Nhà Máy M C in Tân Đông Dương

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.
CHNG 1: GII THIEU S LC
1.1: TONG QUAN VE NHA MAY SAN XUAT MC IN TAN ONG DNG. Nha may san xuat mc in co: a ch tru s Bnh, Tp. HCM. ien thoai Fax : 32/24/6 at Thanh, Phng 6, Q Tan : (848). 8474121/122 : (848). 8474124
a ch nha may: 4/36 Tan Hng, Phng 16, Q. Tan Bnh, Tp. HCM. Va hien nay, muc tieu san xuat vi mot nha may san xuat mc in vi may moc thiet b va cong nghe hien ai, oi ngu nhan vien co tac phong chuyen nghiep nham cung cap en th trng san pham co chat lng cao cung nh dch vu tot, nen Cong ty a quyet tam ra sc m rong c s san xuat tai khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa 1, tnh ong Nai. D an c xay dng tren tha at co: Dien tch: 12.000m2. Quy cach: 130m x 92,5m. Trong o, d kien khu vc nha xng san xuat, van phong, kho hang, ke ca tram x ly nc thai tat ca chiem hn 2/3 tong dien tch (8100m2), phan con lai c s dung lam ng noi bo, san bai nha xe va cong vien xanh. V tr cua nha may san xuat mc in Tan ong Dng tai KCN Bien Hoa 1: Bac giap : Nha may thep Bien Hoa. Nam giap : Cong ty Co Phan bao b Bien Hoa (d an). ong giap : at trong.
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Tay giap
: ng so 3 cua Khu Cong Nghiep.
1.1.1: Lch s hnh thanh va phat trien: S hnh thanh c s san xuat cua nha may a co nhieu nam nay (t ngay 18/04/2001) tai 4/36 Tan Hng, phng 16, quan Tan Bnh, Tp.HCM, va tien o xay dng m rong c s cua nha may san xuat mc in Tan ong Dng tai Bien Hoa, tnh ong Nai ang trong d an c trnh bay bang 1.1 di ay va tien o thc hien d an da vao can c phap ly: . Giay chng nhan ang ky kinh doanh so 4102004588 do s ke hoach va au t Tp. HCM cap ngay 18/04/2001. . Ban thoa thuan gii thieu cho thue at tai Khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa 1 so 02/BH1/BTT c ky ngay 17/05/2004. Bang 1.1: Tien o thc hien d an (ke t ngay c cap giay phep) Cong viec 0 1 Thu tuc giay phep sau 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 Thang 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 1 0 1 1 12
Xay dng nha may Lap at thiet b San xuat th San xuat chnh thc Hien nay, san pham mc in do doanh nghiep Tan ong Dng san xuat a co th trng on nh trong pham vi ca nc. Khi nha may i vao san xuat on nh, Doanh nghiep se tien ti viec xuat khau sang th trng nc ngoai, hien
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cong ty co bo phan chuyen trach ang tham do tm hieu th trng nay trong khu vc Chau A va a thay nhng bc tien trien rat tot. 1.1.2: To chc va bo tr nhan s cua nha may: e ho tr cho hoat ong san xuat khi d an xay dng hoan thanh, va e phat trien manh me hn na, th khong the nao thieu c bo phan nhan s cua Cong ty TNHH SX TM Tan ong Dng chu trach nhiem tuyen dung ong thi ao tao nguon lao ong phuc vu cong tac san xuat va kinh doanh. Nhu cau s dung lao ong tai c s mi Bien Hoa cua nha may la khoang 90 ngi. Bang 1.2: Nhu cau lao ong cua cong ty ST T 1 2 3 4 5 Loai lao ong Can bo quan ly Nhan vien ky thuat va giam sat Cong nhan lam nghe Cong nhan gian n Nhan vien van phong Tong cong Che o lam viec: 8h/ngay. 1.1.3: San pham va th trng: Mc in mau tm. Mc in mau xanh. + Chat lng san pham: San pham mc in c san xuat theo tieu chuan TC 06 2003/ Cong ty Tan ong Dng HCM 01683/2003 CBTC TC. + Th trng, nguon tieu thu san pham cua cong ty: 60 70 90 Nam 1 5 5 30 5 15 Nam 2 5 7 35 5 18 Nam sx on nh 7 15 45 5 18
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Hien nay san pham cua cong ty c tieu thu trong nc va tng lai se c xuat khau ra nc ngoai, ac biet la cac nc thuoc khoi Asean. 1.1.4: Quy trnh san xuat tai nha may: Nguyen lieu: Qua trnh san xuat cua nha may s dung cac nguyen lieu sau:
Bang 1.3: Lng nguyen lieu s dung trong 1 thang STT Ten nguyen lieu ( vat t) 1 Bot mau hu c: Vang, cam, o, tm, xanh dng, xanh la, en 2 3 Bot mau vo c: Mau trang TiO2 Chat tao mau: 1. styrene Acrylic Copolymer 2. Polyamide 4 Dung moi hu c: 1. Toluen 2. IPA 3. MEK 4. n. Buthanol 5 Phu gia: Silicon kg 500 kg 4.000 kg 49.000 kg 7.000 n v kg Khoi lng 7.000
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e san pham at c chat lng cao, cac nguyen lieu du co nguon goc trong nc, hay c nhap t nc ngoai eu phai ap ng cac tieu chuan chat lng nguyen lieu.
Cong nghe san xuat: Quy trnh cong nghe san xuat mc in:
Bot mau hu c Tron kn Tron kn Nc hay dung moi hu c
Nghien Nghien
Phan tan Phan tan
Phoi mau Phoi mau
ong goi ong goi
Thanh Thanh pham 5 pham
Hnh 1.1: S o quy trnh cong nghe san xuat mc in.
Thuyet minh quy trnh cong nghe san xuat mc in: Bot mau hu c co kch thc tho c a vao may nghien cung vi nc hay dung moi hu c (Toluen, MEK,) e tron va nghien hat mau sau khi c nghien co kch thc ong eu va nho hn. Bot mau tiep tuc c phan tan trong chat tao mang (Styrene Acrylic Copolymer, Polyamide) bang may phan tan (khuay tron). Sau o mc in c a i phoi mau. Mc in sau khi phoi mau c cha trong thung nha co dung tch 5 lt, 10 lt. 1.1.5: Hien trang moi trng tai khu vc d an: 1.1.5.1: Hien trang moi trng tai khu vc trc khi thc hien d an: Viec xac nh hien trang chat lng moi trng trc khi D an i vao hoat ong la can thiet. o la nhng d lieu c s e chung ta so sanh nhng tac ong khi co D an hoat ong va khi cha hnh thanh D an. 1) Chat lng moi trng khong kh: Ket qua phan tch chat lng moi trng khong kh trong bang 1.4 sau: Bang 1.4: Ket qua phan tch chat lng khong kh tai khu vc D an Ky hieu mau K1 K2 K3 T0 (0C ) 33 34, 5 33 o am (%) 62 59 60 o on (dBA) 78 79,3 79 Bui SO2 NO2 VOC
(mg/m3 (mg/m3 (mg/m3 (mg/m3 ) ) ) ) 1,5 1,2 1,3 0,332 0,22 0,23 0,46 0,44 0,42 Vet Vet Vet
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TCVN 5937-1995 Ghi chu:
85*
0,3
0,5
0,4
(*) la tieu chuan TCVN 3985 1999: Mc on cho phep tai cac v tr lam viec. K1 : Khu vc gan tng rao oi dien Nha may thep. K2 : Khu vc gan tng rao sat Nha may thep. K3 : Khu vc ngay gia khu at D an.
Nhan xet: Cac ket qua o ac cho thay hien trang moi trng khong kh xung quanh khu vc D an b o nhiem bi cac ch tieu bui, NO2 do anh hng cua cac nha may lan can, ac biet la Nha may thep Bien Hoa. Tieng on kha cao do chu yeu la phng tien giao thong va hoat ong cua Nha may thep Bien Hoa. Tuy nhien mc on vay nam trong khoang cho phep. 2) Chat lng nc mat va nc ngam: . Chat lng nc mat: Nguon nc mat quan trong nhat tai khu vc la Song ong Nai. ay la lu vc song noi a ln nhat Viet Nam vi tong dien tch t nhien tren 40.000 km2, ong vai tro rat quan trong oi vi cac hoat ong phat trien kinh te xa hoi cua toan lu vc song ong Nai: cap nc sinh hoat; cong nghiep va dch vu; thuy ien thuy li; nuoi trong thuy san; giao thong van tai thuy, vi dan so cua lu vc khoang tren 12,7 trieu ngi va ong gop 34,7% tong GDP ca nc. Nguon nc lu vc song ong Nai chu tac ong manh me cua cac qua trnh t nhien va cac hoat ong phat trien kinh te xa hoi cua con ngi. Chat lng nc mat song ong Nai c tham khao so lieu phan tch cua Khoa Moi trng thc hien vao
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ngay 06/06/2002 theo phng phap phan tch Tieu chuan Viet Nam. Cac iem lay mau: o Mau M1: tai v tr ben tau pha Bac, gan tram dau cua cang. o Mau M2: tai v tr cau tau mi ang xay pha Nam khu cang, trong tai 5.000 DWT. o TCVN 5942 1995: Tieu chuan nay qui nh cac thong so va nong o cho phep cua cac chat o nhiem trong nc mat va ap dung e anh gia mc o o nhiem cua mot nguon nc mat. Ket qua khao sat va o at chat lng nc mat tai khu vc cang c trnh bay trong bang sau:
Bang 1.5: Chat lng nc mat tai khu vc Cang ong Nai Thong so Phan tch n v Tnh Ket qua M1 M2 TCVN 59421995, loai A pH o cng DO COD BOD5 SS Fe mg/l mg/l mgO2/l mgO2/l mg/l mg/l 6,96 12 6,1 7,8 3 20 0,92
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TCN 1998
6,99 11 5,6 8 3 24 1
6-8,5 >6 <10 <4 20 1
6-8,5 6
10 5 T nhien 1
N-NO3N-NH3+ Dau m P-tong Tong Coliform Nhan xet:
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100 ml
1,3 0,8 0,2 0,057 4,3 x 103
1,4 0,71 0,23 8,6 x 103
10 0,05 0 5.000
10 0,05 5.103
Ket qua phan tch cho thay hau het nong o cac ch tieu c ban eu khong vt qua qui nh.rieng ham lng dau m va amonia vt tieu chuan cho phep, ieu o chng to hoat ong cua cang a gay o nhiem nguon nc mat. . Chat lng nc ngam: Cong tac lay mau va kiem tra chat lng nc ngam tai khu vc D an c thc hien vao ngay 06/06/2002 theo phng phap phan tch Tieu chuan Viet Nam, ket qua c trnh bay trong bang 1.6 sau:
Bang 1.6: Chat lng nc ngam tai khu vc Cang ong Nai STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thong so phan tch pH Oxy hoa tan o cng tong cong Sat tong cong ClNO2NO3-9-
n v mg/l mg CaCO3/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Ket qua 7,51 0,5 115 2,35 91 0 1,6
TCVN 5944-1995 6,5-8,5 300-500 1-5 200-600 45
Ghi chu: TCVN 5944-1995: Tieu chuan nay qui nh gi han cac thong so va nong o cho phep cua cac chat o nhiem trong nc ngam. Ngoai ra, tieu chuan nay con c ap dung e anh gia va giam sat chat lng cua mot nguon nc ngam trong mot khu vc nhat nh. a iem lay mau: gieng khoan trong khu vc dan c, sau khoang 20m, cach v tr cang khoang 100m.
Nhan xet: Vi ket qua phan tch tren cho thay nguon nc ngam tai khu vc co chat lng nc kha tot, nong o cac chat o nhiem trong nc ngam eu di gia tr gii han cua qui nh. 1.1.5.2: Hien trang moi trng cua Cong ty Tan ong Dng tai Khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa 1, tnh ong Nai (khi d an a vao hoat ong). Tac ong moi trng trong giai oan hoat ong, ay la cac tac ong chnh yeu khi D an i vao hoat ong neu can phai anh gia ay u cac tac ong en moi trng cua D an. Tren c s khao sat thc te tai nha may san xuat mc in cua Cong ty Tan ong Dng ang hoat ong tai 4/36 Tan Hng, phng 16, quan Tan Bnh, T.p HCM (co cung cong nghe va cong suat vi D an) co the xac nh c cac nguon goc gay o nhiem khi D an i vao hoat ong nh sau: 1) Tac ong ti moi trng khong kh: a) Nguon goc gay o nhiem va cac chat o nhiem khong kh. Bui do tron bot mau vi dung moi tai may nghien kh. Hi dung moi hu c t may phan tan, phoi mau, t cac thung cha san pham, t kho cha dung moi.
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Kh thai do phng tien van chuyen: xe nang, xe tai. b) ac tnh va tac ong cua cac nguon gay o nhiem khong kh: Tac hai chu yeu la do ht th khong kh co bui benh phoi. Ngoai ra bui con gay ton thng len mat, da, he tieu hoa. Dung moi dung trong san xuat bao gom cac loai dung moi pho bien nh Toluene, MEK, n-Buthanol, Khi s dung se bay hi, phat sinh mui xung quanh khu vc pha che va lu tr. Neu hi dung moi nay khong thu gom c se phat tan vao khong kh trong xng san xuat anh hng xau en sc khoe cong nhan. c) Kh thai t cac phng tien van chuyen: Kh thai t cac phng tien van chuyen ngueyn vat lieu hoac san pham, phng tien xep d va van chuyen noi bo trong xng. Khi hoat ong nh vay, cac phng tien van tai vi nhien lieu tieu thu chu yeu la xang, dau diezel se thai ra moi trng vi lng kh thai cha cac chat o nhiem khong kh.
d) Tieng on: Tren c s khao sat thc te, may moc thiet b san xuat khi hoat ong cung khong phat sinh tieng on ln, trong khoang 75 85 dBA, nh vay xem nh cha vt mc gii han cho phep la 90 dBA. Cong ty lai nam trong khu cong nghiep nen anh hng cua tieng on la khong ang ke. e) Nhiet o: Cong nghe san xuat khong co nguon phat sinh nhiet ang ke. Tuy nhien cac thiet b may moc khi van hanh co the phat sinh nhiet do ma sat. Ngoai ra, nhiet o cua phan xng con chu anh hng trc tiep cua ieu kien thi tiet va kh hau trong khu vc D an. 2) Tac ong ti moi trng nc: Nc thai t qua trnh san xuat mc in:
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Qua trnh san xuat san pham mc in ch phat sinh nc thai t cong oan ve sinh thiet b may moc (may nghiep, may tron), vi khoi lng nho, lu lng khoang 4m3/ngay. Chat lng nc thai tai 1 Nha may san xuat mc in c trnh bay trong bang 1.7 sau: Bang 1.7: Ket qua phan tch chat lng nc thai tai Nha may san xuat mc in STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ch tieu pH COD BOD SS N tong P tong mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L n v Ket qua NT1 7,32 450 192 14 31,7 1,25 NT2 7,34 2850 1075 97 215,1 1,3 TCVN 5945- TCVN 69801995(cot B) 5,5 9 60 6 70 40 50 3.000 2001 F1
Coliform MPN/100ml
Nguon: Khoa Moi Trng HBK Tp.HCM Ghi chu: NT1, NT2: nc thai san xuat mc in mau tm, mau xanh. Nhan xet: Nc thai san xuat b o nhiem ang ke, cac ch tieu BOD, COD, SS , N , P eu cao hn tieu chuan cho phep thai nhieu lan. Nc thai san xuat khi thai trc tiep vao song ong Nai se tac ong rat xau en moi trng nc mat, at biet he thong song ong Nai la nguon cap nc chnh cho Tp. HCM. Do vay, du nam trong khu cong nghiep, Cong ty Tan ong Dng van se au t he thong x ly nc thai, am bao nc thai au ra at tieu chuan 6980 2001.
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Nc thai sinh hoat: Tnh cho nam san xuat on nh, toan nha may co 90 ngi bao gom cong nhan va quan ly. Lng nc thai sinh ra la: 90 ngi x 44lt/(ngi ngay em) = 4(m3/ngay.em). ac trng nc thai sinh hoat c neu trong bang 1.8 sau: Bang 1.8: Nong o chat o nhiem trong nc thai sinh hoat Chat o nhiem pH BOD5 SS Nitrat (NO3-) Tong Coliform Nong o chat o nhiem (mg/l) Cha x ly 59 450 540 700 1450 50 100 106 109 Qua be t hoai 57 100 200 80 160 20 40 Giam c
Nc thai sinh hoat sau khi a qua x ly bang be t hoai, so lieu thong ke cho thay van con o nhiem nen nc thai dan en be loc sinh hoc e x ly cung vi nc thai san xuat. Nc ma chay tran: c qui c la nc sach nen sau khi lang loc, co the thai ra nguon tiep nhan ma khong gay o nhiem moi trng nc mat. 3) Tac ong ti moi trng do chat thai ran cua D an: Chat thai ran sinh ra trong qua trnh hoat ong cua D an bao gom cac loai sau:
Bao b cha nguyen lieu: Bao gom cac bao b nha (thung nha 10, 20 lt: thung phuy) cha dung moi va bao ny long ng bot mau.
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Cac loai bao b nay c xem la chat thai nguy hai, co tac ong xau en moi trng. Tuy nhien so lng khong nhieu, khoang 50 kg/ thang, bao b dang de thu gom va lu tr, nen cac tac ong en moi trng la t va co the kiem soat c. Cong ty Tan ong Dng se thue Cong ty Tan Phat Tai chuyen x ly loai chat thai nay thu gom, x ly theo ung tieu chuan. Chat thai ran sinh hoat: Lng rac sinh ra do moi ngi theo nhieu tai lieu thong ke cho thay t 0,25 1,0 kg/ngay. Nh vay vi so lng 90 lao ong lam viec tai cong ty th lng rac thai hang ngay co the c tnh la: 0,5kg/(ngi.ngay) x 90 ngi = 45 kg/ngay. Rac thai sinh hoat tai nha may se c Cong ty moi trng o th Bien Hoa thu gom, do o khong tac ong xau en moi trng.
