of three simple modifications for the
index as a first step to overcome these shortcomings.
Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published a series of
annual Human
Development Reports (HDRs) in which the human development index (HDI) is computed for each
country. This
index has become an important alternative to the traditional unidimensional measure of
development (i.e. the gross
domestic product). Although the index still fails to include any ecological considerations, it has
broadened the
discussion surrounding the evaluation of development. Unfortunately, over the years, the HDRs
seem to have become
stagnant, repeating the same rhetoric without necessarily increasing the HDI’s utility. This paper
evaluates how well
these reports have lived up to their own conceptual mandate and assesses the ability of the HDI to
further the
development debate. We find that the reports have lost touch with their original vision and the
index fails to capture
the essence of the world it seeks to portray. In addition, the index focuses almost exclusively on
national performance
and ranking, but does not pay much attention to development from a global perspective. We
propose the
incorporation of three simple modifications for the index as a first step to overcome these
shortcomings. © 1998
Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published a series of
annual Human
Development Reports (HDRs) in which the human development index (HDI) is computed for each
country. This
index has become an important alternative to the traditional unidimensional measure of
development (i.e. the gross
domestic product). Although the index still fails to include any ecological considerations, it has
broadened the
discussion surrounding the evaluation of development. Unfortunately, over the years, the HDRs
seem to have become
stagnant, repeating the same rhetoric without necessarily increasing the HDI’s utility. This paper
evaluates how well
these reports have lived up to their own conceptual mandate and assesses the ability of the HDI to
further the
development debate. We find that the reports have lost touch with their original vision and the
index fails to capture
the essence of the world it seeks to portray. In addition, the index focuses almost exclusively on
national performance
and ranking, but does not pay much attention to development from a global perspective. We
propose the
incorporation of three simple modifications for the index as a first step to overcome these
shortcomings. © 1998
Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published a series of
annual Human
Development Reports (HDRs) in which the human development index (HDI) is computed for each
country. This
index has become an important alternative to the traditional unidimensional measure of
development (i.e. the gross
domestic product). Although the index still fails to include any ecological considerations, it has
broadened the
discussion surrounding the evaluation of development. Unfortunately, over the years, the HDRs
seem to have become
stagnant, repeating the same rhetoric without necessarily increasing the HDI’s utility. This paper
evaluates how well
these reports have lived up to their own conceptual mandate and assesses the ability of the HDI to
further the
development debate. We find that the reports have lost touch with their original vision and the
index fails to capture
the essence of the world it seeks to portray. In addition, the index focuses almost exclusively on
national performance
and ranking, but does not pay much attention to development from a global perspective. We
propose the
incorporation of three simple modifications for the index as a first step to overcome these
shortcomings. © 1998
Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserve.

CALCUALTING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX OF

PATODA VILLAGE

Introduction:

The Human Development Index (HDI) provides a single index measure to

capture three key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to
knowledge and a decent standard of living.

Human development is defined as the process of enlarging people’s

freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being. Human development is about the
real freedom ordinary people have to decide who to be, what to do, and how to live.

The human development concept was developed by economist Mahbub-ul-Haq. At the World
Bank in the 1970s, and later as minister of finance in his own country, Pakistan, Dr. Haq argued
that existing measures of human progress failed to account for the true purpose of development—
to improve people’s lives. In particular, he believed that the commonly used measure of Gross
Domestic Product failed to adequately measure well-being. Working with Nobel Laureate
Amartya Sen and other gifted economists, in 1990 Dr. Haq published the first Human
Development Report, which was commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme.

The HDI utilizes four key metrics:

• Life expectancy at birth – to assess a long and healthy life.

• Expected years of schooling – to assess access to knowledge of the young

generation.

The state of the nation is often expressed through GDP (Gross Domestic
Product), daily stock market results, consumer spending levels, and national debt figures. But
these numbers provide only a partial view of how people are faring.
 The Human Development Index was developed as an alternative to simple
money metrics. It is an easy-to-understand numerical measure made up of what most people
believe are the very basic ingredients of human well-being: health, education, and income. The
first Human Development Index was presented in 1990. It has been an annual feature of every
Human Development Report since, ranking virtually every country in the world from number
one (currently Iceland) to number 177 (currently Sierra Leone).

