Clitocybe rivulosa

Clitocybe rivulosa, commonly known as t he false champignon or fool's funnel, is a

poisonous basidiomycet e fungus of t he large genus Clitocybe. One of several species similar
in appearance, it is a small whit e funnel-shaped t oadst ool widely found in lawns, meadows and
ot her grassy areas in Europe and Nort h America. Also known as t he sweating mushroom, it
derives t his name from t he sympt oms of poisoning (SLUDGE syndrome). It cont ains
pot ent ially deadly levels of muscarine.
 Clitocybe rivulosa

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Fungi

Division: Basidiomycot a

Class: Agaricomycet es

Order: Agaricales

Family: Tricholomat aceae

Genus: Clitocybe

Species: C. rivulosa

Binomial name

Clitocybe rivulosa

(Pers.) P. Kumm. (1871)

 Clitocybe rivulosa
Mycological charact erist ics

gills on hymenium

cap is depressed

hymenium is adnate
or decurrent

stipe is bare

spore print is white

ecology is saprotrophic

edibility: poisonous

Description

A small whit ish mushroom, t he 3–4 cm diamet er cap is funnel-shaped wit h decurrent crowded
whit e gills, wit h specks of pink. The fibrous st ipe is up t o 4 cm t all and bears no ring. The
spore print is whit e. There is no dist inct ive t ast e or smell. It is one of a number of similar
poisonous species, which can be confused wit h t he edible fairy ring champignon (Marasmius
oreades)[1] or miller (Clitopilus prunulus), such as t he ivory funnel (Clitocybe dealbata) .[2]

When young and imbued wit h moist ure, as wit h a small group of relat ed Clitocybes such as C.
phyllophila, t he cap has a dist inct ive brownish t ranslucent aspect wit h a "frost ing" of whit e
(which however is not superficial, but part of t he flesh). When it dries out it becomes uniform
pure whit e, and it is more difficult t o ident ify. Thus it is hygrophanous in a way, but not t o be
confused wit h t he smaller t hin-fleshed Clitocybe species which are commonly charact erized
as hygrophanous.[3]

Taxonomy and naming

It was init ially described as Agaricus rivulosus by Christ ian Hendrik Persoon in 1801,[4] before
German nat uralist Paul Kummer gave it it s current name in 1871.

The surface of t he cap can develop concent ric rings of cracks wit h age, and t he species
epit het rivulosa refers t o t his fissuring.
The very similar Clitocybe dealbata is somet imes regarded as part of t he same species as
C. rivulosa, and in t hat case t he name rivulosa t akes precedence and should be used for all
t hese fungi. If dist inguished, it is on t he basis t hat build is more robust , t he gills are less
decurrent and t he margin has a t endency t o crack up.[5][6]

Distribution and habitat

The false champignon is found in grassy habit at s in summer and aut umn in Europe and Nort h
America, where it can oft en form fairy rings; individual mushrooms nest led in t he grass which
oft en grows richer and greener where t hey occur.[7] They oft en occur in grassy areas where
t hey may be encount ered by children or t oddlers. This may increase risk of accident al
consumpt ion.[8]

Toxicity

The main t oxin in Clitocybe rivulosa is muscarine, and t hus t he sympt oms are somewhat like
t hat of nerve agent exposure, namely, great ly increased salivat ion, perspirat ion (sweat ing),
and lacrimat ion (t ear product ion) wit hin 15–30 minut es of ingest ion. Wit h large doses, t hese
sympt oms may be followed by abdominal pain, severe nausea, diarrhea, blurred vision, and
labored breat hing. Int oxicat ion generally subsides wit hin t wo hours. Deat h is rare, but may
result from respirat ory failure in severe cases. The specific ant idot e is at ropine.[8]

See also

List of deadly fungi

References

1. Carluccio A (2003). The Complete Mushroom Book. Quadrille. ISBN 1-84400-040-0.

2. Nilson S & Persson O (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 98. ISBN 0-14-
063006-6.

3. Knudsen, Henning; Jan Vesterhout (2008). Funga Nordica. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. p. 392. As in
other keys which could be used as references, the frosted appearance of the cap described in the
article is used to distinguish this group of Clitocybes.

4. Persoon, Christian Hendrik (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum (in Latin). Göttingen: H. Dietrich.
OCLC 28329773 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28329773) .

5. Kuyper, Thomas W. (1996). "Some taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the Tricholomataceae,
tribus Clitocybeae". Persoonia. 16–2.
 6. Bon, Marcel (April 1997). Flore mycologique d'Europe 4 Les clitocybes, omphales et ressemblants.
Flore mycologique d'Europe (in French). Quai Jeanne d'Arc, 80230 St. Valéry-sur-Somme, France: M.
Bon. p. 61.

7. Haas H (1969). The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. Burke. p. 132. ISBN 0-222-79409-7.

8. Benjamin DR (1995). Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas: A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists,
and Physicians. W H Freeman & Co. ISBN 0-7167-2649-1.

External links

Toxicit y, Mushrooms – Muscarine (ht t p://www.emedicine.com/ped/t opic2863.ht m)

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