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-01ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ
ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ
3AS
l
=
lim x 0
→x
)x
(f
(f
)x
∞
m
=
+
x→li
l
M eziane
∞
M aths
→x
∞lim+
+
=
(f
)x
)x
(f
=
+
0
x
∞
LATEX
ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ
2 اﻟﺴﻠﻮك اﻟﺘﻘﺎربﻲ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ 1
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨ ﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ . . . 1
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ﺎﻳﺔ ﻏ ﻣﻨ ﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ . 2
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨ ﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻻ ﺎﻳﺔ . . . . . 3
3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ﺎﻳﺔ ﻏ ﻣﻨ ﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻻ ﺎﻳﺔ . . . 4
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
fداﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸكﻞ [ ]a ; x0 [ ∪ ]x0 ; bو lﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ .اﻟﻘﻮل أن ﺎﻳﺔ fﻋﻨﺪ x0ي lيﻌ أن كﻞ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪد
lيﺸﻤﻞ كﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ) f (xﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ xﻗﺮيﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪر اﻟكﺎ ي ﻣﻦ .x 0ﻧﻜﺘﺐ lim f (x) = l
x→xو ﻧﻘﺮأ ) f (xﻳﺆول إ ى lﳌﺎ ﻳﺆول xإ ى .x0
0
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
x2 − 1
. = )f (x
fاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى } R − {−1ﺑـ
ِ x +1
2
x −1 )(x − 1) (x + 1
lim f (x) = lim = lim ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ = lim x − 1 = −2 :
x→−1 x→−1 x + 1 x→−1 x +1 x→−1
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
ي ∞ +يﻌ أن كﻞ ﻣﺠﺎل [∞ [A, +و A ∈ Rيﺸﻤﻞ كﻞ ﻗﻴﻢ ) f (xﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ xﻗﺮيﺐ x0 fداﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى [ ]a, x0 [∪]x0 , bاﻟﻘﻮل ان ﺎﻳﺔ fﻋﻨﺪ
ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪر اﻟكﺎ ي ﻣﻦ x 0وﻧﻜﺘﺐ ∞lim f (x) = +
x→x 0
ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ
f ﻧﻘﻮل أن اﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ذو اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ x = x0ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎرب ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤ اﳌﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ 01
1
= ) (C f ) f (xاﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎنﻲ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ . f ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى } R − {2ﺑِـ
(x − 2)2
ﻳﺘضح ﺟﻠﻴﺎ أن ) f (xﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺎ ﻛﺒ ة ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪر اﻟﺬي ﻧﺮيﺪ بﺸﺮط أن ﻳﻘ ب xﻣﻦ 2ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪر اﻟكﺎ ي.
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ هﻜﺬا ∞. lim f (x) = +
x→2
1
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى ∗ Rﺑِـ = ). f (x
x
نﻌﺘ اﻟﺪاﻟﺘ ن ) f 1 (xو ) f 2 (xاﳌﻌﺮﻓﺘ ن ﻋ ى اﻟ ﺗيﺐ ﻋ ى [ ]−∞ ; 0و [∞]0 ; +
ﺑـ )f 1 (x) = f 2 (x) = f (x
ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاضح أن ∞ lim f 1 (x) = −و ∞lim f 2 (x) = +
x→0 x→0
ﻧﻘﻮل ي هﺬﻩ الحﺎﻟﺔ أن ﺎﻳﺔ fﻋﻨﺪ 0ﻣﻦ اﻟيﺴﺎر ي ∞ −و أن ﺎﻳﺔ fﻋﻨﺪ 0ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻤ ن ي
∞ +و ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ∞ l i m f (x) = −و ∞l i m f (x) = +
> <
x →0 x →0
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
ﻣﻦ lيﺸﻤﻞ كﻞ ﻗﻴﻢ )f (x ي lيﻌ أن كﻞ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﻔﺘﻮح ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﺪد fﻋﻨﺪ ∞+ fداﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى [∞ [x0 , +و lﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ اﻟﻘﻮل ان ﺎﻳﺔ
أﺟﻞ xﻛﺒ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪر اﻟكﺎ ي وﻧﻜﺘﺐ lim f (x) = l
∞x→+
ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ
f ﻧﻘﻮل أن اﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ذو اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ y = lﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎرب ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤ اﳌﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ