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Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai
CHNG 2: CAC PHNG PHAP X LY NC THAI.
2.1: CAC PHNG PHAP X LY NC THAI Khi nen van minh nhan loai phat trien, cac o th moc len va c m rong mot cach nhanh chong. V vay, nc thai sinh hoat va cac chat thai cong nghiep t cac thanh phan gay ra s o nhiem nghiem trong oi vi moi trng nc va ngay cang tr thanh van e cap bach mang tnh chat xa hoi va chnh tr cua cong ong. Ngay nay hau het cac nc a co luat ngay cang chat che oi vi viec nc thai noi chung va nc thai cong nghiep noi rieng. Ngi ta cung nhan thc sau sac rang khong the giai quyet tot van e nc thai neu khong co s hp tac chat che gia cac ky s cong nghe san xuat vi cac chuyen gia ve cong nghe nc va nc thai. 2.1.1: X ly nc thai bang cac phng phap c hoc: Nc thai cong nghiep cung nh nc thai sinh hoat thng cha cac chat tan va khong tan dang hat l lng. Cac tap chat l lng co the dang ran va long, chung tao vi nhau thanh he huyen phu. e tach cac hat l lng ra khoi nc thai, thng ngi ta s dung cac qua trnh thuy c (gian oan, lien tuc) loc qua song chan hoac li, lang di tac dung cua lc trong trng hay lc ly tam va loc. Viec la chon phng phap x ly tuy thuoc vao kch thc hat, tnh chat hoa ly, nong o hat l lng, lu lng nc thai va mc o lam sach can thiet. X ly c hoc nham gan loc, lang e loc bo khoi nc thai cac tap chat vo c khong tan nh at cat, cac hp chat hu c co kch thc ln dang tam, si
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cung nh ieu hoa nc thai ve mat lu lng, thanh phan cac chat hu c Cac cong trnh x ly c hoc tieu bieu hien nay : Song chan rac. Be lang (lang cat lang s bo). Be loc hay thiet b loc quay. Be ieu hoa. Qua trnh x ly c hoc cung kh c mot phan cac chat o nhiem. No mang y ngha quan trong cac cong trnh x ly nc thai va khong the thieu c trong cac cong trnh o. . Song chan rac hay li chan Tai song chan hay li chan cac tap chat tho nh : go, gie, rac thc pham, va cac vat the tho khac b gi lai. Song chan rac hau nh cong trnh nao cung phai co nam trc ca vao ho thu nc thai, tuy theo cac cong trnh ma co the lap at them li chan rac. . Qua trnh lang Lang la qua trnh quan trong trong cong nghe x ly nc thai, thng c ng dung e tach cac chat l lng ra khoi nc thai da tren s khac nhau ve trong lng cua cac hat l lng va nc. ay la qua trnh x ly ban au hay sau qua trnh x ly sinh hoc. Qua trnh lang co the chia lam hai dang c ban phu thuoc vao trang thai cac hat can l lng trong nc : Lang oc lap. Lang keo tu. . Qua trnh loc Loc la qua trnh c thc hien e phan rieng cac hon hp nh 1 vat ngan xop. Vat ngan xop co kha nang cho
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1 pha i qua con gi pha kia lai (vat o goi la vach ngan loc). Loc qua vach ngan c phan ra: loc thong dung, vi loc va loc phan t (sieu loc va loc tham thau ngc). . Qua trnh ieu hoa Lu lng nc thai va ham lng chat ban trong nc thng dao ong khong eu theo ngay em, lam anh hng xau ve che o cong tac cua mang li va cac cong trnh x ly sau, do o be ieu hoa co chc nang : ieu hoa lu lng va nong o cac chat ban trong nc thai. Oxi hoa mot phan nong o o nhiem nc thai. Tham gia lam thoang s bo. Tranh lang can. Tang hieu suat lang be lang t mot. 2.1.2: X ly nc thai bang cac phng phap hoa hoc: C s cua phng phap nay la cac phan ng hoa hoc dien ra gia cac chat o nhiem va chat them vao. Nhng phan ng dien ra co the la : Phan ng oxi hoa kh. Phan ng trung hoa tap chat ket tua. Cac phan ng thuy phan chat oc hai. Cac phng phap hoa hoc thng dung nhieu la : Oxi hoa va trung hoa. Thong thng i oi vi trung hoa con kem theo cac qua trnh ket tua va hien tng vat ly khac. . Trung hoa: Nc thai cong nghiep thng co gia tr pH qua thap hay qua cao (o kiem hay o axit cao). Cac cong trnh n v x ly nc thai cong nghiep nh: Trao oi
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ion, cac phng phap sinh hocTh trc no phai tien hanh giai oan trung hoa. Qua trnh trung hoa c thc hien trong cac be trung hoa lam viec lien tuc hay gian oan theo chu k. Ve cau tao, cac be nay co the ket hp vi cac be lang phai da tren c s so sanh cac ch tieu kinh te - ky thuat e chon phng phap lang. La chon bien phap trung hoa phu thuoc vao lng thai, che o thai cung nh nong o cac chat trong nc thai. Viec trung hoa nc thai bang hoa chat gap nhieu kho khan, v thanh phan va lu lng nc thai khong on nh lam phc tap cac he thong, thiet b t ong cham hoa chat. Phng phap nay dung khi nong o va pH nc thai qua thap hay qua cao. Phng phap trung hoa thng ket hp vi cac phng phap khac e x ly nc thai. Cac hoa chat trung hoa thng dung: HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, Ca(OH)2 Cac phng phap trung hoa thng dung : Trung hoa bang cach tron hai dong nc thai axit va baz. ay la bien phap n gian, de thc hien va t ton chi ph. Trung hoa nc thai bang cach them hoa chat (Bo sung cac tac nhan hoa chat). Trung hoa nc thai cha axt bang cach cho qua lp vat lieu trung hoa, thng vat lieu loc la a voi. Trung hoa bang cac kh axit. 2.1.3: X ly nc hoa ly: thai bang cac phng phap
Cac phng phap hoa ly (ong tu va keo tu, tuyen noi, hap phu, trao oi ion, cac qua trnh tach bang mang, cac phng phap ien hoa). ong tu va keo tu:
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Qua trnh lang ch co the tach c cac hat ran huyen phu nhng khong the tach c cac chat gay nhiem ban dang keo va hoa tan v chung la nhng hat ran co kch thc qua nho. e tach cac hat o mot cach hien qua bang phng phap lang, can tang kch thc cua chung nh s tac ong tng ho gia cac hat phan tan lien ket thanh tap hp cac hat nham lam tang van toc lang cua chung. Viec kh cac hat keo ran bang lang trong lng oi hoi trc het can trung hoa ien tch cua chung, tiep en la lien ket chung lai vi nhau. Qua trnh trung hoa ien tch thng goi la qua trnh ong tu (coagulation) con qua trnh tao thanh cac bong ln hn t cac hat nho goi la qua trnh keo tu (flocculation). Trong t nhien tuy theo nguon goc xuat x cung nh ban chat hoa hoc, cac hat can l lng eu mang ien tch am dng (v du, cac hat ran co nguon goc silic, cac hp chat hu c eu co ien tch am, ngc lai cac hydroxit sat va nhom mang ien tch dng). Khi the can bang ien ong cua nc b pha v cac thanh phan mang ien tch se ket hp hay ket dnh vi nhau bang lc lien ket phan t va ien t, tao thanh 1 to hp tren c goi la cac hat bong keo (flocs) theo thanh phan cau tao ngi ta chia chung thanh hai loai keo: keo k nc (hydropholic) la chong lai phan t nc va keo hao nc (hydrophilic) la loai hap thu cac phan t nc nh vi khuan, vi rut,trong o keo k nc ong vai tro chu yeu trong cong nghe x ly nc va nc thai. Tuyen noi: Phng phap tuyen noi thng c s dung e tach cac tap chat ( dang ran hay long) phan tan khong tan, t lang kem ra khoi pha long. Trong 1 so trng hp qua trnh nay cung c dung e tach cac chat hoa tan nh cac chat hoat ong be mat.
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Qua trnh nh vay c goi la qua trnh tach bot hay lam ac bot. Trong XLNT, ve nguyen tac, tuyen noi thng c e kh cac chat l lng va lam ac bun sinh hoc. u iem c ban cua phng phap nay so vi phng phap lang la co the kh c hoan toan cac hat nho hay nhe, lang cham trong mot thi gian ngan. Khi cac hat a noi len be mat, chung co the c thu gom bang bo phan vt bot. Qua trnh tuyen noi c thc hien bang cach sut cac bot kh nho (thng la khong kh) vao trong pha long. Caca kh o ket dnh vi caca hat va khi lc noi cua tap hp cac bong kh va u ln se keo theo hat cung noi len be mat, sau o chung tap hp lai vi nhau thanh cac lp bot cha ham lng cac hat cao hn trong chat long ban au. Cac phng phap tuyen noi nh sau : Tuyen noi bang viec tach khong kh t dung dch. Tuyen noi phan tan khong kh bang phng phap c hoc. Tuyen noi bang cap khong kh qua au khuyech tan khong bang vat lieu xop. Tuyen noi ien va tuyen noi hoa hoc. Hap phu: Phng phap hap phu c dung rong rai e lam sach triet e nc thai khoi cac chat hu c hoa tan sau khi x ly sinh hoc cung nh x ly cuc bo khi trong nc thai co cha 1 ham lng rat nho cac chat o. Nhng chat khong phan huy c bang con ng sinh hoc va thng co oc tnh cao. Neu cac chat kh b hap phu tot va khi chi ph rieng lng chat hap phu khong ln th viec ng dung phng phap nay la hp ly hn ca (than hoat tnh, cac chat tong hp hay 1 so chat thai cua san xuat nh x tro,
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mat sat, x va cac chat hap phu bang khoang chat nh at set, silicagen, keo nhom). Than hoat tnh la chat hap phu thong thng. Trao oi ion: Phng phap trao oi ion c ng dung e lam sach nc hoac nc thai khoi cac kim loai nh Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, V, Mn cung nh cac hp chat cua asen, photpho, xyanua va chat phong xa. Phng phap nay cho phep thu hoi cac chat co gia tr va at c mc do lam sach cao. V vay no la 1 phng phap c ng dung rong rai e tach muoi trong x ly nc va nc thai. 2.1.4: X ly nc thai bang phng phap sinh hoc: Thc chat cua phng phap sinh hoc e x ly nc thai la dung kha nang song va hoat ong cua vi sinh vat e phan huy cac chat hu c co trong nc thai, chung s dung cac hp chat hu c va mot so khoang lam dinh dng va tao nang lng. Trong qua trnh dinh dng chung nhan c cac chat lam vat lieu e xay dng te bao, sinh trng, sinh san nen lam sinh khoi tang len. Qua trnh nay con c goi la qua trnh oxi hoa sinh hoa. Phng phap nay thng c s dung e lam sach hoan toan cac loai nc thai co cha cac chat hu c hoa tan, cac chat phan tan nho. Do vay trc khi thc hien phng phap nay, ta phai loai trung hoa nc thai, bo cac chat phan tan tho ra khoi nc thai cong trnh n v trc. Theo quan iem hien ai, qua trnh x ly nc thai bang phng phap sinh hoc (thu hoi chat ban t nc thai va viec vi sinh vat hap thu chat ban) la qua trnh gom ba giai oan : Khuech tan, chuyen dch va hap thu chat ban t moi trng nc len be mat te bao vi khuan.
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Oxi hoa ngoai bao va van chuyen cac chat ban hap thu c qua mang te bao vi khuan. Chuyen dch cac chat hu c thanh nang lng, tong hp sinh khoi t chat hu c va cac nguyen to dinh dng khac ben trong te bao vi khuan. 2.1.5: X ly nc thai bang phng phap hieu kh: Cac qua trnh hieu kh co the xay ra trong ieu kien nhan tao va hieu kh. Trong o qua trnh hieu kh nhan tao, ngi ta tao cho moi trng song cua vi sinh vat co ieu kien toi u nhat nen hieu qua x ly tot hn. Qua trnh oxi hoa cac chat hu c cua vi sinh vat e tao thanh nang lng au tien la cacbonhydrat va mot so chat hu c khac, qua trnh nay c thc hien tren be mat te bao vi khuan nh xuc tac cua men ngoai bao. Sau o mot phan chat ban c van chuyen qua mang te bao vi khuan vao ben trong va tiep tuc oxi hoa e giai phong ra nang lng hay tong hp thanh te bao chat dan en sinh khoi tang len. Khi thieu nguon dinh dng, te bao chat lai b oxi hoa e tao ra nguon nang lng cho hoat ong song. Qua trnh tren c the hien qua cac phng trnh sau: (1). ong hoa: Nang lng. (2). D hoa: bao chat). CxHyOzN + O2 CO2 + H2O + NH3 + C xHyOzN + Nang lng C5H7NO2 (Te
(3). T phan huy: C5H7NO2 + O2 CO2 + H2O + NH3 + Nang lng. Ve nguyen tac phng phap nay gom cac bc sau :
1. Chuyen hoa cac hp chat hu c co nguon goc
cacbon dang hoa tan, keo hay khong hoa tan phan tan nho thanh kh CO2, nc va sinh khoi vi sinh vat.
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2. Tao ra bun th cap (cac bong bun hay mang vi sinh vat) chu yeu la cac vi khuan, ong vat nguyen sinh va cac keo vo c trong nc thai. 3. Tach bun th cap ra khoi nc bang qua trnh lang trong lc. 2.1.6: X ly nc thai bang phng phap hieu kh trong cac cong trnh nhan tao: Be aeroten tron. Be phan ng sinh hoc theo tng me noi tiep. Aeroten ay. Loc dnh bam. Phng phap hieu kh trong ieu kien t nhien. Qua trnh nay c tien hanh la cho nc thai tng tac vi at, thc vat va khong kh. T o chat o nhiem b loai bo khoi nc thai va co the la ti tieu, thu hoi chat dinh dng, tai s dung nc va bo sung nguon nc ngam. Cong trnh dang nay thng la: Ho sinh hoc. Ho sinh hoc hay con c goi la ho oxy hoa hay ho on nh. Nc thai chay qua ho co van toc khong ln, thi gian lu nc thng 30 en 50 ngay. Ho sinh hoc c phan thanh cac loai sau : Ho oxy hoa cap ba hay ho lam sach lan cuoi. Ho thong kh nhan tao hay con goi la ho c suc kh. Ho oxy hoa hieu yem kh hay con goi la ho oxy hoa tuy tien.
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2.1.7: X ly nc thai bang phng phap k kh: Cac loai be lang nc thai ket hp vi len men bun can lang. Be phan ng yem kh tiep xuc. 2.1.8: X ly bun can nc thai: Trong nc thai co cac chat khong hoa tan nh rac, cat, can lang Cac loai cat (chu yeu la thanh phan vo c va co t trong ln) c phi kho va o sang nen, rac c nghien nho hoac van chuyen ve bai chon lap rac. Can lang c gi lai trong cac be lang t I (thng c goi la can s cap) co ham lng hu c ln c ket hp vi bun th cap (chu yeu la sinh khoi vi sinh vat d), hnh thanh trong qua trnh x ly sinh hoc nc thai, x ly theo cac bc tach nc s bo, on nh sinh hoc trong ieu kien k kh hoac hieu kh va lam tho. Bun can sau x ly co the s dung lam phan bon.
2.2: XAC NH LU LNG VA THANH PHAN NC THAI: 2.2.1: Lu lng nc thai. Lu lng nc thai can c e thiet ke he thong x ly nc thai trong nha may tai Khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa 1, tnh ong Nai gom: Lu lng nc thai t qua trnh san xuat mc in: 4m3/ngay Lu lng nc thai sinh hoat la: 90 ngi x 44lt(ngi.ngay em) = 4(m3/ngay). Lu lng nc thai tong cong: 4m3/ngay + 4m3/ngay = 8(m3/ngay) Lay lu lng thiet ke la: 8 (m3/ngay) 2.2.2: Thanh phan nc thai.
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Thanh phan nc thai cua nha may Tan ong Dng gom thanh phan nc thai t trong qua trnh san xuat va nc thai sinh hoat: Thanh phan cua nc thai san xuat c da vao thanh phan cua nguyen lieu trong san xuat e anh gia mc o anh hng cua nc thai. Da vao bang phan tch ch so moi trng (bang 1.8) ta thay nc thai san xuat b o nhiem nang do:

O nhiem hu c( do nguyen lieu san xuat cua nha may s dung la bot mau hu c). O nhiem vo c( do nguyen lieu san xuat cua nha may s dung la bot mau vo c).
O nhiem N tong va SS. Thanh phan nc thai sinh hoat sau khi qua be t hoai nong o SS va BOD con rat cao so vi tieu chuan thai:

SS
: 80 160 (mg/l) 160(mg/l).
BOD : 100 200 (mg/l) 200(mg/l).
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Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in.
CHNG 3: LA CHON CONG NGHE X LY NC THAI SAN XUAT MC IN
3.1: CAC TIEU CH LA CHON QUI TRNH CONG NGHE X LY: Cac day chuyen cong nghe va cac cong trnh x ly nc thai phai c la chon tren cac c s sau: Qui mo (cong suat) va ac iem oi tng thoat nc (lu vc phan tan cua o th, khu dan c, benh vien). ac iem nguon tiep nhan nc thai va kha nang t lam sach cua no. Mc o va cac giai oan x ly nc thai can thiet. ieu kien t nhien khu vc: ac iem kh hau, thi tiet, a hnh, a chat thuy van ieu kien cung cap nguyen vat lieu e x ly nc thai tai a phng. Kha nang s dung nc thai cho cac muc ch kinh te tai a phng (nuoi ca, ti ruong, gi mc nc tao canh quan o th) Dien tch va v tr at ai s dung e xay dng tram x ly nc thai. Nguon tai chnh va cac ieu kien kinh te khac.
Va viec la chon cong nghe phai da vao : Tnh chat thanh phan cua nc thai. Tieu chuan xa thai. Kha nang t lam sach cua he thong song rach.
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T tnh chat thanh phan cua nc thai: Bang 3.1: Thanh phan nc thai STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ch tieu pH COD BOD SS N tong P tong mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l n v NT1 7,32 450 192 14 31,7 1,25 Ket qua NT2 NTSH 7,34 2850 1075 97 215,1 1,3 7,2 156 110 100 20 1,3 Giam
Coliform MPN/100m l
T tieu chuan xa thai: Cong ty Tan ong Dng au t he thong x ly nc thai am bao nc thai au ra at tieu chuan TCVN 6980 2001 F1, va TCVN 5945 1995(cot B), Bang 3.2: Tieu chuan TCVN 5945 1995 (B), TCVN 6980 2001 (F1) STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ch tieu pH COD BOD SS N tong P tong Coliform mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100ml
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n v
TCVN 59451995(cot B) 5,5 9 60 6
TCVN 69802001 F1 70 40 50 3.000
Kha nang t lam sach cua he thong song rach lien quan Kha nang t lam sach cua nguon nc la kha nang kh c cac chat ban trong nguon nc. kha nang o c the hien qua 2 qua trnh: Qua trnh xao tron (pha loang) thuan tuy ly hoa gia chat thai vi nguon nc. Qua trnh khoang hoa cac chat thai (hu c) gay nhiem ban trong nguon nc.
Ket qua xay ra qua trnh t lam sach cua nguon nc.
3.2: E XUAT CONG NGHE X LY NC THAI CUA NHA MAY. ay la cong viec quan trong nhat cua viec thiet ke he thong x ly nc thai, no anh hng trc tiep en qua trnh tnh toan cac cong trnh n v sau nay. 3.2.1: S o quy trnh cong nghe: 3.2.1.1: X ly nc thai sinh hoat. Vi lu lng thap (4m3/ngay), do o D an se cho nc thai sinh hoat (co thanh phan bang 1.8) qua be t hoai roi tiep theo cho chay vao be loc sinh hoc (phng an 1) hay be on nh (phng an 3 va 4) e x ly chung vi nc thai ve sinh thiet b san xuat. 3.2.1.2:X ly nc ma. Nc ma co thanh phan chat l lng e lang (cat, at, a,) se qua be lang cat trc khi thai vao nguon tiep nhan la he thong cong chung cua khu cong nghiep.
He thong mng thu nc rieng 28 Ho ga gan lang cuoi nguon
Nc ma
He thong thoat nc ma cua KCN
Hnh 3.1: S o he thong x ly nc ma
3.2.1.2: Phng an x ly nc thai ve sinh thiet b:

Nc thai sinh hoat Nc thai
san xuat
Mo ta he thong x ly nc thai tap trung.

Be t hoai
Keo tu
Be loc SHHK hay be on nh
Nguon tiep nhan
Hnh 3.2: Mo ta s o he thong x ly nc thai cua D an.
S o he thong x ly nc thai, phng an c e xuat: Phng an 1:

Ong tron Ho thu gom Lan gI NTSH
cac
NTSX
Loc SHHK
Lan g II
Phng an 2: (ch dung e x ly nc thai mc in co cong suat nho = 10 m3/ngay)
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He thong say kho Thu can ReducerT T Reducer
MM
ai cha Be cha nc
Phng an 3:
Ong tron Ho thu gom Lan gI NTSH Be on nh
NTSX
Loc SHHK
Lan g II
Be kh trung
Ngan thu bun
Phng an 4:
Ong tron Ho thu gom Lan gI NTSH Be on nh Be kh trung
NTSX
Be SBR
Hnh 3.3: S o cong nghe cua cac phng an e xuat.
3.2.2: Nhiem vu cua tng cong trnh n v:(oi vi phng an 3 va 4) Song chan rac, li chan rac: Co nhiem vu loai bo cac tap chat tho, co kch thc ln trong nc thai nham tranh kha nang nghet bm
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Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in. va am bao hoat ong bnh thng cho cac cong trnh pha sau. Be thu gom: Nc thai t cac khu san xuat trong nha may thao he thong ong dan hoac mng h en ho thu gom. T ay nc thai c dan en cong trnh tiep theo bang may bm chm. Ong tron: S dung nang lng cua nc t may bm bm nc thai len at tai be thu gom e tao dong chay roi. Tai ong tron hoa chat va nc thai c tron eu, sau khi tron xong nc thai c a sang be lang keo tu tiep tuc qua trnh x ly cua he thong. Be lang I (be lang + phan ng): Khi s dung nc co dung chat keo tu, tc la trong nc co cha cac hat can ket dnh, th ngoai cac hat can co toc o ri ban au ln hn toc o ri cua dong nc lang xuong, con cac hat can cung lang xuong c. Nguyen nhan la do qua trnh cac hat can co toc o ri nho hn toc o dong nc b ay len tren, chung a ket dnh lai vi nhau va tang dan kch thc cho en khi co toc o ri ln hn toc o chuyen ong cua dong nc se ri xuong. Nh vay lang keo tu trong be lang ng (be lang phan ng la be lang co ong trung tam gia be) co hieu qua lang cao hn nhieu so vi lang t nhien. Ham lng chat l lng sau be lang + phan ng can at < 15(mg/l). Mat khac, ham lng COD, BOD giam 70 80% , lng SS giam 80 90%, co the cao hn do qua trnh keo tu xay ra gan nh hoan toan. u iem cua be lang + phan ng lam giam kch thc cong trnh ky thuat x ly nc thai. Nhng thc te kho duy tr toc o, e trach kho khan nay thc hien ket hp lang tao bong trong be lang tron, va
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Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in. co the nang cap t be lang tron. Be lang nay c ng dung e x ly co o uc va o mau cao. Be on nh: Nhiem vu cua be on nh la nhiem vu cua ieu hoa nc thai ve lu lng, cng o, tnh chat nc thai. Be nay lam giam kch thc va tao che o lam viec on nh cho cac cong trnh pha sau,ac biet la giai oan x ly sinh hoc at hieu qua cao nhat, tranh hien tng qua tai hay cha u lng nc e x ly (oi vi he thong x ly nc thai mc in va nc thai sinh hoat trong d an nay). Be loc sinh hoc hieu kh: Ket qua nc thai sau khi qua cac cong trnh n v tren giam ro ret, cac chat hu c dang keo va mot vai chat hu c hoa tan van con ton tai trong nc thai nen nc thai can c x ly tiep tuc bang phng phap x ly sinh hoc hieu kh, ay la be loc sinh hoc tiep xuc. Trong be loc sinh hoc tiep xuc dien ra qua trnh oxy hoa sinh hoa cac chat hu c di s tham gia cua cac vi sinh vat hieu kh. Cac vi sinh vat ton tai dang mang bam dnh tren vat lieu tiep xuc, sau mot thi gian nhat nh mang ngay se bam ay cac khe h cua vat lieu tiep xuc, luc nay can phai tien hanh ra loc cho be loc. Be lang II: Be lang t II co nhiem vu chan gi cac mang vi sinh vat b troc ra trong qua trnh x ly loc be loc sinh hoc va cac thanh phan chat khong hoa tan cha c gi lai be lang t I, la mot cong trnh n v trong day chuyen x ly nc thai bang phng phap sinh hoc. Be kh trung: Be tiep xuc mang tnh chat la kh trung nc thai trc khi thai ra ngoai nguon tiep nhan. Kh trung nc thai la nham muc ch pha huy, triet bo cac
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Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in. loai vi khuan gay benh nguy hiem hoac cha c hoac khong the kh bo trong qua trnh x ly nc thai. Be tiep xuc c thiet ke vi dong chay ziczac qua tng ngan e tao ieu kien thuan li cho qua trnh xuc tac gia Clo (hay chat kh khac) va nc thai. Clo la chat oxy hoa manh bat k dang nao neu c chon lam chat kh trung. Khi cho Clo vao nc, phan ng dien ra nh sau: Cl2 + H2O HOCl + HCl Hoac co the dang phng trnh phan ly: Cl2 + H2O H+ + OCl- + ClAxit hypoclorit (HOCl) co tac dung diet trung rat manh. Khi cho Clo vao nc, chat diet trung se khuech tan qua vo te bao vi sinh vat gay phan ng vi men ben trong cua te bao, lam pha hoai qua trnh trao oi chat dan en vi sinh vat tieu diet. Ngan thu bun: Nhiem vu chnh cua be la ni tap trung lng bun thai t be lang I, t be lang II. Be c thiet ke gom hai ngan, moi ngan vi thi gian lu nc khac nhau. Ngan th nhat tiep nhan toan bo lng bun, neu ngan cha nay ay lng bun d se tran qua ngan th hai. Do nc thai trong d an nay qua nho len lng bun c lu be cha bun nay trong thi gian 2 thang c oi ve sinh muc len roi em i x ly triet e (chon lap an toan). Nguon tiep nhan : Nc thai sau khi x ly at tieu chuan c thai ra song ong Nai. Song ong Nai ay la lu vc song noi a ln nhat Viet Nam.
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Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in. Phng an 4: giong phng an 3 ch thay be loc sinh hoc bang be SBR va bo qua be lang II. Be SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor): Be SBR chnh la mot dang cong trnh x ly sinh hoc nc thai bang bun hoat tnh con c goi la be bun hoat tnh hoat ong tng me. Be aerotank lam viec theo tng me ke tiep e x ly nc thai c thc hien theo 5 giai oan ke tiep nhau: lam ay, thoi kh, rut nc, rut bun. Giai oan 1: a nc thai vao be. Nc thai a qua be on nh c bm vao be en mc nh trc bang role phao. Role phao phat tn hieu e t ong ong van hoac bm cap nc vao. Giai oan 2: Tao phan ng sinh hoa gia nc thai va bun hoat tnh bang sut kh hay lam thoang be mat e cung cap oxy vao nc va khuay tron eu hon hp. Thi gian lam thoang phu thuoc vao chat lng nc thai, yeu cau ve mc o x ly. Giai oan 3: Lang trong nc: qua trnh lang dien ra trong moi trng tnh, hieu qua thuy lc cua be lang at 100%. Thi gian lang trong va co ac bun thng ket thuc sm hn 2 gi. Giai oan 4: Thao nc a lang trong phan tren cua be ra nguon tiep nhan. S dung ong khoan lo, at doc 2 thanh be e lay nc ra sao cho can khong b keo ra ngoai (oi vi cong suat x ly nho). Giai oan 5: Ch i e nap me mi, thi gian ch i phu thuoc vao thi gian van hanh 4 quy trnh tren va vao so lng be, th t nap nc nguon vao be. Khi thiet ke be aerotank hoat ong theo tng me ke tiep, khong can xay dng be ieu hoa lu lng va chat lng, khong can xay dng be lang t I va be
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Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in. lang t II. Nc thai ch can qua song chan, be lang cat va tach dau neu can, roi nap thang vao be. Be aerotank lam viec theo me lien tuc co u iem la kh c cac hp chat cha nit, photpho khi van hanh ung cac quy trnh hieu kh, thieu kh va yem kh.
Cung cap khong kh cho cac vi khuan hieu kh phan huy cac chat hu c hoa tan va dang keo co trong nc thai e ton tai, sinh trng (phan chia te bao tong hp t cac chat song) va ho hap noi bao (oxy hoa noi bao); mat khac tao mot lng c the song va chat tr d tha (bun d). Be SBR con co nhiem vu la be lang II thc hien qua trnh lang e tach phan nc trong a qua be kh trung con phan bun a qua be cha bun. Ngoai ra trong qua trnh lang trong be con xay ra qua trnh nitrat hoa e chuyen hoa amonia thanh nitrat.
3.2.3: Thuyet minh quy trnh cong nghe: Nc thai t qua trnh ve sinh thiet b cua nha may c dan vao ho thu gom cua khu x ly nc thai. Trong ho thu gom trc ong nc thai dan vao co gan mot tam li loc (v lng chat l lng trong nc thai mc in nhieu nen khong can s dung song chan rac tho, va oi vi lu lng nc thai rat nho cua nha may = 4 m3/ngay vi li loc hieu qua hn). Nc thai t ho thu gom se c bm len ong tron. Tai ong tron co dan ong hoa chat (phen bun Bach Khoa, va chat tr keo tu) e tao phan ng cho qua trnh keo tu cong trnh tiep theo, vi van toc nc c a len ong tron nh vao bm se tron eu nc thai va hoa chat vi nhau. Tai be lang phan ng, trong nc thai cac hat c ket dnh lai vi nhau va tang dan kch thc cho
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Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in. en khi co toc o ri ln hn toc o chuyen ong cua dong nc se ri xuong lang di ay be, con nc trong se t chay qua mang tran cua be roi en be on nh. Nc thai san xuat sau qua trnh keo tu va nc thai sinh hoat t be t hoai c cung c dan vao be on nh nham am bao chat lng va lu lng nc thai c on nh khi hai dong nc tong hp lai. Sau be on nh la be loc sinh hoc. Nc thai tap trung c bm theo ong dan phan phoi eu tren dien tch ay be, nc c tron eu vi khong kh cap t ngoai vao qua dan ong phan phoi. Hon hp kh nc thai i cung chieu t di len qua lp vat lieu loc. Trong lp vat lieu loc xay ra qua trnh kh BOD va chuyen hoa NH4+ thanh NO-3, lp vat lieu loc co kha nang gi lai can l lng. Nc trong c thu tren mat be theo ong dan i ra ngoai, en be kh trung e loai bo mot so vi sinh gay benh bang dung dch Clo. Cuoi cung nc thai c thai ra ngoai song ong Nai vi tieu chuan nc thai at yeu cau.
3.2.4: anh gia chung ve quy trnh: oi vi phng an 1: trong giai oan au nc thai ra t qua trnh ve sinh thiet b san xuat cua nha may c trong giai oan x ly nc thai tap trung, nc thai san xuat va nc thai sinh hoat c a trc tiep be loc sinh hoc, nh vay tnh chat va lu lng nc thai se khong c on nh, va tai au ra nc thai cha c qua kh trung khi trong nc thai co cac vi khuan gay benh se lam anh hng en chat lng nc cua nguon thai la tai song ong Nai (song chnh cua thanh pho).
oi vi phng an 2: phng an nay ch ap dung cho rieng nc thai mc in co cong suat nho. Qua trnh s
- 36 -
Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in. dung he thong say kho bang nhiet e lam boc hi nc cua nc thai san xuat mc in , con lng can (chnh la chat l lng va can t mau cua mc in) se lang co ac lai tai he thong say kho ay, va ch con lai lng can bun nho nay. e x ly triet e lng can nay c van chuyen en ni x ly bun thai ac biet hay c em i chon lap an toan.
oi vi phng an 3: la phng an c cai thien t phng an 1, trong phng an nay c xay dng bo tr them be on nh nham e on nh lai chat lng va lu lng nc thai trc khi x ly loc sinh hoc, va ca be kh trung cung c lap at trc khi dong nc thai c thai ra ngoai e am bao chat lng nc thai ra at tieu chuan. Quy trnh a ra da tren phng phap x ly co ien, x ly hoa hoc va x ly sinh hoc, nhng co phan cai tien hn. o la s bo tr ong phan phoi kh tai be loc sinh hoc tao ra hai tang vat lieu loc se giup tao ra 2 khu vc the tch hieu kh tren va the tch k kh di e at qua trnh kh BOD, NO3-, P co hieu qua cao nhat. Tuy vay, cong trnh cung co nhc iem can quan tam. Thi giai lu nc tai cac be hn lau se chiem dien tch ln hn tai khu x ly.
oi vi phng an 4: da vao quy trnh cua phng an 3 e so sanh hieu qua x ly nc thai cua tram va chi ph au t cua nha may gia be loc sinh hoc va be aerotank hoat ong tng me (SBR). Trong phng an nay, be SBR hoat ong gian oan tng me nen thi giai hoat ong cua be trong 1 ngay theo 5 giai oan can x ly (lu nc, khuay tron, lang, rut nc, rut bun). Khi thiet ke be earotank hoat ong tng me, khong can xay dng be ieu hoa lu lng va chat lng, khong can xay dng be lang t I va be lang t II. Nc thai ch can qua song chan rac, be
- 37 -
Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in. lang cat, roi nap thang vao be. So lng be, thi gian nap vao tng be phu thuoc vao cong suat va s dao ong theo gi cua lu lng nc thai do ngoi thiet ke tnh toan e quyet nh. Be aerotank lam viec theo me lien tuc co u iem la kh cac hp chat cha Nit, Photpho khi van hanh ung cac quy trnh hieu kh, thieu kh va yem kh.
- 38 -
Chng 4: Tnh toan thiet ke cac cong trnh n v.
CHNG 4: TNH TOAN THIET KE CAC CONG TRNH N V
4.1: XAC NH CAC THONG SO TNH TOAN: 4.1.1: Lu lng tnh toan: Giai oan 1: x ly hoa hoc oi vi nc thai san xuat. Lu lng trung bnh ngay cua nc thai san xuat: Q NTSX = Q1 = 4m3/ngay. oi vi nc thai co lu lng qua nho th Q =
tb 1,h
Qtb ngay 10
Q1 4 = = 0,4(m3 / h) 10 10
Lu lng trung bnh giay cua nc thai san xuat:

tb Q1,s =
Q1 4 = = 0,111 / s) (l 10 3,6 10 3,6
Lu lng ln nhat gi cua nc thai san xuat:

max tb Q1,h = Q1,h K ch = 0,4 3 = 1 ,2(m3 / h)
Lu lng ln nhat giay cua nc thai san xuat:

max tb Q1,s = Q1,s K ch = 0,111 3 = 0,333(l / s)
Trong o: Kch he so khong ieu hoa chung cua nc thai lay theo ieu 2.1.2 tieu chuan TCXD 51 - 84 lay theo bang 4.1: Bang 4.1: He so khong ieu hoa chung
tb Q1,s(l / s)
5 3, 0
15 30 10 0 2. 5 1. 8 1. 6
20 0 1. 4
30 0 1.3 5
50 0 1.2 5
80 0 1. 2
125 0 1.1 5
Kch
Giai oan 2: x ly nc thai san xuat ket hp vi nc thai sinh hoat:
- 39 -
Lu lng trung bnh ngay cua nc thai sinh hoat: QNTSH = Q2 = 4m3/ngay. Lu lng trung bnh ngay tong cong cua nc thai : Q T =Q1+ Q2 = 8m3/ngay.
* Tng t tnh vi lu lng tong cong: oi vi nc thai co lu lng qua nho th Q tb T,h
Qtb ngay 10
QT 8 = = 0,8(m3 / h) 10 10
Lu lng trung bnh giay cua nc thai san xuat: Qtb = T,s QT 8 = = 0,222(l / s) 10 3,6 10 3,6
Lu lng ln nhat gi cua nc thai san xuat:

tb Qmax = QT,h K ch = 0,8 3 = 2,4(m3 / h) T,h
Lu lng ln nhat giay cua nc thai san xuat:

tb Qmax = QT,s K ch = 0,222 3 = 0,666(l / s) T,s
Trong o: Kch he so khong ieu hoa chung cua nc thai lay theo ieu 2.1.2 tieu chuan TCXD 51 - 84 lay theo bang 4.1. 4.1.2: Ham lng cua chat ban: Hai ch tieu c ban e tnh toan thiet ke cong trnh x ly nc thai la: Ham lng chat l lng, C Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa (BOD), L
Cung c chia ra lam 2 giai oan nh phan tnh lu lng. Bang 4.2: Bang thanh phan nc thai (trong giai oan 1, sau giai oan 1, giai oan 2) s dung trong tnh toan Thanh phan Giai oan x ly Sau giai oan x Nc thai sinh hoat sau
- 40 -
hoa hoc BOD5 SS 1075 97
ly hoa hoc 75,25 15
be t hoat 200 160
- Ham lng chat l lng trong hon hp nc thai: SS = CTC = Trong o: Csh, CCN: ham lng chat l lng trong nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cong nghiep. Csh = 160(mg/l), CCN = 15(mg/l) sau x ly keo tu. Qsh ,QCN: lu lng nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cong nghiep, Qsh = QCN = 4(m3/ngay). Csh.Qsh + CCN .QCN 160 4 + 15 4 = = 87,5(mg/ l) Qsh + QCN 4+ 4
- Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa trong hon hp nc thai: BOD5 = L TC = Trong o: Lsh, LCN: nhu cau oxy sinh hoa (BOD5) cua nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cong nghiep, Lsh = 200(mg/l), LCN = 75,25(mg/l) sau x ly keo tu. L sh.Qsh + L CN .QCN 200 4 + 75,25 4 = = 137,625(mg/ l) Qsh + QCN 4+ 4
4.2: TNH TOAN THIET KE CAC CONG TRNH N V: Phng an 3:
- 41 -
Ong tron Ho thu gom Lan gI
NTSH Be on nh
NTSX
Loc SHHK
Lan g II
Be kh trung
Ngan thu bun Nc thai Bun thai
S o quy trnh cong nghe cua he thong x ly nc thai (P.an 3). 4.2.1: BE THU GOM: a/ Thong so thiet ke: Qtb y = 4(m3 / nga) y nga
max tb Q1,h = 1 ,2(m3 / h) Q1,h = 0,4(m3 / h)
b/ Kch thc be thu gom: Nc thai ra t qua trnh ve sinh thiet b trc khi tiep tuc qua trnh san xuat ra loat san pham mi. Lng nc thai c thai ra trong khoang 1 gi khong phai la nc thai ra lien tuc trong ngay nh nc thai sinh hoat, nen be thu gom nay c thiet ke sao cho va u lng nc thai ra trong 1 ngay e lng nc thai c cha ay trong be.
-
Vi lu lng la 4m3/ngay th the tch cua be thu gom : V = 4(m3 ) Kch thc cua be thu gom: V = L.B.H = 2 x 2 x 1 = 4 (m3)
Chieu cao xay dng cua be thu gom: Hxd = H + Hdt = 1+ 0,2 = 1,2 (m)
The tch phan xay dng cua be : V = L.B.Hxd =2 x 2 x 1,2 = 4,8 (m3)
c/ Cong suat bm:
- 42 -
Chon bm nc thai loai nhung chm. Va chon cot ap bm: H = 10 (m). Hieu qua hoat ong cua may bm, = 0,5 Cong suat bm: N= (Qmax Qtb )..g.H (1 0,4).1000.9,81.10 ,2 h h = = 0,04(kW) 1000..3600 1000.0,5.3600
Cong suat thc cua bm: N. = 0,04 x 2 = 0,08 (kW) = 0,08 = 0,11 (Hp) 0,75
Trong o:
He :
so an toan cua bm, vi:
N<
, 1 = 15 2
N = 1 5 = 12 15 , ,
N = 5 50 = 115 2 ,
N > 50 = 11 ,
Chon bm co cong suat 0,5(Hp) 2(m3/h).