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of achievements in three key
dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent
standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three
dimensions. This technical note describes the data sources, steps to calculating the HDI, and the
methodology used to estimate missing values.

Data sources
• Life expectancy at birth: UNDESA (2019). • Expected years of schooling: UNESCO Institute
for Statistics (2020), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys (2008–2020), United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (2008–2020) and OECD (2019). •
Mean years of schooling: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2020), Barro and Lee (2018), ICF
Macro Demographic and Health Surveys (2008–2020), UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys (2008–2020) and OECD (2019). • GNI per capita: World Bank (2020), IMF (2020),
United Nations Statistics Division (2020).

• Steps to calculate Human Development Index values

There are two steps to calculating HDI values.

Step 1.

Creating the dimension indices Minimum and maximum values (goalposts) are set in order to
transform the indicators expressed in different units into indices between 0 and 1. These goalposts
act as “the natural zeros” and “aspirational targets”, respectively, from which component
indicators are standardized (see equation 1 below). They are set at the following values:
Dimension Indicator Minimum Maximum Health Life expectancy (years) 20 85 Education
Expected years of schooling (years) 0 18 Mean years of schooling (years) 0 15 Standard of living
GNI per capita (2017 PPP$) 100 75,000 The justification for placing the natural zero for life
expectancy at 20 years is based on historical evidence that no country in the 20th century had a
life expectancy of less than 20 years (Maddison 2010; Oeppen and Vaupel 2002; Riley 2005).
Maximum life expectancy is set at 85, a realistic aspirational target for many countries over the
last 30 years. Due to constantly improving living conditions and medical advances, life
expectancy has already come very close to 85 years in several economies: 84.9 years in Hong
Kong, China (Special Administrative Region) and 84.6 years in Japan.
Step 2.

Aggregating the dimensional indices The HDI is the geometric mean of the
three dimensional indices: HDI = (IHealth . IEducation . IIncome ) 1/3 Example: Sudan Indicator
Value Life expectancy at birth (years) 65. Expected years of schooling (years) 7.9 Mean years of
schooling (years) 3.8 Gross national income per capita (2017 PPP $) 3,829 Note: Values are
rounded.

Health index = 65.3 – 20 85 – 20 = 0.6971

Expected years of schooling index = 7.9 – 0 18 – 0 = 0.4380
Mean years of schooling index = 3.8 – 0 15 – 0 = 0.2513
Education index = 0.4380 + 0.2513 2 = 0.3447
Income index = ln(3,829) – ln(100) ln(75,000) – ln(100) = 0.5506 Human Development Index =
(0.6971 . 0.3447 . 0.5506)1/3 = 0.510

Methodology used to express income

The World Bank’s 2020 World Development Indicators database contains estimates of GNI per
capita in constant 2017 purchasing power parity (PPP) terms for many countries. For countries
missing this indicator (entirely or partly), the Human Development Report Office (HDRO)
calculates it by converting GNI per capita in local currency from current to constant terms using
two steps. First, the value of GNI per capita in current terms is converted into PPP terms for the
base year (2017). Second, a time series of GNI per capita in 2017 PPP constant terms is
constructed by applying the real growth rates to the GNI per capita in PPP terms for the base year.
The real growth rate is implied by the ratio of the nominal growth of GNI per capita in current
local currency terms to the GDP deflator. For several countries without a value of GNI per capita
in constant 2017 PPP terms for 2019 reported in the World Development Indicators database, real
growth rates of GDP per capita available in the World Development Indicators database or in the
International Monetary Fund’s Economic Outlook database are applied to the most recent GNI
values in constant PPP terms. Official PPP conversion rates are produced by the International
Comparison Program, whose surveys periodically collect thousands of prices of matched goods
and services in many countries. The last round of this exercise refers to 2017 and covered 176
economies.

CHAPTER - 2

Estimating missing values

For a small number of countries missing one of the four indicators, the HDRO estimated the
missing values using cross-country regression models. In this Report expected years of schooling
were estimated for Bahamas, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Haiti, Liberia, Libya and
Vanuatu, and mean years of schooling were estimated for Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Grenada,
Lebanon, Madagascar, Federated States of Micronesia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, South Sudan and
Syrian Arab Republic.