1 1 1 1 1
lim p = 0 Î lim =0 Î lim =0 Î lim =0 Î lim =0 Î
∞x→+ x ∞x→− x2 ∞x→+ x2 ∞x→− x ∞x→+ x
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
ي ∞ +يﻌ أن كﻞ ﻣﺠﺎل [∞ [A, +و A ∈ Rيﺸﻤﻞ كﻞ ﻗﻴﻢ ) f (xﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ xﻛﺒ ﻗﺮيﺐ fﻋﻨﺪ ∞+ fداﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى [∞ ]x0 , +اﻟﻘﻮل ان ﺎﻳﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪر اﻟكﺎ ي ﻣﻦ وﻧﻜﺘﺐ ∞lim f (x) = +
∞x→+
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ
p
lim x = +∞ Î lim x 3 = −∞ Î lim x 3 = +∞ Î lim x 2 = +∞ Î lim x 2 = +∞ Î
∞x→+ ∞x→− ∞x→+ ∞x→− ∞x→+
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
) (C f ∞ x→+ﻓﺈن اﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ذو اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ y = ax +bﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎرب ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤ
إذاكﺎﻧﺖ fداﻟﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ) f (x) = (ax +b)+ g (xوكﺎﻧﺖ lim g (x) = 0
ﳌﺎ ﻳﺆول xإ ى ∞+
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
1
و ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ) (C fﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠهﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﺎنﻲ ي ﻣﻌﻠﻢ. f (x) = 2x − 3 + نﻌﺘ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fاﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى ∗ Rﺑِـ
x2
1 1
∞ x→+و ﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺎﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )∆( ذو اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ y = 2x − 3ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎرب ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤ ) (C fﻋﻨﺪ ∞ −و ∞. +
lim =0 ∞ x→−و
lim =0 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
x2 x2
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪود ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ تﻌﺮيﻔهﺎ ،ﻓﻤﺜﻼ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
a f
ﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ∞+ x 7→ si nxﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ
L
L L ′ ̸= 0
L′
L ∞± 0
∞+ L′ ≻ 0 ∞+
′
∞− L ≻0 ∞−
′
∞+ L ≺0 ∞−
∞− L′ ≺ 0 ∞+
0 0 حعت
∞± ∞± حعت
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
-تﺴم الحﺎﻻت اﻟ ﻻ تﺴﻤﺢ ﻓ ﺎ اﻟﻨﻈﺮيﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘنﺘﺎج اﻟ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﻻت " :ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻌﻴ ن )ح ع ت("
∞ 0
-ﺗﻮﺟﺪ أربﻊ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻌﻴ ن و ي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸكﻞ ; ; 0 × ∞; +∞ − ∞ :
∞ 0
ﺧﻮﺍﺹ
1اﻟ ﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ∞ +و ∞ −ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻛﺜ ﺣﺪود ي ﺎﻳﺔ ﺟﺪهﺎ اﻻﻋ ى درﺟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ∞(−∞) +
2اﻟ ﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ∞ +و ∞ −ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﻃﻘﺔ ي ﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ الحﺪﻳﻦ اﻷﻋ ى درﺟﺔ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ 01
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ 02
3x 2 + 3x + 1
= ). f (x ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻃﻘﺔ اﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى } R − {−1 ; 1ﺑِـ
x2 − 1
2
3x
lim f (x) = lim ى =3 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻌﻴ ن ﺑﺎﻟنﺴﺒﺔ ﻟ ﺎﻳﺔ fﻋﻨﺪ ∞ +إﻻ أﻧﮫ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة 2ﻧﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋ
∞x→+ x→+∞ x 2
أدرس ي كﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ الحﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fاﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى D fﻋﻨﺪ ∞ −وﻋﻨﺪ ∞.+
D f = R، f (x) = −x 3 + 2x − 2 1
D f = R، f (x) = 3x 2 + x − 3 2
x 2 + 2x + 1
= )D f = R − {2}، f (x 3
2−x
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ
)( 3 ( )
lim f (x) = lim
∞.x→+ ∞ lim f (x) = lim −x 3 = +و ∞−x = − 1