e bm hoat ong at cong suat, tai ong dan nc thai t be thu gom len ong tron s dung thiet b tach dong khi o lu lng chay len ong tron la 1(m3/h). d/ ng knh ong t bm be thu gom en ong tron: Chon toc o nc chay trong ong v = 1,8(m/s) Lu lng e tnh ng knh ong dan chnh la lu lng cua bm khi c bm len ong tron Q = 1m3/h = 0,278.10-3 (m3/s). Tiet dien mat cat cua ong: Q 0.278.103 A= = = 0,16.103(m2 ) v 1 ,8 ng knh ong dan nc thai len ong tron:
- 43 -
D=
4.A 4 0,16.103 = = 0,014(m) = 14mm
chon ong nha PVC co ng knh trong 16mm, ng knh ngoai 21mm.
4.2.2: LI CHAN RAC: a/ Thong so thiet ke: Qtb = 4(m3 / ngay) ngay
tb Q1,h = 0,4(m3 / h)
b/ Thiet ke: Do ac trng cua nc thai mc in co lng can l lng cao va lu lng nc thai qua nho (4m3/ngay) nen s dung li chan rac thay cho song chan rac. Li c at au ong nc thai vao be thu gom, moi tuan c ve sinh mot lan bang phng phap thu cong. S dung loai li la nhng day thep an vi nhau chieu rong mat li khong ln hn 5mm e chan gi rac va can. Hieu qua kh SS = 4%. Ham lng chat l lng qua li chan rac con lai la: C1 = C(100% - 4%) = 97 x 96% = 93,12(mg/l) Ton that ap lc qua li: 0,333 103 1 Q 1 8 hl = = = 3,77.10 (m) C(2g) A 0,6 (2 9,81) 0,5 Trong o: C : he so lu lng xa qua li ( = 0,6 oi vi li sach). Q : lu lng qua li (m3/s).
2 2
- 44 -
A : dien tch hieu qua cua li (m2), lay = 50% dien tch tam li. g : gia toc trong trng (m/s2).
4.2.3: ONG TRON: a/ Thong so thiet ke: ng knh t may bm en ong tron: d1 = 16mm. Van toc trong ng ong dan len ong tron: v1 = 1 2,4(m/s), chon v1 = 1,8(m/s). Van toc trong ng ong tron: v2 = 0,3 0,8(m/s), chon v2 = 0,8(m/s). b/ ng knh ong tron: Q1 = Q2 = 1(m3/h)= 2,78.10-4(m3/s) (= lu lng cua may bm khi a tach dong) Q1 = Q2 v1A1 = v2A2 d A v v v 1 ,8 2 = 1 2 = 1 d2 = d1 1 = 16 = 24(mm) A 1 v2 d1 v2 v2 0,8 Chon ong sat trang kem e thiet ke lap at, ng knh trong cua ong d2 = 24mm, ng knh ngoai cua ong tron 27(mm). S dung ong nha v lu lng nc thai nho va con co the gan ong dan hoa chat vao de dang hn. Thi gian khuay tron: 3(s) 2(phut), chon t = 3(s) The tch ong tron: V = Q2.t = 2,78.10-4 x 3 = 8,331.10-4(m3) Chieu dai cua ong tron: l= V V 8,331.104 = = =1 ,8(m) 3 2 d2 A1 ( 24.10 ) 4 4
2
Chon chieu dai ong tron l = 1,8(m)
- 45 -
Kiem tra ton that ap lc: Ton that cot ap cuc bo (khi m rong ot ngot): v2 hcb = kmr 2g Trong o: hcb: Ton that cot ap cuc bo (khi m rong ot ngot). kmr: He so ton that ap lc cuc bo A kmr = 1 1 (tnh vi v1) A2 v 1 ,8 kmr = 1 1 = 1 ,5625 =1 v2 0,8 hcb = kmr 2 v2 v1 =1 ,5625 = 0,26(m) 2g 2 9,81 2 2 2
V1
A1
V2 A2
Ton that cot ap cuc bo (khi co hep ot ngot): v2 hco = kco 2g
Trong o: hco: Ton that cot ap cuc bo (khi co hep ot ngot). Kco: he so co hep da vao bang sau:
Bang 4.3: Bang he so co hep cua ng ong. A2/A

3
0.0 1 0.4 1
2
0.1 0.4
0.2 0.3 8
0.3 0.3 6
0.4 0.3 4
0.5 0.3 0
0.6 0.2 7
0.7 0.2 0
0.8 0.1 6
0.9 0.1
1.0 0.0
kco
Chon d3 = d1 = 16(mm) A 2 d3 16 = = = 0,67 kch = 0,221 A 3 d2 24

V2 A2 A1 V1
- 46 -
hco = kco
v2 1 2 ,8 = 0,221 2g 2 9,81 hco = 0,036(m) 0,04(m) Q2 Ton that cot ap trong ng ong: hl = 2 l K
Trong o: hl: ton that ap lc trong ng ong. Q: lu lng nc trong ong, Q = 1(m3/h) =1/3600 (m3/s). l : chieu dai ong, l = 1,8(m). K: modun lu lng, K = A.C R Trong o: A: dien tch mat cat ngang ong, d2 = 2r = 24(mm). R: ban knh thuy lc, R = C: so chezy, C= 1 1/ 6 R n A r2 r 12.103 = = = (mm) . P 2r 2 2
Trong o: n: he so nham, n = 0,016. 1 1/ 6 1 12.103 C= R = n 0,016 2 K = A.C R =

1/ 6
= 26,61
d2 .(24.103 ) 12.103 C R = 26,61 = 9,34.104 4 4 2

2
Q2 ( 1/ 3600) 1,8 = 0,16(m) hl = 2 l = 2 K ( 9,34.104 ) Ton that ap lc tren toan ng ong: H = hmr + hch + hl = 0,26+ 0,04 + 0,16 =0,46(m) Ton that ap lc thoa man yeu cau nam trong khoang 0,3 0,5(m) c/ Lng hoa chat s dung:
- 47 -
Hoa chat s dung cho qua trnh keo tu la phen bun o Bach Khoa, lng phen tnh cho thiet ke he thong c noi suy t lng phen thc hien th nghiem Jartest tai phong th nghiem cua Khoa Moi trng, trng ai hoc Bach Khoa Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. Lng phen thc hien th nghiem Jartest oi vi 1 lt nc thai: 800(mg phen/l nc thai) = 800(g phen/m3 nc thai). Lng phen dung cho 4m3 nc thai san xuat mc in trong 1 ngay: 800(g phen/m3 nc thai) x 4(m3 nc thai) = 3200(g phen/m3 nc thai) = 3,2 (kg/m3 nc thai) Nong o phen bun trong phong th nghiem la 30%, ngha la trong 1 lt dung dch phen th co 300 g phen. Lng phen bun dang long dung e s dung cho 1 m3:
[800(g phen/m3 nc thai) x 1(lt dung dch)] / 300(g phen)] = 2,67(lt dung dch/m3 nc thai) Lng phen bun dang long dung e s dung trong 1 ngay:
[3200(g phen/m3 nc thai) x 1(lt dung dch)] / 300(g phen)] = 10,67(lt dung dch/m3 nc thai) d/ Thung ng hoa chat va bm nh lng: S dung bm nh lng co lu lng 15l/h 30l/h, cong suat P = 0,1 Hp, do My san xuat.
Dung bm nh lng e cham hoa chat vao trong ong tron. Bm nh lng co cong suat nho nhat la 15l/h 30l/h, vi lng phen long dung e keo tu 1m3 nc thai trong 1h la 2,67(lt), lng hoa chat nay khi s dung bm nh lng co cong suat tren th se khong the van hanh c bm hieu qua ma lai tao lang ph ien nang. Nen e khac phuc tnh trang nay ta thc hien pha loang lng phen tren ti 15lt cung vi nong o cua phen se khong thay oi. - 48 -
The tch cua phen khi pha loang trong 1 ngay(x ly trong 4h): 15lt/h x 4h/ngay = 60lt/ngay
S dung thung nha e cha phen long trong 1 tuan, the tch thung ng hoa chat: 60lt/ngay x 6 ngay = 360 lt/tuan
Chon thung co the tch la 400 lt e lap at cho he thong.
4.2.4: BE LANG: (be phan ng + lang) a/ Thong so thiet ke: Qtb = 1m3/h = 2,78.10-3(m3/s) h
max tb Qs = Qs .K ch = 1 x 3 =3(m3/h) = 0,833.10-3(m3/s)
( tnh theo lu lng cua bm Qtb = 1(m3/h). h b/ Kch thc be: 1/ Tnh toan be phan ng: Be phan ng tao ieu kien thuan tien cho qua trnh tiep xuc va ket dnh gia cac hat keo vi can ban. Cac thong so thiet ke be phan ng c the hien bang 4.4:
Bang 4.4: Thong so thiet ke be phan ng (ong trung tam) ST T 1 Thong so thiet ke Van toc nc tai au voi phun - 49 n v m/s Gia tr 23
2 3 4
Thi gian phan ng Van ong toc chay
phu t trong m/s m
15 30 0,8 1,2 0,1 0,6
Khoang cach gia cac vach ngan
Chieu cao cong tac cua be = chieu dai ong trung tam 1,5 3,5(m), chon h = 2(m). Dien tch ngan phan ng hay dien tch cua ong trung tam:
max Qs 0,833.103 f= = = 0,028(m2 ) vtt 0,03
Trong o: f : Dien tch ngan phan ng, (m2)
max max Qs : lu lng tnh toan ln nhat, Qs = 0,833.10-3 (m3/s)
vtt : toc o chuyen ong cua nc thai trong ong trung tam lay khong ln hn 30(mm/s) = 0,03 (m/s) ieu 6.5.9 TCVN 51 84.
ng knh cua be phan ng hay ng knh cua ong trung tam: d= 4f 4 0,028 = = 0,188(m) 0,2(m)
Chon ng knh ong dan nc vao be do = 16(mm). Kiem tra toc o nc chay trong ong:
tb 4.Qs 4.0,278.103 = = =1 ,3(m/ s) .d2 .(16.103 )2 o
- 50 -
ng knh mieng phun: df = 1 ,13

tb Qs 0,278.103 =1 ,13 = 0,125(m) 14(mm) .vf 0,908.2,5
Trong o: df : ng knh mieng phun, mm : he so lu lng oi vi mieng phun hnh non co goc non = 25o, lay = 0,908. vf :van toc nc tai au voi phun, vf = 2,5(m/s). Chon ng knh mieng phun bang ng knh cua ong dan nc vao be phan ng (ong trung tam) df = 16(mm). Ton that ap lc mieng phun: h = 0,06.v2.kte = 0,06.22 = 0,24(m) f Trong o: h : Ton that ap lc mieng phun, mH2O
vf.kte = van toc phun kinh te, vf.kte