Human development categories

The 2014 Human development Report introduced a system of fixed cutoff points for the four
categories of human development achievements. The cutoff points (COP) are the HDI values
calculated using the quartiles (q) from the distributions of the component indicators averaged
over 2004–2013:

For example, LE1 , LE2 and LE3 denote three quartiles of the distribution of life expectancy
across countries. This Report keeps the same cutoff points on the HDI for grouping countries that
were introduced in the 2014 Report:

• Very high human development 0.800 and above High human development 0.700–0.799
Medium human development 0.550–0.699 Low human development Below 0.550

Human Development Index aggregates Aggregate HDI values for country

groups (by human development category, region and the like) are calculated by applying the HDI
formula to the weighted group averages of component indicators. Life expectancy and GNI per
capita are weighted by total population, expected years of schooling is weighted by population
ages 5–24 and mean years of schooling is weighted by population ages 25 and older.

Technical note 2.

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

 • The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) adjusts the Human
Development Index (HDI) for inequality in the distribution of each dimension across the
population. It is based on a distribution-sensitive class of composite indices proposed by
Foster, Lopez-Calva and Szekely (2005), which draws on the Atkinson (1970) family of
inequality measures. It is computed as a geometric mean of inequality-adjusted
dimensional indices. The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimensions by
“discounting” each dimension’s average value according to its level of inequality. The
IHDI value equals the HDI value when there is no inequality across people but falls below
the HDI value as inequality rises. In this sense the IHDI measures the level of human
development when inequality is accounted for.

Data sources

• Since the HDI relies on country-level aggregates such as national accounts for income, the
IHDI must draw on additional sources of data to obtain insights into the distribution. The
distributions are observed over different units—life expectancy is distributed across a
hypothetical cohort, while years of schooling and income are distributed across
individuals. Inequality in the distribution of HDI dimensions is estimated for: • Life
expectancy, using data from abridged life tables provided by UNDESA (2019). This
distribution is presented over age intervals (0–1, 1–5, 5–10, … , 100+), with the mortality
rates and average age at death specified for each interval.

• Mean years of schooling, using household surveys data harmonized in international

databases, including the Luxembourg Income Study, Eurostat’s European Union Survey of
Income and Living Conditions, the World Bank’s International Income Distribution
Database, ICF Macro’s Demographic and Health Surveys, United Nations Children’s
Fund’s Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys, the Center for Distributive, Labour and Social
Studies and the World Bank’s Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the
Caribbean, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute
for Statistics’ Educational Attainment Table and the United Nations University’s World
Income Inequality Database.

• Disposable household income or consumption per capita using the above listed databases
and household surveys—and for a few countries, income imputed based on an asset index
matching methodology using household survey asset indices (Harttgen and Volmuer
2011). A full account of data sources used for estimating inequality in 2019 is available at
http://hdr.undp.org/ en/statistics/ihdi/.

This composite index has become one of the most widely used indices of well-being around the
world and has succeeded in broadening the measurement and discussion of well-being beyond
the important, but nevertheless narrow, confines of income. In a number of countries, the Human
Development Index is now an official government statistic; its annual publication inaugurates
serious political discussion and renewed efforts, nationally and regionally, to improve lives.
ABOUT PATODA VILLAGE:

• Block / Tehsil → Aurangabad.

• District → Aurangabad.

• State → Maharashtra.
According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of
Patoda village is 548873. Patoda village is located in Aurangabad Tehsil of Aurangabad district in
Maharashtra, India. It is situated 5km away from sub-district headquarter Aurangabad and 5km
away from district headquarter Aurangabad. As per 2009 stats, Patoda village is also a gram
panchayat.

The total geographical area of village is 564.32 hectares. Patoda has a total
population of 1431 peoples. There are about 512 houses in Patoda village. Aurangabad is nearest
town to Patoda which is approximately 5km away.