∞x→+ ∞x→− ∞x→−
)( 2 ( )
lim f (x) = lim
∞.x→+ ∞ lim f (x) = lim 3x 2 = +و ∞3x = + 2
∞x→+ ∞x→− ∞x→−
( )
x2
lim f (x) = limو ∞lim f (x) = lim (−x) = −
∞.x→+ ∞= lim (−x) = + 3
∞x→+ ∞x→− ∞x→− −x ∞x→−
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ 02
2x + 3
= ). f (x ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى } R − {−2; 1ﺑِـ
x2 + x − 2
1ﺣﺪد ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻢ xإﺷﺎرة .x 2 + x − 2
2أدرس اﻟ ﺎﻳﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻤ ن و ﻣﻦ اﻟيﺴﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ كﻞ ﻣﻦ −2و .1
3أدرس ﺎﻳ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﻋﻨﺪ ∞ −وﻋﻨﺪ∞. +
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ
. Df ى =] − ∞; −2[∪] − 2; 1[∪]1; +∞[ : اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ
1ﻧﺪرس أوﻻ ،ﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻢ xإﺷﺎرة : x 2 + x − 2 :
ﻟﻜﺜ الحﺪود x 2 + x − 2ﺟﺬريﻦ هﻤﺎ −2و 1و ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة املحﺪدة ﻹﺷﺎرة ﺛﻼثﻲ ﺣﺪود ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ:
( )
. lim x 2 + x − 2 = 0+ ، lim (2x + 3) = −1و ﺑﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ x 2 + x − 2 > 0 ، x < −2ﻓﺈن lim f (x) = −∞ : 2
< < <
x →−2 ( x →−2 ) x →−2
2 2 −
. lim x + x − 2 = 0 ، lim (2x + 3) = −1و ﺑﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ x + x − 2 < 0 ، −2 < x < 1ﻓﺈن lim f (x) = +∞ :
> > >
x →−2 x →−2 ( 2 ) x →−2
2 −
. lim lim x + x − 2 = 0 ، lim (2x + 3) = 5و ﺑﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ x + x − 2 < 0 ، −2 < x < 1ﻓﺈن f (x) = −∞ :
< < <
x →1 ( x →1 ) x →1
2 2 +
lim x + x − 2 = 0 ، lim (2x + 3) = 5و ﺑﻤﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ x + x − 2 > 0 ، x > 1ﻓﺈن . lim f (x) = +∞ :
> > >
x →1 x →1 x →1
ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ
f = g ◦h b ،aو cﺗﻤﺜﻞ أﻋﺪاد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ أو ∞ ±و g ، fو hدوال ﻋﺪدﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ:
إذا كﺎﻧﺖ lim h(x) = bو lim g (x) = cﻓﺈن lim g ◦ h(x) = c
x→a x→b x→a
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ 01
√
2x + 1 ] ]
. = )f (x ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى [∞ −∞ ; − 21 ∪ ]1 ; +ﺑـ :
x −1
ﺣﺴﺎب ﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﻋﻨﺪ أﻃﺮاف ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ تﻌﺮيﻔهﺎ:
p 2x + 1
= ) u (xو = v ◦ u )v (x) = x
.( f ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن fي ﻣﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺪاﻟﺘ ن uو vﺬا اﻟ ﺗيﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ :
x −1 ( )
p p p p 2x + 1
. limو lim x = 2ﻓﺈن . lim f (x) = 2 :ﻧﺠﺪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ lim f (x) = 2 : ﺑﻤﺎ أن = 2 :
∞x→+ ∞x→− x→2 x→−∞ x − 1
ﺑﻤﺎ أن lim u (x) = 0 :و lim v (x) = 0ﻓﺈن . lim f (x) = 0 :
x→− 12 x→0 x→− 12
. lim ﺑﻤﺎ أن lim u(x) = +∞ :و ∞ lim v (x) = +ﻓﺈن f (x) = +∞ :
> ∞x→+ >
x →1 x →1
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ 02
)(
π 1
f (x) = sinو ﻧﺮيﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب )lim f (x
∞.x→+ + نﻌﺘ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fاﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى املجﺎل ∗ Rﺑـ
ِ 2 x
π 1
( f = v ◦u ) ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن fي ﻣﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺪاﻟﺘ ن uو vﺬا اﻟ ﺗيﺐ ﺣﻴﺚ u (x) = +و v (x) = sin x
2 x
π
ﺑﻤﺎ أن = ) lim u (xو limπ v (x) = 1ﻓﺈن lim f (x) = 1 :
∞. x→+
x→ 2 ∞x→+ 2
ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ )3ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺮ(
∞ ، x→+و ) g (x) ⪯ f (x) ⪯ h(xﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ xﻛﺒ ﺟﺪا ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪر اﻟكﺎ ي ﻓﺈن:
g ،و hدوال و lﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ .إذا كﺎﻧﺖ lim g (x) = lو lim g (x) = l
∞x→+
f
lim f (x) = l
∞x→+
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
ﺗﺒﻘﻰ اﳌ هﻨﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ صحﻴﺤﺔ ي ﺣﺎﻟ x → −∞ :و x → aﺣﻴﺚ aﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ 01