tb Qs 0,278.103 2 ,13 ,13 =1 ,99(m/ s) 2(m/ s) = 1 . 2 =1 df . (14.103 ).0,908 2
Mieng phun phai at cach thanh be phan ng 0,2d (d la ng be phan ng d = 0,2m), va ngap sau di mat nc 0,3 0,5(m), chon 0,4 (m).
- 51 -
2/ Tnh toan be lang: Bang 4.5: Thong so thiet ke be lang ng. ST T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thong so thiet ke n v Gia tr 0,8 1,2 7 30 30 50 1,5 3, 5 <1 0,5 10 15
Van toc dan nc vao m/s ong trung tam nga Chu ky xa can y Thi gian lu nc Chieu cao vung lang Van toc nc dang trong be Chieu day lp can Ham lng can con lai sau lang phu t m m/s m mg/l
Chieu cao cong tac cua be lang ng, HL = chieu dai ong trung tam / 0,8 HL = 2 = 2,5(m). 0,8
ng knh cua ong trung tam = cua ng knh cua ngan phan ng: d= 4f 4 0,028 = = 0,188(m) 0,2(m)
ng knh mieng loe cua ong trong tam cua phan ong loe va bang 1,35 ng knh ong trung tam: dl = hl = 1,35.d = 1,35 x 0,2 = 0,27(m). ng knh tam hat lay bang 1,3 ng knh mieng loe = 1,3 x 0,27 = 0,35(m). Goc nghieng gia be mat tam hat so vi mat phang ngang lay = 17o. Chieu cao tam hat hnh non: ht.ha = t 0,35 .tg17o = 0,055(m) = 55(mm) 2
- 52 -
H loe
D loe
h tc D tc Hnh 4.1: S o tnh toan ong trung tam.
Dien tch tien dien t cua be lang ng trong mat bang c tnh nh sau: F=
max Qs 0,833.103 = =1 ,04(m2 ) v 0,0008
Trong o: v : Toc o chuyen ong cua nc thai trong be lang ng, v = 0,5 0,8(mm/s) (ieu 6.5.4 _ TCVN 51 84), chon v = 0,8 (mm/s) = 0,0008(m/s).
Thi gian lu nc: t= HL 2,5 = = 3125(s) = 52(phu , (thoa) t) v 0,0008
Dien tch tong cong cua be lang: Fb = F + f = 1,04 + 0,028 = 1,062(m2)
ng knh cua be lang:
- 53 -
D= -
4Fb 4 1 ,068 = =1 ,17(m) 1 ,2(m)
Chieu cao phan hnh non cua be lang ng: ,2 D dn 1 0,1 o hn = h2 + h3 = tg = tg50 = 0,7(m) 2 2
Trong o: hn: Chieu cao phan hnh non cua be lang ng. : Goc nghieng cua ay be lang so vi phng ngang, lay khong nho hn 50o (ieu 6.5.9 TCXD 51 84), = 50o. h2 : Chieu cao lp trung hoa, (m). h3 : Chieu cao gia nh cua lp can lang trong be 0,5(m), chon h3 = 0,5(m), h2 = 0,2(m). D : ng knh trong cua be lang,(m). dn : ng knh ay nho cua hnh non cut, lay dn =0,1(m).
Khoang cach gia mep ngoai cung cua mieng loe en mep ngoai cung cua be mat tam hat theo mat phang qua truc:
max 4.Qs 4 0,833.103 l= = = 0,04(m) = 40(mm) vk .(D + dn ) 0,02 (1 + 0,1 ,2 )
Trong o: l : Khoang cach gia mep ngoai cung cua mieng loe en mep ngoai cung cua be mat tam hat. vk : Toc o dong chay qua khe h gia mieng loe ong trung tam va be mat tam hat, vk 20 (mm/s), chon vk = 0,02 (m/s).
Chieu cao tong cong cua be lang ng:
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H = HL + hn + ho = 2,5 + 0,7 + 0,2 = 3,4 (m) Trong o: ho : Khoang cach t mc nc en thanh be, ho = 0,2(m). The tch hnh non: Wcc = Wcc = Trong o: Wcc : The tch hnh non,(m3). hn D dn : Chieu cao hnh non, hn = 0,7(m). : ng knh cua be lang, D = 1,2(m). : ng knh cua ay hnh non, dn = 0,1(m). .hn D2 + d2 + Ddn n 3 4 0,7 1 2 + 0,12 + 1 0,1 ,2 ,2 3 = 0,27(m ) 3 4
Thi gian lam viec gia 2 lan xa can: T= Wc.N. Q.( Cmax C)
Trong o: T : thi gian lam viec gia 2 lan xa can, (ngay). N : so be lang cung hoat ong, N = 1. : nong o nen chat va sau 24(h) tra bang 6.8 ieu 8.68 TCXD 33 1985, co c = 10000(g/m3). Wc : the tch can,(m3). Ham lng can au vao = 93,12(mg/l) = 93,12(g/m3). Tai lng can: C(g/m3) x Q(m3/h) = 93,12(g/m3) x 1(m3/h) = 93,12(g/h) Tai lng can trong ngay: 93,12(g/h) x 24(h) = 2235(g/ngay) = 2,235(kg/ngay) - 55 -
TS =10% = 100(kg/m3) The tch can can xa: Wc = C 2,235(kg) = 0,02235(m3) 0,02(m3) = 20(lt) 3 100(kg/ m )
: Ham lng can sau lang, C = 15(mg/l).
Cmax: Ham lng can ban au vao vung lang, (mg/l). Cmax = Cn + K.P + 0,25M Trong o: Cn : Ham lng can nc nguon vao, Cn = 93,12(mg/l). P : Lieu lng phen tnh theo san pham khong cha nc, P = 800(g/m3). K : He so vi phen sach lay = 0,55 Vi phen khong sach Vi sat Clorua Chon K = 1 M : o mau cua nc nguon vao, tnh bang o thang Platin Coban, M = 2135(Pt Co). Cmax = 93,12 + 1x800 + 0,25x2135 = 1426,8(g/m3) Vay thi gian gia 2 lan xa can: T= Wc.N. 0,02 1 10000 = = 0,14(h) Q.( Cmax C) 1 (1426,8 15) = 1,0 = 0,8
Neu tnh theo ham lng can au vao khong tnh them ham lng cua can phen, th thi gian gia 2 lan xa can: T= Wc.N. 0,02 1 10000 = = 2,56(h) Q.( Cmax C) 1 (93,12 15)
Lng nc dung cho viec xa can be lang, tnh bang % lu lng nc x ly xac nh theo cong thc:
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P=
K P .Wc.N 1 0,02 1 ,2 100% = 100% = 17,14% Q.T 1 0,14
Trong o: KP: He so pha loang can = 1,2 1,15, chon KP = 1,2.
Lng nc moi lan xa can: Q.T.P = 1(m3/h) x 1,4(h) x 17,14% = 23,996(m3) 24(m3).
Chon bm bun be lang I co cong suat 0,5 Hp, chieu cao cot nc H =10 mH2O. Ham lng chat l lng troi theo nc ra khoi be lang ng, va cac ham lng khac da vao ket qua phan tch th nghiem keo tu tai phong th nghiem Khoa Moi trng trng ai hoc Bach khoa Tp. HCM, bang 4.6 sau:
Bang 4.6: Thanh phan nc thai trong tng giai oan cua qua trnh x ly St t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ch tieu NTS X 7,34 1075 2850 97 215, 1 1,3 2135 NTSX sau x ly 7,31 75,25 115 15 78 1,2 40 NTS H 57 200 160 40 NTTT TC 5945 1995 (B) 5,5 9 60 6 TC 6980 2001 F1 70 40 50 50 3000
pH BOD5(mg/l) COD(mg/l) SS(mg/l) N tong(mg/l) P tong(mg/l) o mau(Pt Co) Coliform(MPN/100 ml) Ghi chu:
6,91 137, 5 87,5 59 -
- 57 -
* NTSX: nc thai ra trong qua trnh ve sinh thiet b ban au. * NTSX sau: nc thai ra trong qua trnh ve sinh thiet b khi a qua qua trnh x ly keo tu. * NTSH: nc thai sinh hoat dan t be t hoai. * NTTT: nc thai tap trung cua nc thai san xuat va ca nc thai sinh hoat c tap trung vao be on nh (cac ch tieu tnh toan 4.1.2). 3/ Tnh toan he thong mang thu nc: Chon be rong mang b = 150(mm), chieu dai mang h = 150(mm). Chon thiet ke cho mang thu nc, mang thu nc nam ben trong be hay nam ben ngoai be lang. Ben ngoai Kieu bo tr mang thu nc Ben trong
Chieu dai cua mang thu nc: l mag = (Dbe 2bmag ) = (1 2 0,15) : ,2 n n 4,71(m) 2,83(m)
Tai trong mang tran: Ld = Q l mag n = 4 l mag n :(m3/m2ngay) 0,85 1,41
Dien tch mat cat ngang mang thu: Fmang = hmang x bmang = 0,15 x 0,15 = 0,00225(m2)
Van toc nc trong mang thu: vmag = n Q = 0,05(m/ s) 24 3600 0,00225
4/ He thong mang rang ca: Mang rang ca co dang ch V, goc 90o, at doc theo mang thu nc vi muc ch phan bo nc eu va
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gi lai cac tap chat noi. Mang c gan mat ngoai hay mat trong cua mang thu nc tuy theo cach bo tr cua mang thu nc at trong hay ngoai cua be lang. Mang c lam bang tam thep khong r.
4 0
6 0 3 0 1 0 5
Hnh 4.2: Hnh dang mang rang ca. 4.2.5: BE ON NH: a/ Thong so thiet ke: Lu lng tnh toan be: QNTSX = QNTSH = 4(m3/ngay) Q = QNTSX + QNTSH = 4 + 4 = 8(m3/ngay) Lu lng trung bnh gi tong cong cua nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai san xuat: Qtb = h Q 8 = = 0,8(m3/ngay) 10 10
b/ Kch thc be on nh: The tch cua be on nh: Vod = Qtb.tod = 0,8 10 = 8(m3) h Trong o: tod: thi gian lu nc trong be ieu hoa, tod = 4 10(h), chon t = 10h
Dien tch be on nh: F= Vod 8 = = 4(m2 ) hlv 2
- 59 -
Trong o: hlv : chieu cao lam viec cua be, chon hlv = 2(m), hbv = 0,2(m) F = B.L = 2 2 = 4(m2 )
The tch xay dng be: Vxd = L.B.hxd = L.B.( hlv + hxd) = 2 x 2 x (2 + 0,2) = 8,8(m3)
c/ Lng khong kh cung cap kh cho be on nh: Bang 4.7: Cac thong so cho thiet b khuech tan kh Loai khuech tan kh cach bo tr Lu lng kh Lt/ phut.cai a s li Chup s li Ban s li Ong plastic xop cng bo tr: + Dang li + Hai pha theo chieu dai (dong ben) chay xoan hai 57 340 13 25 11 96 14 71 57 142 Hieu suat chuyen hoa oxy tieu chuan o sau 4,6m,% 24 40 27 39 26 33
68 113 85 311
28 32 17 28
+ Mot pha theo chieu dai (dong chay xoan mot ben) Ong plastic xop mem bo tr: + Dang li + Mot pha theo chieu 28 198 57 170 26 36 19 37
28 113 57 170
22 29 15 19
- 60 -
dai Ong khoan lo bo tr: + Dang li + Mot pha theo chieu dai Khuech tan khong xop (nonporous diffusers) + Hai pha theo chieu dai + Mot pha theo chieu dai Lng kh nen can thiet cho khuay tron: qkh = R.Vod = 0,012.8 = 0,096(m3/phut) = 96(l/phut). Trong o: R : toc o kh nen, R = 10 15(l/m3.phut), chon R = 0,012(m3/m3phut). Vod : the tch be on nh,Vod = 8(m3). Lng khong kh can thiet e s dung may nen kh, vi he so an toan = 2: qkh = 96 x 2 = 182( l/phut)
-
93 283 283 - 990
12 23 9 12
Chon a khuech tan kh, bo tr dang li co lu lng kh r = 33 58(l/phut). Chon r =50(l/phut). ng knh a = 170(mm). So a khuech tan kh: n= qkh 182(l / phu t) = = 3,64(ca 4(ca i) i) r 50(l / phu t)
d/ Ap lc va cong suat cua he thong nen kh : Ap lc can thiet cho he thong : Hct = (hd + hc) + hf + hlv = 0,4 + 0,5 + 2 = 2,9 m Trong o :
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Hct: Ap lc can thiet cho he thong tnh theo met cot nc, mH2O. hd : ton that ap lc do ma sat doc theo chieu dai ten ng ong dan. hc : ton that cuc bo. Trong o tong hd va hc thng khong vt qua 0,4m, chon hd + hc = 0,4(m). hf : ton that qua thiet b phan phoi, hf = 0,5m.
Ap lc khong kh se la : P= 10,33+ Hct 10,33+ 2,9 = =1 ,28(at) 10,33 10,33
Cong suat may nen kh : N= 34400.(P0,29 1).q 34400.(1 0,29 1 ,28 ).3,03.103 = = 0,11 (kW) 102.n 102.0,7
Trong o : q : lu lng khong kh, q = 182(l/phut) =3,03.10-3(m3/s). n : hieu suat may kh nen kh, n = 0,7 0,9, chon n = 0,7. Cong suat thc cua may nen kh : N. = 0,11 x 2 = 0,22 (kW) = 0,29(Hp)
-
Chon may nen kh cong suat 1/3(Hp). Chon cot ap cua bm (mH2O), H = 10 (m). Cong suat may bm be on nh: Qtb..g.H 0,8.1000.9,81.10 N= h = = 0,03(kW) 1000. 1000.0,7.3600
Cong suat thc cua bm : N. = 0,03 x 2 = 0,06(kW) = 0,08(Hp).
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Chon loai bm chm trong nc thai co cong suat 0,5(Hp).
4.2.6: BE LOC SINH HOC: (vi vat lieu noi) a/ Thong so tnh toan, va vat lieu loc:
-
Qtb = 0,8 (m3/h). Vat lieu loc noi: lp nha ln song. Dien tch be mat 700 800( m2/m3 vat lieu loc). Li chan inox mat li 1,5 x 1,5(mm) co the gan them pha tren lp vat lieu loc, lp composite chu lc pha di cua lp vat lieu loc hay san . Khoang trong e lp vat lieu loc dan n khi ra loc chieu day lp loc. Chieu cao lp nc e ra loc < 2,4(m). o dan n cua vat lieu loc c = 40%.
b/ Tnh toan be loc:

-
Xac nh tai trong thuy lc cua be, tai trong thuy lc cua be loc sinh hoc = 9, 4 37(m3 nc thai/m2 mat be trong ngay) chon q = 10(m3 nc thai/m2 mat be trong ngay). Nhiet o cua nc thai: T = 25oC. Xac nh hang so toc o tieu thu oxy: KT = K20oC. 1,047T-20 = 0,2. 1,04725-20 = 0,252/ngay.
Chuan so tong hp: F = H.B0,6. KT 0,252 = 2 100,6 0,4 = 0,8 0,4 q 10
Trong o: H : chieu cao lp vat lieu loc, chon H = 2(m).
- 63 -
Chng 4: Tnh toan thiet ke cac cong trnh n v. B : lu lng n v khong kh, B = 8 12 (m3 khong kh/1m3 nc thai), chon B = 10 (m3 khong kh/1 m3 nc thai).
Hieu qua kh BOD5 va chuyen hoa NH4+ oi vi be loc vat lieu loc noi ngap trong nc thai (vi pham vi ap dung BOD5 < 500 mg/l va toc o loc < 3 m/h): La = 10F + = 101,2.0,8+ 0,13 = 12,3 Lt Lt = La 137,5 = = 11 ,2(mg/ l) < 40(mg/ l) 3,366 12,3
Trong o: La , Lt: ham lng BOD5 cua nc thai trc va sau x ly, La = 137,5(mg/l) Lt 40(mg/l). , : he so phu thuoc vao lu lng n v cua khong kh va vao gia tr cua chuan so tong hp F, lay theo bang 4.8 sau:
Bang 4.8: Bang he so phu thuoc vao lu lng n v Lu lng n v cua khong kh Chuan so B (m3/ m3) tong hp 8 < 0,662 0,662 10 < 0,85 0,85 12 < 1,06 1,06 1,5 1 0,4 7 1,2 0,4 1,1 0,2 0 0,6 9 0,1 3 0,8 3 0,1 9 1,1 5
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Dien tch cua be loc: F= Qtb ngay q = 8 = 0,8(m2 ) 10
F = B.L = 0,9 x 0,9 = 0,81(m2) The tch khoi vat lieu loc: W = F.H = 0,81 x 2 = 1,62(m3)
-
Chieu cao cua khoang trong e lp vat lieu loc dan n khi ra hay khoang cach gia ay be vi lp vat lieu loc la nha ln song: hr = 0,5(m)
Chieu cao cua lp nc e ra loc, chon h = 0,5(m).
Chieu cao xay dng cua be: Hxd = H+ hr + h +hbv = 2 + 0,5 + 0,5 + 0,2 = 3,2(m)
The tch xay dng cua be loc: V = F.Hxd = 0,81 x 3,2 = 2,6(m3)
c/ Lng kh cung cap cho be loc:

-
Ta co lu lng n v khong kh, B = 10(m3 khong kh/ 1m3 nc thai). Lu lng khong kh can cung cap trong 1 ngay:
qkh = B.Qtb = 10 (m3 khong kh/ 1m3 nc thai) x 0,8(m3 nc thai/ h) = 8(m3 kh/h). qkh = 8(m3 kh/h) = 2,2.10-3(m3/s) = 132(l/phut)
-
Chon a khuech tan kh, bo tr dang li, sole hay tam giac co lu lng kh r = 33 58(l/phut). Chon r =50(l/phut). ng knh a =170(mm). So a khuech tan kh:
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n=
qkh 132(l / phu t) = = 2,64(ca 3(ca i) i) r 50(l / phu t)
Ap lc va cong suat cua he thong may thoi kh : Ap lc can thiet cho he thong :
Hct =H + h + hbv + (hd + hc) + hf = 1 + 0,5 + 0,1 + 0,4 + 0,5= 2,5 (m) Trong o : H : chieu cao vat lieu loc, H = 1(m). h : chieu cao vung nc ra loc, h = 0,5(m). hbv : chieu cao bao ve cua be, hbv = 0,1(m). hf : ton that qua thiet b phan phoi, hf = 0,5(m). hd : ton that ap lc do ma sat doc theo chieu dai ten ng ong dan. hc : ton that cuc bo. Trong o tong hd va hc thng khong vt qua 0,4m, chon (hd + hc) = 0,4(m).
Ap lc khong kh se la : P= 10,33+ Hct 10,33+ 2,5 = =1 ,24at 10,33 10,33
Cong suat may nen kh : 34400.(P0,29 1).q 34400 (1 0,29 1) 2,2.103 ,24 N= = = 0,06(kW) 102.n 102.0,8
Trong o : q : lu lng khong kh, q = 2,2.10-3(m3/s). n : hieu suat may kh nen kh, n = 0,7 0,9, chon n = 0,8.
Cong suat thc cua may nen kh :
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N. = 0,06. 2 = 0,12 (kW) = 0,16(Hp)