• Population of Patoda:

Total Population Male Population Female Population

1431 673 758

• Connectivity of Patoda:

Type Status

Public Bus Service Available within village

Private Bus Service Available within <5 km distance

Railway Station Available within <5 km distance

• Nearby Villages of Patoda:

a) Karodi

b) Shahajapur
 c) Tisgaon

d) Golwadi
e) Waladgaon

f) Gangapur Nehari
g) Georai Tanda

h) Georai
i) Girnera

j) Girnera Tanda
k) Satara Tanda

Census 2011:

Patoda is a large village located in Aurangabad Taluka of Aurangabad district,

Maharashtra with total 512 families residing. The Patoda village has population of 1431 of which 673 are
males while 758 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Patoda village population of children with
age 0-6 is 348 which makes up 14.70 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Patoda village
is 927 which is lower than Maharashtra state average of 929. Child Sex Ratio for the Patoda as per census
is 794, lower than Maharashtra average of 894. Patoda village has lower literacy rate compared to
Maharashtra. In 2011, literacy rate of Patoda village was 71.00 % compared to 82.34 % of Maharashtra. In
Patoda Male literacy stands at 72.00 % while female literacy rate was 70.00 %. As per constitution of India
and Panchyati Raaj Act, Patoda

village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.

Our website, don't have information about schools and hospital in Patoda village.

• We are living in an age of ‘hyper-communication’, where not even a single incident of any
significance goes unreported. If the issue is ‘sensational’, then it is over-sensationalized.
People engage on social media, which has provided individual space to anyone to express
their opinion freely, without any constraint of time and space.

• In this backdrop, the farmer suicides in Maharashtra, particularly in Marathwada, have

produced millions of gigabytes worth of discussions. Yet, the crisis continues. The government
seems to be pulling all stops to provide succor to the affected region. NGOs are working
round-the-clock to alleviate the farmers’ plight. The bureaucracy dishes out statistics on farmer
suicides at regular intervals.
• Nearly two years in Aurangabad as a journalist a few years ago. The crop damage and crop failure due
to unseasonal rains, hailstorms and drought. It made people ponder over the issue.

• If you look at the history of Maharashtra, whenever there was an attack from outside or from
within, the Marathi farmer rose up in arms – literally, and fought the enemy and won most of
the times. The Maharashtrian farmer is a warrior as well. Is there a dearth of such people
today? People also came across examples, where farmers fought against odds and emerged
victorious. Farmers who lose their will to overcome adverse conditions hang themselves.
However, there are those who have carried on with their struggle and have later led a much
better life. There are many dimensions to the problem such as illiteracy, poverty, lack of moral
 or financial support, etc. During one such visit to a village, witnessed a positive story on how
a village or a community of farmers has developed their village.

Patoda village – before & after:

• Patoda located on the outskirts of Aurangabad. Here was a village that provided free flour mill
service to its villagers, who pay regular taxes; a barren land was turned into a thick green
cover and the village harnesses solar energy to provide cheap and eco-friendly power to its
residents. One day we travelled to the village, whose population was around 2,368. Soon after
we entered Patoda, we were directed to a house, where the architect of this development was
living. Bhaskar Pere, the former sarpanch of the gram panchayat, welcomed us and told us the
story.

• In the late 1990s, Bhaskar Pere was a typical drought-hit farmer, who used to do odd jobs in
city to for a living. He wanted to give a full stop to this vicious cycle of drought-crop failure-
debt. Pere, along with a handful of villagers, decided to bring that much-needed change to
their lives. Water is a precious commodity in Marathwada, so they decided to save every
single drop. They recycled sewage water and used it for crops. So, even in a rain-deficient
year, their crops survived, which boosted their confidence. Other villagers, who initially

didn’t participate in their work, also started taking interest. A man who refused to see his
village in the list of dirty villages in India, who refused to see his people living in unclean and
unhealthy environment, who refused to accept this lifestyle as a way of living and who
refused to take any sympathy as helpless poor villagers from others. He is a man who
dreamed of making his village beautiful, who dreamed of making his village a better place to
live for his own villagers, who dreamed to touch the lives of his own villagers for their better
future. He is a man with vision, determination, courage and a great business sense who
transformed his village ‘Patoda’ into an ideal village by implementing several innovative
ideas that won his village hundreds of awards from the state and the central governments
including ‘Nirmal Gram’ award and his village has been honored two times by the president
of India. “Shri Bhaskar Pere” - the man who decided to transform his village and uplift the
lives of his villagers.
 The Bridge built on Kham River