نﻌﺘ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fاﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى Rﺑـ f (x) = x + sin x :
نﻌﻠﻢ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ كﻞ xﻣﻦ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ، Rو ﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن :
ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ كﻞ xﻣﻦ x − 1 ≤ x + sin x ≤ x + 1 ، R
ﺑﻤﺎ أن lim (x + 1) = −∞ :ﻓﺈن lim f (x) = −∞ :
∞x→− ∞x→−
ﺑﻤﺎ أن lim (x − 1) = +∞ :ﻓﺈن lim f (x) = +∞ :
∞. x→+ ∞x→+
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ 02
x
= ). f (x نﻌﺘ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fاﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى Rﺑـ :
2 + sin x
ﺣﺴﺎب ﺎﻳ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﻋﻨﺪ ∞ +وﻋﻨﺪ ∞: −
1 1
. ≤ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ كﻞ xﻣﻦ −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 ، Rو ﻣﻨﮫ 1 ≤ 2 + sin x ≤ 3أي ≤ 1
3 2 + sin x
x x x 1 1
limﻓﺈن ∞lim f (x) = −
∞.x→− و ﺑﻤﺎ أن ∞= − xﻣﻦ ] ]−∞ ; 0ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ≤ : وﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ≤ -ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ :
∞x→− 3 2 + sin x 3 3 2 + sin x
x x x 1 1
ﻓﺈن ∞lim f (x) = +
∞. x→+ lim و ﺑﻤﺎ أن ∞= + xﻣﻦ [∞ [0 ; +ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ≥ وﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ≤ -ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ :
x→+∞ 3 2 + sin x 3 3 2 + sin x
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ 04
cos x
نﻌﺘ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fاﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى ∗ Rﺑـ . f (x) = 1 + 2 :
x
ﺣﺴﺎب ﺎﻳ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﻋﻨﺪ ∞ +وﻋﻨﺪ ∞: −
1 cos x 1
− 2
≤ 2 ≤ 2 نﻌﻠﻢ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ كﻞ xﻣﻦ −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 ، Rو ﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ كﻞ xﻣﻦ ∗، R
x x x
1 1 1 cos x 1
1 − 2 ≤ f (x) ≤ 1 + 2 1 −أي : 2
و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎ ي ﻓﺈن ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ كﻞ xﻣﻦ ∗≤ 1 + 2 ≤ 1 + 2 ، R
x x x x ( x ) ( )
1 1
و lim f (x) = 1
∞.x→− ﺑﻤﺎ أن lim 1 − 2 = lim 1 + 2 = 1 :ﻓﺈن lim f (x) = 1 :
∞x→+ ∞|x|→+ x ∞|x|→+ x
x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2
= ). f (x نﻌﺘ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fاﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى } R − {−2 ; 1ﺑـ :
x2 + x − 2
p
ح.ع.ت= ∞ lim f (x) = lim 2x + 1 − x 2 + x − 2 = +∞ −
∞x→+ ∞x→+
√ √
√ 1 2 1 2
lim f (x) = lim 2x + 1 − = x2 + x − 2
lim 2x + 1 − x 2 (1 +
|− 2 ) = lim 2x + 1 − |x (1 + )− 2
∞x→+ ∞x→+ ∞x→+ x x ∞x→+ x x
√ [ √
1 2 1 1 ] 2
∞= lim 2x + 1 − x (1 + − 2 ) = lim x 2 + − (1 + − 2 ) = +
∞x→+ x x ∞x→+ x x x
p p
lim f (x) = lim ح.ع.ت= ∞ x + 1 − x = +∞ −
∞x→+ ∞x→+
cos x − 1
. = )f (x نﻌﺘ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fاﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى ∗ Rﺑـ :
x
cos x − 1 0
lim f (x) = lim = ح.ع.ت=
x→0 x→0 x 0
∞
ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ
∞
p ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ً
ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﺜ ات ﺣﺪود ﻓﻘﻂ )f (x ﺟﺬرا )f (x
p ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ً
ﺟﺬرا )f (x
p √
= )f (x ax 2 + bx + c − αx 2 + βx + γ p
p
= )f (x ax + b + αx + β = )f (x ax 2 + bx + c + αx + β
p ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ً
cos x ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ sin xو )f (x اﳌﻘﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸكﻞ )(αx + β ﺟﺬرا )f (x ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﺜ ات ﺣﺪود )f (x
ﻧﻈهﺮ إﺣﺪى اﻟ ﺎﻳﺎت نﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺮيﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺪد اﳌﺸﺘﻖ : نﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺮيﻘﺔ اﳌﺮاﻓﻖ :
اﻟﺸه ة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ : نﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺮيﻘﺔ اﻹﺧ ال :
)g (x) − g (a اﳌﺮاﻓﻖ ّ
sin x إﻇهﺎر اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة : .1 ×)f (x .1ﻧﻀﺮب : .1ﻧﺤﻠﻞ اﻟبﺴﻂ واﳌﻘﺎم.