-
Chon may nen kh cong suat 1/3 (Hp).
d/ Tnh he thong phan phoi nc loc: Chon phng phap cap nc va kh ket hp t di ay len. S dung he thong ong e phan phoi kh vao be, phan phoi nc vao c bo tr lap at di ay. Van toc nc chay trong ong phan phoi nc vao be loc sinh hoc, v = 0,9 (m/s) 1,5 (m/s). Chon v = 0,9(m/s). Dien tch mat cat cua ong phan phoi nc chnh:
tb Qs 2,22.104 F= = = 2,5.104(m2 ) v 0,9
Trong o:
tb tb Qs : lu lng trung bnh cua nc thai, Qs = 0,8(m3/h) =
2,22.10-4(m3/s). v : van toc nc chay trong ong, v = 0,9 (m/s). ng knh ong phan phoi nc chnh: 4F 4 2,5.104 D= = = 0,017(m) 17(mm) Chon ng knh ong phan phoi co ng knh trong Dt = 17(mm), ng knh ngoai Dn = 21(mm). Lay khoang cach gia cac ong nhanh la 0,25(m) th so ong nhanh cua 1 be loc la: m= B 0,9 = = 3,6 4 (ong nhanh) 0,25 0,25
Dien tch mat cat cua ong phan phoi nc nhanh: F=

tb Qs 2,22.104 = = 0,625.104 (m2 ) 4 v 4 0,9
ng knh ong phan phoi nc nhanh: - 67 -
D=
4F 4 0,625.104 = 9(mm)
Chon ng knh ong phan phoi nhanh co ng knh trong Dt = 17(mm), ng knh ngoai Dn = 21(mm) bang ng knh cua ong phan phoi nc chnh v trong tieu chuan ng knh ong ( ong nha Bnh Minh) khong co ong co ng knh ong = 9(mm), va nc khi phan phoi ra ngoai c qua lo a uc co ng knh 8(mm) theo cach bo tr di ay. Chon ong co chieu dai bang chieu dai cua be l = 900 (mm), khoang cach gia cac lo la 90(mm), va tren moi ong co 10 lo nho. Tong so lo tren 4 ong la 40 lo. e/ Tnh he thong phan phoi nc ra loc: Cach phan phoi nc ra loc can phai thay oi ong m van khi ra loc. Khi ton that trong lp vat lieu loc en 0,5(m) th xa be loc bang cach ong van nc, van cap kh va ong m van ra 3 lan moi lan 30 40 giay, cng o ra loc 12 14(l/sm3). Quy trnh gio nc cung chieu i t di len cho hieu qua x ly cao, ton that t. Ap dung cac thong so tnh toan trong bang 4.9 khi ra loc.
Bang 4.9: Thong so tnh toan cho he thong phan phoi nc va gio ST T 1 Thong so Cng o ra loc n v l/sm2 Gia tr 12 14
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2 3 4 5 6 7
Cng o gio loc Khoang cach gia cac ong nhanh Toc o nc chay trong ong chnh Toc o nc chay trong ong nhanh ng knh lo cua ong chnh ng knh lo gio
l/sm2 m m/s m/s mm mm
15 20 0,25 0,3
2
1,8 2 10 12 25
Chon che o nc ra W = 14(l/sm2), thi gian ra loc 5 6 phut, cng o ra gio Wgio = 18(l/sm2). Lu lng nc ra cua be loc: Qr = F.W 0,81 14 = = 11 ,34.103(m3 / s) 1000 1000
Trong o: Qr : Lu lng nc ra cua be loc, (m3/s). F : Dien tch cua be loc, (m2).
-
Chon ng ong chnh dc = 100(mm), ng knh ngoai Dn = 114(mm) th toc o nc chay trong ong chnh: Qr 11 ,34.103 vc = = =1 ,4(m/ s) d2 (0,1)2 c 4 4
Lay khoang cach gia cac ong nhanh la 0,25(m) th so ong nhanh cua 1 be loc la: m= B 0,9 = = 3,6 4 (ong nhanh) 0,25 0,25
Trong o: m : So ong nhanh cua be, (ong nhanh). B : Chieu rong cua be loc, B = 0,9 (m). - 69 -
Lu lng nc ra loc chay trong moi ong nhanh la: qn = Qr 11 ,34.103 = = 2,835.103(l / s) m 4
Chon ng knh ong nhanh dn = 43(mm) co ng knh ngoai Dn =48(mm), th toc o nc chay trong ong nhanh: qn 2,835.103 vc = = 1 ,95(m/ s) d2 (0,043)2 c 4 4
Vi ng knh ong nhanh dn = 48(mm), th tiet dien ngang cua ong: = d2 (0,043)2 n = =1 ,45.103(m2 ) 4 4
Tong dien tch lo lay bang 35% dien tch tiet dien ngang cua ong (qui pham 30 35%), tong dien tch lo: = 35% = 35% 1 ,45.103 = 0,51.103(m2 )
Chon ng knh lo, dlo = 10(mm), ta co dien tch moi lo la: lo= d2 (0,01)2 = = 0,078.103(m2 ) 4 4
Tong so lo tren moi nhanh:
n=
0,51.103 = = 7(lo) lo 0,078.103
Tren moi ong nhanh cac lo c xep thanh 2 hang sole nhau hng xuong pha di va nghieng 1 goc 45o so vi mat phang nam ngang. So lo tren moi hang cua ong nhanh la 10/2 = 5(lo). Khoang cach gia cac lo: a= L dn 0,9 0,048 = = 0,085(m) 85(mm) 2 5 2 5
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e/ Tnh ton that ap lc khi ra be loc: Tnh ton that ap lc trong he thong phan phoi bang gian ong khoan lo: v2 v2 hp = o + n (m) 2g 2g Trong o: vo : toc o nc chay au ong chnh, vo = 2,09 (m/s). vn : toc o nc chay au ong nhanh, vo = 2 (m/s). : he so sc can: = 2,2 +1 K2 w
Vi Kw : t so gia tong dien tch cac lo tren ong va dien tch tiet dien ngang cua ong chnh: K w = 35%. = hp = 2,2 + 1 = 18,96 0,352
v2 v2 2,092 22 o + n = 18,69 + = 4,36(m) 2g 2g 2 9,81 2 9,81
Ton that ap lc trong lp vat lieu loc: hvl = (a+ bW).Ll.c = (0,85 + 0,004.14).2.40% =0,326(m)
Trong o: Khi kch thc hat d = 2 5 (mm), th a = 0,85,va b = 0,004 Ll : chieu dai lp vat lieu loc, Ll = 2(m). c : o dan n, c = 40%
Ap lc e pha v ket cau ban au cua lp vat lieu loc lay theo qui pham hbm=2(m) Vay ton that ap lc trong noi bo be loc: hr = hp + hvl + hbm = 4,36 + 3,26 + 2 = 9,62(m)
f/ Lng nc ra loc: - 71 -
T le lng nc ra so vi lng nc vao be loc tnh theo %: P= W.F.t1.60.N 100% Q.To.1000
Trong o: W : cng o nc loc W = 14 (l/sm2). N : so be loc, N = 1. F : dien tch cua be loc, F = 0,5 (m2). To : thi gian cong tac cua be gia 2 lan ra, (h). To = T (t1 + t2 + t3 ) n
T : thi gian cong tac be loc trong 1 ngay, T =10 (h). n : so lan ra be loc trong 1 ngay, n = 1 2 khi ra thu cong, n = 3 4 kh ra bang c kh, chon n = 1. t1, t2 , t3 : thi gian ra, xa nc loc au, thi gian chet cua be, t1 = 6 (phut) = 0,1 (h), t2 = 10 (phut) = 0,17 (h), t3 = 0,35 (h). To = 10 (0,1+ 0,17 + 0,35) = 9,38(h) 1
Vay t le lng nc ra so vi lng nc vao be loc: P= W.F.t1.60.N 14 0,81 6 60 1 100% = 100% = 0,54 Q.To.1000 0,8 9,38 1000
Lng nc can cho 1 lan ra: Q.To.P = 0,8 x 9,38 x 0,54 = 4,05 (m3)
Be loc sinh hoc dung vat lieu loc noi co kha nang gi c trong khe rong cac vay troc cua mang vi sinh vat bam quanh hat, nen mac dau cng o thoi gio ln, nhng ham lng can l lng trong nc thai au ra khong vt qua 20mg/l. Nhng cng o thoi kh khong c eu, va lien tuc nen nham am bao tot nhat chat lng au ra, ta can bo tr thiet ke them be lang II. - 72 -
4.2.7: BE LANG II: a/ Thong so thiet ke: Qtb = 0,8 (m3/h) = 0,22.10-3(m3/s). h
max tb Qs = Qs .K ch = 0,22.10-3 x 3 =0,66.10-3(m3/s).
b/ Kch thc be: Tnh toan ong trung tam: Chieu cao cong tac cua be = chieu dai ong trung tam 1,5 3,5(m), chon h = 1,5(m). Dien tch cua ong trung tam:
max Qs 0,66.103 f= = = 0,022(m2 ) vtt 0,03
Trong o: f : Dien tch ngan phan ng, (m2).
max max Qs : lu lng tnh toan ln nhat, Qs = 0,66.10-3 (m3/s).
vtt : toc o chuyen ong cua nc thai trong ong trung tam lay khong ln hn 30(mm/s) = 0,03 (m/s) ieu 6.5.9 TCVN 51 84.
ng knh cua ong trung tam: d= 4f 4 0,022 = = 0,167(m) 0,18(m)
Chon ng knh ong dan nc vao be do = 16(mm), ng knh ngoai dn = 21 (mm). Kiem tra toc o nc chay trong ong: =
tb 4.Qs 4 0,22.103 = =1 ,09(m/ s) .d2 (16.103)2 o
- 73 -
Tnh toan be lang: Thong so thiet ke be lang ng giong bang 4.5: ST T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thong so thiet ke n v Gia tr 0,8 1,2 7 30 30 50 1,5 3, 5 <1 0,5 10 15
Van toc dan nc vao m/s ong trung tam nga Chu ky xa can y Thi gian lu nc Chieu cao vung lang Van toc nc dang trong be Chieu day lp can Ham lng can con lai sau lang phu t m m/s m mg/l
Chieu cao cong tac cua be lang ng, HL = chieu dai ong trung tam / 0,8 HL = 1 ,5 =1 ,875(m) 1 ,9(m) . 0,8
ng knh mieng loe cua ong trong tam cua phan ong loe va bang 1,35 ng knh ong trung tam: dl = hl = 1,35.d = 1,35 x 0,18 = 0,24(m). ng knh tam hat lay bang 1,3 ng knh mieng loe = 1,3 x 0,24 = 0,312(m). Goc nghieng gia be mat tam hat so vi mat phang ngang lay = 17o. Chieu cao tam hat hnh non: ht.ha = t 0,312 .tg17o = 0,048(m) 50(mm) 2
Dien tch tien dien t cua be lang ng trong mat bang c tnh nh sau:
- 74 -
F= Trong o:
max Qs 0,66.103 = =1 ,32(m2 ) v 0,0005
v : Toc o chuyen ong cua nc thai trong be lang ng (sau be loc sinh hoc) v = 0,5(mm/s) (ieu 6.5.6 _ TCVN 51 84).
Thi gian lu nc: t= HL 1 ,9 = = 3800(s) 63(phu t) v 0,0005
Dien tch tong cong cua be lang: Fb = F + f = 1,32 + 0,022 = 1,342(m2)
ng knh cua be lang: D= 4Fb 4 1 ,342 = =1 ,3(m)
Chieu cao phan hnh non cua be lang ng: ,3 D dn 1 0,1 o hn = h2 + h3 = tg = tg50 = 0,72(m) 2 2
Trong o: hn: Chieu cao phan hnh non cua be lang ng. : Goc nghieng cua ay be lang so vi phng ngang, lay khong nho hn 50o (ieu 6.5.9 TCXD 51 84), = 50o. h2 : Chieu cao lp trung hoa, (m). h3 : Chieu cao gia nh cua lp can lang trong be 0,5(m), chon h3 = 0,5(m), h2 = 0,22(m). D : ng knh trong cua be lang,(m). dn : ng knh ay nho cua hnh non cut, lay dn =0,1(m).
- 75 -
Khoang cach gia mep ngoai cung cua mieng loe en mep ngoai cung cua be mat tam hat theo mat phang qua truc: l=
max 4.Qs 4 0,66.103 = = 0,03(m) vk .(D + dn ) 0,02 (1 + 0,1) ,3
Trong o: l : khoang cach gia mep ngoai cung cua mieng loe en mep ngoai cung cua be mat tam hat, (m). vk : toc o dong chay qua khe h gia mieng loe ong trung tam va be mat tam hat, vk 20 (mm/s), chon vk = 0,02 (m/s).
Chieu cao tong cong cua be lang ng: H = HL + hn + ho = 1,9 + 0,72 + 0,18 = 2,8 (m)
Trong o: HL : chieu cao cua be lang ng, HL = 1,9 (m). hn : chieu cao phan hnh non, hn = 0,72 (m). ho : Khoang cach t mc nc en thanh be, h o = 0,18(m).
The tch phan cha can: Wcc = Wcc = .hn D2 + d2 + Ddn n 3 4 0,72 1 2 + 0,12 + 1 0,1 ,3 ,3 3 = 0,35(m ) 3 4
Trong o: Wcc : The tch phan cha can,(m3). hn : Chieu cao hnh non, hn = 0,72(m).
- 76 -
D dn -
: ng knh cua be lang, D = 1,3(m). : ng knh cua ay hnh non, dn = 0,1(m).
Lng can tch luy qua 2 ngay be lang ng t II c xac nh theo cong thc sau: W= G.Ntt .100.T 28 180 100 2 = = 0,252(m3) (100 96).1000.1000 (100 96).1000.1000
Trong o: G : lng mang vi sinh vat trong be lang t II sau be loc sinh hoc lay bang 28g/ngi.ng vi o am P = 96% (ieu 6.14.19 TCVN 51 84). Ntt : so cong nhan lam viec trong nha may. Chon bm bun tai be lang co cong suat 0,5 Hp, chieu cao cot ap nc H = 10 mH2O. Tnh toan he thong mang thu nc: Chon be rong mang b = 150(mm), chieu dai mang h = 150(mm). Chon thiet ke cho mang thu nc, mang thu nc nam ben trong be hay nam ben ngoai be lang.
Ben ngoai Kieu bo tr mang thu nc
Ben trong
Chieu dai cua mang thu nc: l mag = (Dbe 2bmag ) = (1 2 0,15) : ,3 n n 5,03(m) 3,14(m)
Tai trong mang tran: Ld = Q l mag n = 8 l mag n :(m3/m2ngay) 1,59 2,55
Dien tch mat cat ngang mang thu: - 77 -
Fmang = hmang x bmang = 0,15 x 0,15 = 0,00225(m2) Van toc nc trong mang thu: vmag = n Q = 0,1 (m/ s) 24 3600 0,00225
He thong mang rang ca: Mang rang ca co dang ch V, goc 90o, at doc theo mang thu nc vi muc ch phan bo nc eu va gi lai cac tap chat noi. Mang c gan mat ngoai hay mat trong cua mang thu nc tuy theo cach bo tr cua mang thu nc at trong hay ngoai cua be lang. Mang c lam bang tam thep khong r. Hnh dang mang rang ca cua be lang II c thiet ke giong nh be lang I.
4.2.8: BE KH TRUNG: a/ Kch thc be: Thi gian nc trong be 30. Dung tch hu ch cua be:
W = Qtb .t = 0,8.0,5 = 0,4(m3 ) h