The moment we entered the territory of Patoda village, which is in the district of Aurangabad, we
were welcomed with a clean and scenic bridge on the Kham River welcoming us with the board
that clearly says keep the village clean, to take care oneself from the ongoing pandemic – corona
virus. This village has freed itself from ‘open defecation’ since year 2005.
The village also held this board mentioned in the above picture on a tree at the entrance of the
village.

The foundation stone of the rural development of Patoda was laid in year 2005 and since then
there was no looking back. Within just 7-years the entire picture of Patoda village changed from
once a dirty place with all around open defecation, unhealthy living with sewage water flowing
from every small lane of the village which was causing serious health issues to its villagers to
probably the cleanest Gram Panchayat village in India by year 2012.
 Paved Block Roads in Patoda

All the small lanes inside the territory of this village which once were seen full of garbage thrown
everywhere, flowing sewage water are now all reconstructed with the pave blocks. Now, you will
not see a single lane / road in this village, which can be called, as a raw road. Entire village roads
are now decorated with pave blocks.

You will not see a single piece of garbage thrown anywhere on the roads inside the village as
every house has been provided with two trash cans by the Gram Panchayat - one for dry garbage
and one for wet garbage each as shown in the above picture. And each such garbage trashcan is
collected from the houses regularly and processed inside the village itself for producing energy
and fertilizers.
 Water Purifier Plant

This is India’s first experiment of free water purifier plant, which provides free purified water to
the villagers only if they have paid the tax. Every facility is provided only to those who pays tax to
the gram panchayat.

This is the tax receipt that the villagers get after paying the tax.
 Flour Mill

Once we entered into the village, our attention got to the one thing that was to a flour mill which
proudly says ‘the first experiment in India’ to give free flour to its villagers three times a month

who pay their taxes in advance to Gram Panchayat for the financial year.

On the left is the digital board and on the right is the office of Patoda village

Next when we reached to the Gram Panchayat office building of Patoda, which welcomes you
with an electronic display board giving you some useful information about the facts of its village.
The same board also wishes its villagers whoever have their birthdays on that day.
 The Main Gram Panchayat Office

The Gram Panchayat building is kept clean beyond imagination with an open area and meeting
rooms on terrace for meeting people. Doors of the office are fitted with an automatic open-close
operation with the sensors. The noble idea behind this is that the villagers can meet together every
day. When people meet together they have a bonding of being one family and when they consider
themselves as one family, there will not be hatred among people, there will not be quarrels and
everyone lives with unity making entire village progress. What a great thinking behind uniting all
villagers together over a ‘free dinner’.
Patoda has won hundreds of awards for its initiative towards cleanest village in India and for many
innovative ideas and schemes implemented in the village by the Gram Panchayat for making this
village self-sustained. Awards include several honors from state as well as central government and
two times honor from president of India.

Villagers generally are habitual of eating paan or tobacco and spitting here and there making its
own village look ugly. It’s not just ugly but also unhygienic causing several diseases spread
rapidly. It is not possible to stop people from eating these things but it is definitely possible to
prevent them from spitting on roads or on walls by making some alternate way available to them.
Therefore, Sarpanch has come up with an idea of installing washbasins at various locations in the
village with a board that proudly says “Spit Here”. Such washbasins are installed on almost all
internal roads of this village. And eureka! This idea worked. You will not see the pave block roads
or any walls or trees in the village coloured red with people’s spits. It helped keep village clean
and also hygiene is maintained. Shown in the picture below :-
When this village got rid of open defecation problem long back in year 2005, they soon realized
that they have started facing a new social problem because of this. For open defecation many
women in the village used to go together on the outskirts of the village and they used to have some
interaction among them. They used to talk on various topics while walking together. When all
homes were installed with toilets, this created a social disconnect among women. Their meetings
stopped; causing a big social disconnect.