lim =1 x −a اﳌﺮاﻓﻖ
x→0 x ........ )1 g (x) − g (a
1 − cos x × = ى )(x − a .2ﺛﻢ ﻧﺨ ل ﻋ
lim =0 αx + β α x −a ى (x − a) : .2ﺛﻢ ﻧﺨ ل ﻋ
x→0 x −
(x )·····
·()a
)g (x) − g (a = )f (x )·····
lim )= g ′ (a .2 −
(x ·()a
x→a x −a
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ
p p p
−x 2 p −x 2 − 3/x )∞( 2x 2 − 3
lim limﺗكﺎ ئ = − 2 : : ئ ﺗكﺎ lim 1
∞x→− x )x→−∞ x(1 + 2/x ∞ x→−∞ x + 2
p p
f (x) = 4x 2 − 3 + 2x − 2ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸكﻞ )| ( α = |aوﻣﻨﮫ )lim f (x
∞ x→−ﺗكﺎ ئ 2
(p ) (p )
)4x 2 − 3 + (2x − 2 )4x 2 − 3 − (2x − 2
lim (p )
∞x→−
)4x 2 − 3 − (2x − 2
8x 8x + 1 8x + 1
lim limﺗكﺎ ئ = −2 (p lim (pﺗكﺎ ئ ) وﻣﻨﮫ )
x→−∞ −4x x→−∞ −2x 1+1 ∞x→−
)4x 2 − 3 − (2x − 2
(p ) p
∞ x→−ﺗكﺎ ئ
وﻣﻨﮫ )lim f (x f (x) = 4x 2 − 3 + x − 2ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸكﻞ |α ̸= |a 3
√
3 p
lim 4x 2 − 3 + x − 2ﺗكﺎ ئ lim −x 4 − 2 + x − 2
∞x→− x ∞x→−
√[ ]
3 2
lim −xﺗكﺎ ئ ∞lim −3x = + 4− 2 +1− ﺗكﺎ ئ
∞x→− ∞x→− x x
p p
ﺗكﺎ ئ (+∞ − ∞ , a = α) f (x) = 4x 2 − 3 − 4x 2 − 2وﻣﻨﮫ )lim f (x 4
∞x→+ (p p ) (p p )
4x 2 − 3 − 4x 2 − 2 4x 2 − 3 + 4x 2 − 2
lim (p p )
∞x→+
4x 2 − 3 + 4x 2 − 2
−1 −1
lim lim (pﺗكﺎ ئ = 0 p ﺗكﺎ ئ )
x→+∞ 2x ∞x→+
4x 2 − 3 + 4x 2 − 2
p p
(+∞ − ∞ , a ̸= α) f (x) = 4x 2 − 3 − 9x 2 − 2 5وﻣﻨﮫ )lim f (x
∞ x→−ﺗكﺎ ئ
p p p p
lim 4x 2 − 3 − 9x 2 − 2ﺗكﺎ ئ lim −x 4 − 3/x 2 − x 9 − 2/x 2ﺗكﺎ ئ ] lim −x[2 − 3وﻣﻨﮫ ∞lim x = −
∞x→− ∞x→− ∞x→− ∞x→−
p
= )f (x 2x − 3 − 3x + 2 6
−
(x 1)(x + 1) x2 − 1
lim f (x) = 2 وﻣﻨﮫlim (x + 1) ﺗكﺎ ئlim ﺗكﺎ ئlim f (x) وﻣﻨﮫ f (x) = 8
x →1
> >
x →1
>
x →1 −
(x 1) >
x →1 x −1
p
x +3−2
f (x) = 9
p x −1
g (x) − g (x 0 ) x +3−2
lim f (x) = g ′ (x 0 ) = lim ئ ﺗكﺎ lim ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗكﻮنlim f (x) لحﺴﺎب
x→x 0 x→x 0 x − x0 >
x →1 x −1 >
x →1
1 1 1 p
lim f (x) = وﻣﻨﮫ g ′ (1) = وﻣﻨﮫg ′ (x) = p وﻣﻨﮫg (1) = 2 ﻧﺠﺪg (x) = x + 3 وﻣﻨﮫ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ
>
x →1 4 4 2 x +3
ﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ 6
01 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ
3x 2 +x−4
D f = ]−∞; 1[ ∪ ]1; +∞[ : أيD f =R− {1} : وﻣﻨﮫD f = {x ∈ R: x − 1 ̸= 0} f (x) = : ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ1
x−1
3x 2 3x 2
l i m f (x) = l i m = l i m 3x= +∞ و l i m f (x) = l i m = l i m 3x= −∞
x→+∞ x→+∞ x x→+∞ x→−∞ x→−∞ x x→−∞
3x 2 + x−4 (x−1)(3x+4)
l i m f (x) = l i m =lim = l i m (3x+4) = 7
<
x →1
<
x →1 x−1 <
x →1 x−1 <
x →1
{ } x 2 −4
D f = x ∈ R: x 2 −5x+6 ̸= 0 f (x) = : ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ 2
x 2 −5x+6
.D f = ]−∞; 2[ ∪ ]2; 3[ ∪ ]3; +∞[ : أيD f =R− {2; 3} : وﻣﻨﮫx= 3 أوx= 2 : ﻓﻨﺠﺪ x 2 −5x+6 = 0 : ﻧﺤﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
x2 x2
l i m f (x) = l i m =1 و l i m f (x) = l i m =1
x→+∞ x→+∞ x 2 x→−∞ x→−∞ x 2
x −∞ 2 3 +∞
x 2 − 5x + 6 + 0 − +
{
x 2 −4 x 2 −4 −→ 5
l i m f (x) = l i m 2 = −∞ : ﻷن
<
x →3 x → 3 x −5x+6
< x 2 −5x+6 −→ 0−
{
x 2 −4 x 2 −4 −→ 5
l i m f (x) = l i m 2 = +∞ : ﻷن
>
x →3 x → 3 x −5x+6
> x 2 −5x+6 −→ 0+
{ } x 3 +3x 2 −4x−12
D f = x ∈ : x 2 +4x+3 ̸= 0 f (x) = : ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ 3
x 2 +4x+3
2
