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Mitigation Strategies For Flooding
Mitigation Strategies For Flooding
Mitigation Strategies For Flooding
An exposition on
MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR FLOODING
BY
Dhanashri Mirajkar
Roll No. 609110
M. Arch. 3rd Semester-2016-17
and
1. Key Words
2. What is FLOODING???
Flooding is the overflow of excess water from a water body onto adjacent lands.
A lake An ocean
Degradation of building
materials, either during the
flood or sometime after the
flood, and
Contamination of the
building due to flood-borne
substances or mold.
source of flooding
flood depth
flood velocity
flood duration
rate of rise and fall
wave effects
flood-borne debris
scour and erosion
Flood Proofing
Flood Openings
Filling 4. Erosion
in site structures
Fences and privacy walls (including walls separating one property from
another) may obstruct or divert flood flow and waves.
They must be analyzed for their effects on flood conditions and the effects
of debris generated by fence/wall failure during flood events.
Burlap
HOMEOWNER’S GUIDE FOR FLOOD, DEBRIS, AND EROSION CONTROL
RIVERSIDE FIRE DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
GUIDED BY PWD, LOS ANGELES
Site Development
Filling in site
Type of fill.
The buildings must be designed and constructed on pile or column foundations that
are embedded deep into the ground.
The bottoms of the lowest horizontal supporting members must be at or above the
BFE.
A 2-feet vertical clearance between the bottom of the lowest horizontal supporting
member and the ground is recommended.
The soil around such buildings should be graded to drain water away from the
foundations.
5. Slabs
2. Foundation
Below BFE bracing
Elements
4. Shear
walls
3. Grade
beams
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Flood proofing Flood proofing
Active flood proofing, sometimes known Passive flood proofing, sometimes
as contingent (partial) or emergency referred to as permanent flood
(temporary) flood proofing, requires human proofing, requires no human
intervention to implement actions that will intervention—the building (and/or its
protect a building and its contents from immediate surroundings) is designed
flooding. Successful use of this technique and constructed to be flood proof
requires ample warning time to mobilize without human intervention.
people and equipment and flood proofing
materials.
DRY Flood proofing DRY Flood proofing
WET Flood Proofing WET Flood Proofing
www.climatetechwiki.org/content/flood-proofing
Matthew M. Linham, University of Southampton Flood Resistance of the Building Envelope
Robert J. Nicholls, University of Southampton by Christopher P. Jones, PE
Flood proofing
Examples of Flood proofing Methods for Buildings
DRY WET
ACTIVE •Temporary flood shields •Temporary relocation of
or doors (on building vulnerable contents and
openings) equipment prior to a flood,
in conjunction with use of
•Temporary gates or flood-resistant materials
panels (on levees and for the building
floodwalls)
•Emergency sand
bagging
www.climatetechwiki.org/content/flood-proofing
Matthew M. Linham, University of Southampton Flood Resistance of the Building Envelope
Robert J. Nicholls, University of Southampton by Christopher P. Jones, PE
Flood proofing
Examples of Typical DRY Flood proofing Methods for Buildings
Dry-flood proofing requires use of special sealants, coatings, components and/or equipment to render the
lower portion of a building watertight and substantially impermeable to the passage of water
www.climatetechwiki.org/content/flood-proofing
Matthew M. Linham, University of Southampton Flood Resistance of the Building Envelope
Robert J. Nicholls, University of Southampton by Christopher P. Jones, PE
Flood proofing
Examples of Typical DRY Flood proofing Methods for Buildings
Wet-flood proofing allows the uninhabited lower portion of a building to flood, but uses materials
that will not be damaged by flooding.
www.climatetechwiki.org/content/flood-proofing
Matthew M. Linham, University of Southampton Flood Resistance of the Building Envelope
Robert J. Nicholls, University of Southampton by Christopher P. Jones, PE
Flood proofing
Sealants, Flood Shields and Valves
A wide variety of materials and devices have been developed to make building walls,
floors, openings, penetrations and utilities watertight during flooding.