To overcome this problem and to bring back women together in groups, Gram Panchayat
constructed several “Dhobi Ghats” at various locations in the village where women could again
come together for washing their clothes and get engaged in talks with each other once again. This
idea once again brought groups of women together, which helped; connecting that lost social
bonding among them.
Village has its own simple but very effective waste water treatment mechanism which does not
require any electricity. It has six water tubs through which the waste water is filtered, cleaned and
then released into Kham River. So, the bad water never enters the river; keeping the river clean
and pollution free.

Gram Panchayat has also installed solar panels for heating the water at 12 different locations in the
village, which gives hot water to all the villagers round the clock. Not only solar water heaters but
also solar street lights have been installed by the Gram Panchayat at various places in the village
reducing the dependency on the electricity and thus reducing the carbon footprint.

- Every house had the no. of house written on the wall besides the entrance of the house.
Also, there’s a free gym for the villagers to practice and for exercising there. The youth goes to
this gym on a daily basis.

There’s a conference hall for the villagers, when there’s a meeting the villagers gather here and
discuss the topic, whatever it maybe - with the sarapanch here the decicisions are usually followed
and taken here in this conference hall.
 The Grampanchayat Map

Convex mirrors were provided on the turns of the roads to prevent blind spots and accidents.
This ma’am guided us to the village and its properties. She was an asha-worker in the Patoda
office.
Our sir who is an IItian from Bombay, Dr. Shyam Sonar guided us throughout the survey of this
village.

In this village out of total population, 935 were engaged in work activities. 96.79 % of workers
describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 3.21 %
were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 935 workers
engaged in Main Work, 251 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 370 were Agricultural
labourer.

If anybody tries to break any rule of this Gram Panchayat they can be caught easily on the 40+
CCTV cameras fitted at different locations in the village and are monitored from the Gram
Panchayat office. But no villager ever even thinks of breaking any rule or ever even thinks of
spitting anywhere he wish — not because they are afraid of getting caught in CCTV but because
they really love their village from the bottom of their heart.

Before 2005, they were unaware of the importance of keeping the surroundings clean. But regular
education about the importance of keeping village clean and maintaining the hygiene has impacted
the villagers habits in good sense. Villagers trust their leader — the Sarpanch and they never doubt
his act and never interfere him in his action. After all every morning all villagers see the messages
painted on the wall at the entrance of the village.

It is very interesting to learn the operation model, and the budgeting of the Gram Panchayat of
Patoda. Every villager wishes to improve their village and the life of its villagers.

1. Data Structure :
As compare to developed and other developing countries of the world, even today, India is far
behind in overall development. This development of various nations is measured in terms of HDI.
The HDI is nothing but a summary measurement of Human development. It measures the average
achievement of respective country in respect of human development. For this achievement
following three basic dimensions are used.
1.1 A long & healthy life.
1.2 Knowledge.
1.3 A decent standard of living.

A long and healthy life:

A long and healthy life is represented in the HDI by life expectancy at birth. For calculation of
Life Expectancy Index upper and lower goalpost is determined, which is age 85 for upper goalpost
rd
and age 25 for lower goalpost, which represents 1 & 0 respectively. Life expectancy index is 1/3
of HDI. Life expectancy index is calculated by using following formula:

Life Expectancy Index: Actual Value – Minimum Value

Maximum Value – Minimum Value

A) Adult literacy rate is used to calculate Adult Literacy Index, which is calculated
by using following formula:

Adult Literacy Index: Adult Literacy Rate – 0

100 - 0

B) Gross enrollment ratio (GER) is used to calculate Gross Enrollment Index,

which is calculated by using following formula:

Gross Enrollment Index: Gross Enrollment Ratio – 0

100 - 0

C) Education Index: Education index is a combination of Adult Literacy index and

rd
Gross Enrollment index, in which 2/3 weightage is given to Adult Literacy
rd
index and 1/3 weightage is given to Gross Enrollment index. Education index is
calculated by using following formula:

2 1
Education Index: /3 (Adult Literacy Index) + /3 (Gross Enrollment Index).