D f = ]−∞; −3[ ∪ ]−3; −1[ ∪ ]−1; +∞[ : أيD f =R− {−3; −1} : إذنx = −3 أوx = −1 ﻓﻨﺠﺪx +4x+3 = 0 ﻧﺤﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
x3 x3
l i m f (x) = l i m = l i m x= +∞ و l i m f (x) = l i m = l i m x= −∞
x→+∞ x→+∞ x 2 x→+∞ x→−∞ x→−∞ x 2 x→−∞
x −∞ −3 −1 +∞
3x 2 + 4x + 3 + 0 − +
{
x 3 +3x 2 −4x−12 x 3 +3x 2 −4x−12 −→ −6
l i m f (x) = l i m = +∞ : ﻷن
<
x → −1
<
x → −1 x 2 +4x+3 x 2 +4x+3 −→ 0−
{ } 4x 4 +2x 3 +2x+1
D f = x ∈ R: 4x 2 −4x−3 ̸= 0 f (x) = : ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ 4
{ } 4x 2 −4x−3
1 3 3 1
D f =− R− ; : و ﻣﻨﮫx= أوx= − : ﻧﺠﺪ4x 2 −4x−3 = 0 : ﻧﺤﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
2 2 2 ] 2 [ ] [ ] [
1 1 3 3
D f = −∞; − ∪ − ; ∪ ; +∞ : أي
2 2 2 2
4x 4 4x 4
l i m f (x) = l i m = l i m x 2 = +∞ و l i m f (x) = l i m = l i m x 2 = +∞
x→+∞ x→+∞ 4x 2 x→+∞ x→−∞ x→−∞ 4x 2 x→−∞
3
(2x+1)(2x 3 +1) 2x 3 +1 4 −3
l i m f (x) = l i m = lim = =
x→− 12 x→− 12 (2x+1)(2x−3) x→− 12 2x−3 −4 16
1 3
x −∞ − +∞
2 2
4x 2 − 4x − 3 + 0 − +
{
4x 4 +2x 3 +2x+1 4x 4 +2x 3 +2x+1 −→ 41
l i m f (x) = l i m = −∞ : ﻷن
<
x→ 3
<
x→ 3 4x 2 −4x−3 4x 2 −4x−3 −→ 0−
2 2
{
4x 4 +2x 3 +2x+1 4x 4 +2x 3 +2x+1 −→ 41
l i m f (x) = l i m = +∞ : ﻷن
>
x→ 3
>
x→ 3 4x 2 −4x−3 4x 2 −4x−3 −→ 0+
2 2
02 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ
: اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟ ﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
x p p p
lim p 4 x− 2x−1 x 2 +x−6 x+5−3
x→0 x+1−1 lim 3 lim p 2 lim p p 1
x→1 x−1 x→2 x−2 x→4 x− 2x−4
p (p ) (p ) (p p ) (p p )
x+5−3 x+5−3 x+5+3 x+ 2x−4 (x+5 − 9) x+ 2x−4
1 lim p p = l i m (p p ) (p p ) (p )=lim (p )
x→4 x− 2x−4 x→4 x− 2x−4 x+ 2x−4 x+5+3 x→4 [x−(2x−4)] x+5+3
(p p ) p p
(x−4) x+ 2x−4 x+ 2x−4 2+2 4 2
=lim (p ) = l i m (p )= =− =−
x→4 − (x−4) x+5+3 x→4 − x+5+3 −(3 + 3) 6 3
p p
x 2 +x−6 (x 2 +x−6) x−2 (x−2)(x+3) x−2 p
2 lim p =lim p p =lim = l i m (x+3) x−2= 0
x→2 x−2 x→2 x−2. x−2 x→2 x−2 x→2
p p [p p ] [p p ]
x− 2x−1 x− 2x−1 x+ 2x−1 x−(2x−1) −(x−1)
3 lim =lim [p p ] =lim [p p ]=lim [p p ]
x→1 x−1 x→ (x−1) x+ 2x−1 x→1 (x−1) x+ 2x−1 x→1 (x−1) x+ 2x−1
−1 1
=lim p p =−
x→1 x+ 2x−1 2
[p
] [p ] [p ]
x x
x+1+1 x x+1+1 x x+1+1 p
4 lim p = l i m [p ] [p ]=lim =lim = l i m x+1+1 = 2
x→0 x+1−1 x→0 x+1−1 x+1+1 x→0 (x+1) − 1 x→0 x x→0
03 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ
: اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟ ﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
p p [p ] p
lim x 2 +1− x 2 +2 5 lim x 2 +1−x 3 2x− x 2 +1
x→−∞ x→+∞ lim p 1
x→+∞ x− 4x 2 +x
p p
5 l i m −x+ x 4 −x+ 4x 2 +x+1
lim p 6 x→+∞ lim p 2
x→−∞ −x− x 2 +4 x→−∞ −4x− x 2 +1
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ
√ ( ) p √ √ [ √ ]
p 2 1+ 1 2 1+ 1 1 1
2x− x +1
2 2x− x x 2 2x− x x 2 2x−x 1+ x 2 x 2− 1+ x 2
1 lim p = lim √ ( ) = lim p √ = lim √ = lim [ √ ]
x→+∞ x− 4x 2 +x x→+∞ x→+∞ x→+∞ x→+∞
x− x 2 4+ x1 x− x 2 4+ x1 x−x 4+ x1 x 1− 4+ x1
√
2− 1+ x12 2 − 1
= lim √ = = −1
1− 4+ x1 1−2
x→+∞
[p ] [p ]
2 +1−x 2 +1+x
p x x x 2 +1−x 2 1
3 l i m x 2 +1−x= l i m p = lim p = lim p =0
x→+∞ x→+∞ x 2 +1+x x→+∞ x 2 +1+x x→+∞ x 2 +1+x
[ p ] [ p p p ] p ( p )
4 l i m −x+ x = l i m − x. x+ x = l i m x − x+1 = −∞