Flood shields, panels, doors and gates are typically used to close medium to large
openings in building walls.
They can be temporary closures that are installed only when a flood threatens, or they
can be permanent features that are closed manually or automatically.
Key design parameters of these barriers are their height, their stiffness (and resistance to
hydrostatic forces), their method of attachment or installation, and their seals and
gaskets.
As a general rule, flood shields, panels, doors and gates should not be attached to
building windows, glazing or doors. Given the potential for large flood loads, they
should be attached to exterior walls or the structural frame.
Designers planning to incorporate flood shields, panels, doors or gates into a building
design are advised to consult with engineers and vendors experienced with the design
and installation of these components
Flood Openings
Flood Resistance of the Building Envelope
by Christopher P. Jones, PE
Levees & Floodwalls
A levee is a natural or artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels. It is usually earthen
and often parallel to the course of a river or the coast. Artificial levees are made of many
different materials, but are generally made of soil or earth including organic and
inorganic materials with varying particle sizes and geotechnical properties. Many levees
are constructed in areas that provide compressible, weak foundations. In most levees, due
to their large size and age, little information is known about their construction, materials,
or structural capacity.
Levees are critical components in flood protection and resource management throughout
the United States and the world. Heavily populated and developed portions of the US`
rely on these systems, and as evidenced by Hurricane Katrina, failure of these structures
can result in heavy financial tolls, property damage and the loss of life. According to the
American Society of Engineers (ASCE) 2009 Report Card on Infrastructure:
Distributed fiber optic sensors (depicted in orange) are installed along a levee
at different heights. Multiple cables can be interconnected for a single chain of sensors.
Sensors identify strain produced by local settlements or other movements and
temperature sensors detect leakages.
Distributed fiber optic sensors (depicted in orange) are installed along a levee at different heights.
Multiple cables can be interconnected for a single chain of sensors.
Sensors identify strain produced by local settlements or other movements and temperatue sensors
detect leakages.
www.smartec.ch Levees & Floodwalls
Flooring Materials Flood Resistant Material
concrete, concrete tile, and pre-cast concrete
latex or bituminous, ceramic, clay, terrazzo, vinyl,
and rubber sheets and tiles
pressure-treated (PT) or decay resistant lumber
PT wood and cold-formed steel
Wall and Ceiling Materials
brick, metal, concrete, concrete block, porcelain,
slate, glass block, stone, and ceramic and clay tile
cement board, cold-formed steel, and reinforced
concrete
polyester epoxy paint
PT and decay resistant lumber
PT and marine grade plywood
foam and closed-cell insulation
decay resistant wood
Other
Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata),
hollow metal doors, cabinets, Teak (Tectona grandis),
Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)
foam or closed-cell insulation Ipe (Tabebuia spp), European Larch (Larix decidua).
California Redwood Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum).
(Sequoia sempervirens)
1. In October 1943, Madras saw the worst flood to hit the city. Damage caused to life and
property was immense however estimate figure is unknown.
2. On 11 August 1979, the Machchu-2 dam situated on the Machhu river burst, thus flooding
the town of Morbi in the Rajkot district of Gujarat. Exact figure of loss of lives is unknown, but
it is estimated between 1800 and 2500 people.
3. In 1987, Bihar state of India witnessed one of its worst flood till then. Flood occurred due to
overflow of the Koshi river; which claimed lives of 1,399 humans, 302 animals and public
property worth INR ₹68 billion
4. Heavy rains across the state of Maharashtra, including large areas of
the metropolis Mumbai on 26 July 2005 killed at-least 5,000 people. Mumbai International
Airport remained closed for 30 hours, Mumbai-Pune Expressway was closed for 24 hours with
public property loss was estimated at ₹550 crore .
5. June 2015 Gujarat flood: Heavy rain in June 2015 resulted in widespread flood
in Saurashtra region of Gujarat resulting in more than 70 deaths.