1.1 A Decent standard of living:

A decent standard of living is represented in HDI by GDP index. GDP index is

calculated by using adjusted GDP per capita. It does not reflect in long & healthy
rd
life and knowledge but reflects in HDI with 1/3 weightage of total GDP index
calculated. While calculating GDP index maximum goalpost for GDP per capita is
considered US $ 40000 and minimum US $ 100 is considered. GDP index is
calculated by using following formula:

GDP Index: Log(Actual GDP per capita in USD) – Log(US $ 100)

Log(US $ 40000) – Log (US $ 100)

1. HDI is a combination of Life Expectancy Index, Education Index & GDP Index in
rd
which 1/3 weightage is given to each index. HDI is calculated by using
following formula:
Human Development Index = 1/3 (Life Expectancy Index) + 1/3 (Adult Literacy
Index)
1
+ /3 (GDP Index)
 1. Population of the village:

[Table 1.1: population of the village]

Year 2010 2020

Cate Male Female Total Male Female Total

-
gory
Sr.N
o
No’s % No’ss % Nos. % No’s % No’s % No’s %.

1 478 46.32 554 53.68 1032 100 673 47.06 758 52.93 1431 100

2. Literacy in village:

[Table 1.2: Literacy in village in %]

Patoda Maharashtra

Year Male Female Total Male Female Total

2021 72.00 70.00 71.00 85.90 67.10 76.90

3. HDI of Patoda village:

a) Life Expectancy Index: 69.06 – 25.00 = 0.743 ---------------(1)

85.00 – 25.00
b) Education Index

b. 1 Adult Literacy Index: 71.00 – 0.00 = 0.71

100.00 – 0.00

b. 2 Gross Enrollment Index: 100.00 – 0 = 1.00

100.00 – 0

2 1
b. 3 Education Index: /3 (0.71) + /3 (1.00) = 0.473 + 0.333 = 0.806 ---------(2)

c) GDP index

GDP Index: Log(US $ 936) – Log(US $ 100) = 0.373 ---------------(3)

Log(US $ 40000) – Log(US $100)
 a)
1
Human Development Index = 1/3 (0.743) + 1/3 (0.806) + /3 (0.373) = 0.641

Human Development Index

6. Analysis & Interpretation of data:

Village Patoda is a role model of development for all villages of state Maharashtra
& India, where HDI of village is better than its District, state and country. The HDI
of village is 0.641 is better than HDI of Maharashtra & India which is 0.523 &
0.547 respectively.

7. Conclusion:

Due to the active participation, ability & spirit to do something different and
dedication of villagers, village became the role model of development for
Maharashtra & India.

References:

✓ Village Grampanchayat records (2001-2010), Vision, Patoda

✓ Chavan B.L. (2002), “A success story of Patoda village”, Journal of
Education of Practice, 2(3), 26-28.
✓ Government of India, (2011), Population census.
✓ Government of Maharashtra, (2011), Economic survey of Patoda.
✓ UNO (2008), “Technical note on HDI”, United Nations development Programme, 340-346.
✓ National Human Development Report 2011.
✓ Kulkarni B.D. & Dhamdhere S.V. (eds) (2007), Research methods in Economics.
✓ "The 'Oxford of the East' goes West". The Indian Express. Archived from the
original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
✓ Sharma, Yogesh (2010). Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern
India. Primus Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-93-80607-00-9.
✓ "Maharashtra State Health Status". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from
the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
✓ Public health department". Government of Maharashtra. Archived from the
original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014
✓ "Population of Maharashtra 2011 census". Press Population. Archived from the
original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
✓ Foundation for Research in Community Health and Centre for Multidisciplinary
Development Research (2002)
✓ Mahapatra, R. (2000) ‘Prosperity and Beyond’. Down to Earth 15 October.
✓ Oyen, E. et al. (2002). ‘Best Practices in Poverty Reduction: An Analytical Framework’.
Oslo: Crop Secretariat, International Studies in Poverty Research.

Webliography:

✓ http://www.des.mahgovt.in
✓ Wikipedia (2011) , “HDI Calculator”
 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/calcualtor/
Wikipedia (2011) , “Human Development Index”,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index.