x→+∞ x→+∞ x→+∞
[p
p ] [p p ]
2 +1− x 2 +2 2 +1+ x 2 +2
p p x x (x 2 +1) − (x 2 +2) −1
5 l i m x 2 +1− x 2 +2= l i m p p = lim p p = lim p p =0
x→−∞ x→−∞ x 2 +1+ x 2 +2 x→−∞ x 2 +1+ x 2 +2 x→−∞ x 2 +1+ x 2 +2
( p ) ( p )
−x+ −5 [ ]
2 +4 −x+ 2 +4
5 5 x 5 x p
6 lim p = lim [ p ][ p ]= lim = lim −x+ x 2 +4 = −∞
−x− x 2 +4 −x+ x 2 +4 x→−∞ x −(x +4)
x→−∞ −x− x 2 +4 x→−∞ 2 2 x→−∞ 4
04 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ
: اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟ ﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
x sin x 1−cosx sin 2x sin 2x sin x
lim 5 lim 2
4 lim 3 lim 2 lim 1
x→0 1−cosx x→0 sin x x→0 tg x x→0 x x→0 sin 3x
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ
sin x
sin x x 1
1 lim =lim =
x→0 sin 3x x→0 sin 3x 3
3.
3x
sin 2x sin 2x
2 lim =lim 2× =2
x→0 x x→0 2x
05 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ
: اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟ ﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
1− sin x−cosx 1 − 2sin2 x cos 3x
l i mπ 3 l i mπ 2 l i mπ 1
x→ 2 1− sin x+cosx x→ 4 1+cos4x x→ 2 cosx
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ
cos3x
1 l i mπ
x→ 2 cos x
π π
: وﻋﻠﻴﮫz −→ 0 : ﻓﺈنx −→ π2 ﳌﺎx= +z : أيx− = z : ﺑﻮﺿﻊ
2 2
(π ) ( )
3π 3π sin 3z
cos3 +z +3z cos 3π
2 cos3z − sin 2 sin3z
cos 3.
cos3x 2 sin3z 3z = −3
lim =lim ( 2 ) =lim =lim = lim =lim
x→0 cosx x→0 cos π +z x→0 −sinz z→0 −sinz z→0 −sinz z→0 − sin z
2 z
1 − 2sin2 x
2 l i mπ
x→ 4 1+cos4x
−2sinz.cosz −sinz.cosz
=lim =lim
z→0 2
2sin 2z z→0 (2sinz.cosz)2
−sinz.cosz −1
=lim =lim
z→0 4sin2 z.cos 2 z z→0 4sinz.cosz
: و ﻋﻠﻴﮫ
1 − 2sin2 x −1 1 − 2sin2 x −1
lim =lim = +∞ و lim =lim = −∞
<
x → π4 1+cos4x z → <
0 4sinz.cosz >
x → π4 1+cos4x z → >
0 4sinz.cosz
1 − sinx−cosx
3 l i mπ
x→ 2 1− sin x+cosx
π π
: وﻋﻠﻴﮫz −→ 0 : ﻓﺈنx −→ π2 ﳌﺎx= +z : ﻧﺠﺪx− = z ﺑﻮﺿﻊ
2 2
) (π
(π )
1 − sinx−cosx 1 − sin
+z −cos +z
l i mπ =lim 2 )
(π 2 )
(π
x→ 2 1− sin x+cosx x→0
1 − sin +z +cos +z
2 2
( ) z[ z z]
2z z z 2z z z
1−cosz + sinz 1 − sin 1 − 2sin +2sin cos 2sin +2sin cos 2sin sin +cos
=lim 2 2 2 im 2 2 2 =lim 2 2 2
lim
x→0 1−cosz − sinz x→0
( z) z z = lz→0 z z z z→0 z[ z z]
1− 1 − 2sin 2 −2sin cos 2sin −2sin cos
2 2sin sin −cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
z z
sin +cos
=lim 2 2 = 1 = −1
z→0 z z −1
sin −cos
2 2
06 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ
x 2 +x−4
. ( ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠهﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﺎنﻲC f ) f (x) = : f تﻌﺘ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ
x+1
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺮيﻒ D f =R− {−1} :؛ [∞D f = ]−∞; −1[ ∪ ]−1; + 1
-اﻟ ﺎﻳﺎت :
x2
l i m f (x) = l i m ∞= l i m x= −
∞x→− x→−∞ x ∞x→−
2
x
l i m f (x) = l i m ∞= l i m x= +
∞x→+ x→+∞ x ∞x→+
{
x 2 +x−4 x 2 +x−4 −→ −4
l i m f (x) = l i m ﻷن = +∞ :
<
x → −1 x → −1 x+1
< x+1 −→ 0−
{
x 2 +x−4 x 2 +x−4 −→ −4
l i m f (x) = l i m ﻷن = −∞ :
>
x → −1 x → −1 x+1
> x+1 −→ 0+
c
f (x) = ax+b+ 2ﺗبﻴﺎن أﻧﮫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋ ى اﻟﺸكﻞ :
x+1
إذن :
(ax+b)(x+1) + c ax 2 +ax+bx+b + c ax 2 +(a + b)x+b + c