6. 2015 South Indian floods: Heavy rain in Nov-Dec 2015 resulted in flooding of Adyar, Cooum
rivers in Chennai,Tamil Nadu resulting in financial loss and human lives.
8. 2016 Assam floods: Heavy rains in July-August resulted in floods affecting 1.8 million people
and flooding the Kaziranga National Park killing around 200 wild animals.
wIKIPEDIA
Here are the top 20 most vulnerable cities:
11. Jakarta, Indonesia
1. Guangzhou, China 12. Abidjan, Ivory Coast
2. Mumbai, India 13. Chennai, India
3. Kolkata, India 14. Surat, India
4. Guayaquil, Ecuador 15. Zhanjiang, China
5. Shenzen, China 16. Tampa—St. Petersburg, Fla.
6. Miami, Fla. 17. Boston, Mass.
7. Tianjin, China 18. Bangkok, Thailand
8. New York, N.Y.—Newark, N.J. 19. Xiamen, China
9. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 20. Nagoya, Japan
10. New Orleans, La.
www.livescience.com
Strategies at Urban Scale
Newly Strengthened Levees
Innovative street and public realm designs can slow and store rainwater, reducing flooding
and slowing subsidence
Housing NOLA is a community-based 10-year plan designed to meet the housing needs of
all New Orleanians, focused on equity, design, and accessibility. Public, private, and non-
profit stakeholders are working together to promote access to safe and affordable housing
across the city.
www.dezeen.com
Amphibious House, UK
Need of Floating Houses in India
India has a huge coastal area as well as large flood prone areas like Bihar, Assam and in
many other states where almost every year, public face difficulty due to floods and loss of lives
and property takes place.
In case, the principle of construction of floating houses is adopted in which the houses would
rise during floods and subside down during dry conditions, loss of lives and property can be
avoided.
Simple techniques based on telescopic arrangements should be designed for requirements.
Therefore, research and development can be taken up as model projects for developing such
designs.
In the starting, life line buildings in the flood prone areas can be constructed with such
techniques.
These buildings will function even during period when they remain cut off due to floods and
have no external electricity and water.
In the islands and coastal areas, such houses will certainly be adopted sooner or later and thus
Indian architects and designers should start getting expertise in this field to design such houses.
Floating houses can also be built for tourists who would love to stay in such houses and India
can generate considerable revenue from the same.
Floating Houses
Basic Principle of Construction
Generally there are two basic principles for
making floating houses. First is the pontoon
principle in which one makes a solid
platform, lighter than the water and the
other based on the ship in which a hollow
concrete box is created which is open on the
top. The pontoon principle has the benefit of
its use in shallow water, compared to the
hollow concrete box while the concrete box
has the benefit of higher space utilization
within as a part of the building. Both type of
floating houses are connected with a flexible
connection to the quay, so the houses can rise
with the water when the tide changes. When
needed the floating system can be moved
elsewhere at short notice without leaving any
scar to the environment. Instead a new house
can be placed in to the old situation which
makes it the most sustainable and durable
way to build.
Floating Houses
Services
Providing services in a floating house is a challenge which includes water supply, electricity
and toilets.
Therefore, green building concept has to be followed in the floating houses which use non
conventional resources for energy, make use of waste products, and recycles the water.
Net zero energy buildings are more useful as they do not require additional energy from
external source and total energy demand is met from on site generation power.
Normally solar panels are provided for the energy requirements.
Due to aesthetic requirements as well energy efficiency, roof garden is also becoming popular.
Other measures like incinolet toilets to burn waste, geothermal pond loops into the floor, and
filtration unit for drinking water collected from rainstorms.
Floating Houses
Water Gates
Water Gate flood wall is designed to contain & stop heavy water flow due to severe
flooding.
Water gates are quick & easy to deploy to prevent heavy flood water from reaching
the property
Quick Dam water gate is self rising flood barrier that is quick & easy to use to contain
large flood waters
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CklYj_oda8M
My Innovations
References
1. Flood Resistance of the Building Envelope by Christopher P. Jones, PE