= )f (x = =
x+1 x+1 x+1
4 a=1 a=1
f (x) =x− b = 0إذن : a + b = 1أي : وﻣﻨﮫ :
x+1
c = −4 b + c = −4
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ 07
1
و ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ) (C fﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠهﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﺎنﻲ ي ﻣﻌﻠﻢ. f (x) = x − 1 − ﻟﺘﻜﻦ fاﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋ ى [∞ ]0 ; +ﺑـ
x
1ﺑ ن أن اﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ (∆) : y = x − 1ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎرب ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤ ) (C fﻋﻨﺪ ∞.+
2أدرس وﺿﻌﻴﺔ ) (C fﺑﺎﻟنﺴﺒﺔ إ ى )∆(.
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ
[ ] 1
∞ . x→+و ﻣﻨﮫ اﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ (∆) : y = x − 1ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻘﺎرب ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤ ) (C fﻋﻨﺪ ∞.+
lim f (x) − (x − 1) = lim − = 0
x→+∞ x
1
[ ]
ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ وﺿﻌﻴﺔ ) (C fﺑﺎﻟنﺴﺒﺔ إ ى )∆( ﻧﺪرس إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻔﺮق )f (x) − (ax + b
. 2
[ ] [ ] 1
f (x) − (x − 1) = −و ﻣﻨﮫ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ كﻞ xﻣﻦ [∞. f (x) − (x − 1) < 0 ، ]0 ; +
x
إذن اﳌﻨﺤ ) (C fﻳﻘﻊ ﺗﺤﺖ اﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ اﳌﻘﺎرب اﳌﺎﺋﻞ )∆(.
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ 08
p
fداﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎرة f (x) = 2x+ x 2 +1 :
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ
p
∞l i m f (x) = l i m 2x+ x 2 +1= +
∞x→+ ∞x→+
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ 09
4+sinx
. = )f (x نﻌﺘ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ fﺣﻴﺚ :
x2
a ≤ 4+ sin x ≤ b : x 1ﻋ ن ﻋﺪدان ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎن aو bﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ كﻞ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ
2ﺑ ن أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ كﻞ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻏ ﻣﻌﺪوم xﻳكﻮن v (x) ≤ f (x) ≤ u (x) :ﺣﻴﺚ uو vداﻟﺘﺎن ﻳﻄﻠﺐ تﻌﻴﻴ ﻤﺎ.
ﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ l i m f (x) :و )l i m f (x 3اﺳﺘنﺘﺞ اﻟ
∞x→− ∞x→+
3 5
l i m f (x) = 0 : ﻓﺈنl i m 2
= l i m 2 = 0 : • ﺑﻤﺎ أن
x→−∞ x→−∞ x x→−∞ x
4+ sin x
l i m f (x) = l i m = +∞ 4
x→0 x→0 x2
10 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ
(α−1) x+1
. ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲα ﺣﻴﺚ f (x) = ( 2 ) : داﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎرة f
α −1 x−3
.x→−∞
l i m f (x) , l i m f (x) : * اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟ ﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
x→+∞
ﺍﻟﺤﻞ
: * ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟ ﺎﻳﺎت
l i m f (x) ; l i m f (x)
x→−∞ x→+∞
1
f (x) = − : α= 1 أيα−1 = 0 إذا كﺎن-
3
1
l i m f (x) = l i m f (x) = − : وﻋﻠﻴﮫ
x→+∞ x→+∞ 3
. α= −1 : وﻣﻨﮫα+1 = 0 أيα−1 ̸= 0 وα2 −1 = 0 : إذا كﺎن-
−2x+1 2 1
f (x) = = x−
−3 3 3
2 2
l i m f (x) = l i m x= +∞ و l i m f (x) = l i m x= −∞
x→+∞ x→+∞ 3 x→−∞ x→−∞ 3