-
Chieu sau lp nc trong be c chon: H = 0,5(m). Dien tch mat thoang hu ch cua be la:
F=
W 0,4 2 = = 0,8(m ) H 0,5
F = L.B = 1,4(m) x 0,8(m) = 1,12(m2) > 0,8(m2)

-
Chon be kh trung gom 2 ngan. Kch thc moi ngan: F/2 = F1 = l.b = 0,8 x 0,4 = 0,32(m2)
Kch thc tong the hu ch cua be kh trung Chlorine la: B.L.H + = 0,8m x 1,4m x 0,5m
- 78 -
The tch xay dng cua be:
B.L.Hxd = B.L.(H + hbv)= 0,8m x 1,4m x (0,5+0,2)m =0,784(m2) b/ Lng dung dch Cl2 dung e kh trung: Lng Clo hoat tnh can thiet e kh trung nc thai c tnh theo cong thc: a.Q , ng vi tng lu lng tnh toan xac nh c 1000 lng Clo hoat tnh tng ng can thiet e kh trung. a.Qmax 5.(2,4) h Ya.max.h = = = 0,012(kg/ h) 1000 1000 a.Qtb 5.(0,8) h Ya.max.h = = = 0,004(kg/ h) 1000 1000 Trong o: Ya : Lng Clo hoat tnh can thiet e kh trung nc thai, kg/h Q : lu lng tnh toan cua nc thai. a : lieu lng hoat tnh lay theo ieu 6.20.3 tieu chuan TCXD 51-84. Nc thai sau x ly c hoc: a = 10 g/m3 Nc thai sau x ly sinh hoc hoan toan: a = 3 g/m3 Nc thai sau x ly sinh hoc khong hoan toan: a = 5 g/m3
Ya =
Lng nc Clo s dung e kh trung cho mot ngay (tnh cho lu lng gi ln nhat): Y x 10(h)= 0,012x10 = 0,12(kg/ngay) = 0,12x30 = 3,6(kg/thang)
Nh vay ch can s dung bnh cha Clo, dung 2 bnh: 1 s dung, 1 d tr.
- 79 -
Nguon nc thai sau khi a c i qua be kh trung va at tieu chuan hoan toan th c thai ra song ong Nai (nguon tiep nhan).
4.2.9: NGAN THU BUN: Lng can ti t be lang ng I: WL1 = C'.Q.E.K 87,3 4 95% 1 ,1 = = 0,005(m3 / nga) y (100 P).1000.1000 (100 93).1000.1000
Trong o : C :ham lng chat l lng trong nc thai dan en be lang, C = 87,3(mg/l). Q : lu lng nc thai Q = 4(m3/ngay). E : hieu suat lang, E = 95%. K : He so tnh en kha nang tang lng can do co c hat l lng ln, K = 1,1 1,2, chon K = 1,1. P : o am cua can ti, P = 93%.
Lng can tch luy qua 1 ngay be lang ng t II c xac nh theo cong thc sau: WL 2 = G.Ntt .100.T 28 180 100 1 = = 0,126(m3) (100 96).1000.1000 (100 96).1000.1000
Trong o: G : lng mang vi sinh vat trong be lang t II sau be loc sinh hoc lay bang 28g/ngi.ng vi o am P = 96% (ieu 6.14.19 TCVN 51 84).
Lng can be kh trung:
- 80 -
Wkt = Trong o:
a.N 0,05.180 = = 0,009(m3 / nga) y 1000 1000
a : lng can trong be kh trung lay theo ieu 6.20.7 TCXD 51-84, oi vi tram x ly s dung be loc sinh hoc a = 0,05(l/ng.ngay em). N : so dan tnh toan theo chat l lng N =180 ngi (lay d cho phan nc thai san xuat). Lng can tong cong thu c trong ngan thu bun: W = 0,005 +0,126 + 0,009 = 0,14(m3/ngay) Thi gian lu can trong ngan thu bun: 3 thang. Lng can trong 3 thang: W = 0,14(m3/ngay) x 24(ngay) x 3(thang) = 10,08(m3) Chon chieu cao cua ngan: = 2,2m. Tiet dien hu ch cua ngan: F= W 10,08 = = 5,04(m2 ) H 2,2
F = L.B = 2,4 x 2 = 10,56(m2) > 10,08(m2). Ngan thu bun nay c chia lam 2 ngan nho: B1 = B2 = L 2,4 = = 0,8(m) F1 = 0,8m 2m 3 3
2 2 L = 2,4 = 1 ,6(m) F2 = 1 ,6m 1m 3 3
- 81 -
Phng an 4:
Ong tron Ho thu gom Lan gI NTSH Be on nh Be kh trung
NTSX
Be SBR
Cac be giong nh phng an 3, ch co s khac biet la thay the be loc trong phng an 3 bang be SBR.
4.2.10:BE SBR: a/ Cac thong so thiet ke be SBR: Tnh chat nc thai au vao:
-
Qtb SSvao
= 8 (m3/ ngay) = 57,5 (mg/l)
Ham lng chat hu c bay hi trong can l lng 19,2 (mg/l) BOD5 = 92,625 (mg/l) SSra = 50 (mg/l)
BODra = 40 (mg/l), trong o 65% la can hu c BOD20 BOD5 = 0,68BOD20
Thong so ban au:
- 82 -
Thi gian lu nc > = 12h, chon 12h. Thi gian lang tnh 3h, thi gian xa nc trong 2h (xa can d trong thi gian ch, hoac thi gian kang hoac thao nc). T le F/M = 0,2 (kg BOD5 / kg MLVSS ngay). o tro cua can z = 0,2 hay can l lng de bay hi bang 0,8 can l lng (MLVSS/MLSS = 0,8). He so san lng bun Y = 0,6 (kgVSS/kg BOD5). He so phan huy noi bao, Kd = 0,06 ngay-1. Nong o can c co ac trong phan cha bun pha di be = 8000 mg/l.(trong o 0,8.8000 = 6400 mg/l la bun hoat tnh). Trong lng rieng cua can = 1,02. Chon 60% the tch be cha nc trong thao i moi ngay. Xa can thc hien 7 ngay 1 lan. BOD20 trong te bao = 1,42 nong o te bao a chet.
b/ Tnh toan thiet ke be SBR: Xac nh the tch be: The tch cua be SBR: V = Qtb.t = 8(m3/ngay) . 1(ngay) = 8 (m3) Chon chieu cao mc nc trong be H =2 (m). Dien tch be: F= Kch thc be: F = B.L = 2.2 = 4(m2) Chon chieu cao bao ve cua be: = 0,2 (m). Chieu cao xay dng tong cong: Hxd = H + hbv = 2 +0,2 = 2,2 (m) V 8 = = 4(m3 ) H 2
- 83 -
The tch xay dng cua be: Vxd = B.L.Hxd = 2 x 2 x 2,2 =8,8(m3)
Xac nh nong o BOD5 hoa tan trong nc a x ly:
BOD5 au ra = BOD5 hoa tan + BOD5 cha can l lng. BOD5 cha trong 50 mg/l can l lng au ra:
-
Can hu c: 0,65 x 50 mg/l = 32,5 (mg/l) = BOD20 BOD20 b oxy hoa thanh can: 1,42 x 32,5 = 46,15 (mg/l) Lng BOD5 bang 0,68 BOD20 = 0,68 x 46,15 = 31,38 (mg/l) Lng BOD5 hoa tan khi ra khoi be 8,62(mg/l) Lht = 40 31,38 =
Xac nh nong o bun hoat tnh can thiet duy tr trong be: Ta co: V= Q.So hay X(F / M) X= Q.So 8 92,625 = = 463,13(mg/ l) V.(F / M) 8 0,2
Trong o: Qtb = 8(m3/ngay) V = 8(m3)
F/M = 0,2(kg BOD5/ kg bun hoat tnh)
Nong o bun can thc trong be: X1 = can vo c = bun/0,8 = (92,625 19,2) + 463,13 = 652,34(mg/ l) 0,8
Khoi lng bun hoat tnh can co trong be: Gbun = V.X = 8 x 463,13.10-3 = 3,7(kg)
Khoi lng bun can trong be: Gcan = V.X1 = 8 x 652,34 = 5,22 (kg)
- 84 -
Tnh the tch bun choang cho sau 7 ngay lam viec (trc khi xa): G7 = G o +
P
n=1
Xn
0,8 Trong o:
+ SSn
Go : lng bun can duy tr trong be sau moi lan xa. PXn: lng bun sinh ra trong ngay th n cua 7 ngay. SSn: lng can hu c i vao be moi ngay. Go = Gcan = 5,22(kg) PXn = Y(Lo Lht ).Q Kd.Gn-1 Ngay th nhat: PX = 0,6(92,625 8,62) 8.103 0,06 3,7 = 0,18(kg)
1
SS1 = (92,625 19,2)x8.10-3 = 0,59(kg) khong thay oi. Tong bun can sau ngay th nhat: G1 = G o + Ngay th hai: PX = 0,6(92,625 8,62) 8.103 0,06 (3,7 + 0,18) = 0,17(kg)
2
PX
0,8
+ SS1 = 5,22 +
0,18 + 0,59 = 6,035(kg) 0,8
SS2 = 0,59(kg) G2 = G 1 + PX
2
0,8
+ SS2 = 6,035+
0,17 + 0,59 = 6,838(kg) 0,8
Tong lng bun trong be en nhay th 7: G7 = 10,81(kg)
The tch bun choang cho khi co ac en 8000mg/l hay 8kg/m 3 va t trong bun la 1,02. Vbu = n 10,81 =1 ,324(m3) 1 8 ,02
Chieu cao bun trong be:
- 85 -
hbu = n
Vbu 1 ,324 n = = 0,33(m) F 4
Chieu cao phan nc trong a lang tren lp bun: hn = 2 0,33 =1,67(m) Chieu cao phan nc trong pha tren bun theo tnh toan hay o sau cua ong rut nc ra: h = 0,6 x 2 =1,2(m) Nh vay neu sau 7 ngay xa bun 1 lan. Chieu cao lp nc a lang tren mat bun ngay th 7 la: 1,67(m) Chieu cao lp nc trong a xa i hang ngay la: 1,2(m) Phan nc trong d tr di ong khoan lo thu nc e khoi keo can ra: hd tr = 1,67 -1,2 = 0,47(m)
Tnh lng oxy can thiet e kh BOD5: Lng oxy can thiet: Q(L L ra ).103 OCo = 1 ,42.Px f 8(92,625 8,62).103 = 1 ,42.0,18 = 0,73(kg/ nga) y 0,68
He so an toan la 1,5 se c xac nh lng khong kh can thc te. Lng kh can cap theo ly thuyet: 0,73(kgO2 / nga) 0,85(m3KK / kgKK ) y = 2,68(m3 / nga) y 23,2%(kgO2 / kgKK )
Lng kh can cap trong thc te: 1 2,68 ,5 = 16(m3 / nga) y 25%
- 86 -
- 87 -
Chng 5: Van hanh he thong x ly nc thai.
CHNG 5: AU T VA VAN HANH HE THONG X LY NC THAI

5.1: CHI PH AU T HE THONG X LY NC THAI. 5.1.1: Phan xay dng va he thong thiet b: Bang 5.1: Von au t cac hang muc xay dng va thiet b ST T A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HANG MUC PHAN XAY DNG Be thu gom Be lang I (keo tu lang) Be on nh Be loc sinh hoc Be lang II Be kh trung Ngan thu bun Cong The tch, m3 6,8 3,9 8,6 3,5 4 1,5 7,6 So ln g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n gia (VN) Thanh tien (VN) 10.880.000 6.240.000 13.760.000 5.600.000 6.400.000 2.400.000 12.160.000 57.440.000
1.600.000 1.600.000 1.600.000 1.600.000 1.600.000 1.600.000 1.600.000
- 88 -
B 1 2 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PHAN THIET B Thiet b khuay tron Bm chm, Q=2m3/h, H=10m, P=0,5Hp, Italy Bm bun be lang I & II, 0,5Hp May thoi kh, P = 1/3Hp a phan phoi kh D=170mm Mang rang ca, mang thu nc be lang I & II, inox, VN Vat lieu loc Thung ng hoa chat keo tu, hoa chat kh trung, PE Bm nh lng hoa chat, Q =15-30l/h, P =0,1Hp, USA He thong ien ieu khien, day ien He thong ng ong Cong
cai cai cai cai cai bo m3 bo cai he he
1 4 2 2 7 2 2 2 1 1 1
1.000.000 5.000.000 1.300.000 2.000.000 300.000 4.000.000 1.500.000 1.000.000 5.000.000 2.000.000 1.000.000
1.000.000 20.000.000 2.600.000 4.000.000 2.100.000 8.000.000 3.000.000 2.000.000 5.000.000 2.000.000 1.000.000 50.700.00
C 1 2
CHI PH KHAC Chi ph van chuyen lap at Chay th, xet nghiem mau Cong Tong cong
he Toan bo
3.000.000 3.000.000
3.000.000 3.000.000 6.000.000 114.140.00 0
Tong chi ph au t hang muc cong trnh: Sau t = 114.140.000 (ong)
Chi ph au t nay c khau hao trong 20 nam, khau hao trong 01 nam: - 89 -
S1 = Sau t /20= 114.140.000/20 = 5.707.000 (ong)
5.2: CHI PH QUAN LY VA VAN HANH HE THONG. 5.2.1: Ch ph nhan cong:

Lng cong nhan:
1 ngi x 1.000.000 ong x 12 thang = 12.000.000 (ong)

Tong chi ph nhan cong: 12.000.000 (ong)
5.2.2: Chi ph ien nang: Bang 5.2: Bang chi ph ien nang tnh cho 01 nam Hang muc Cong suat (kW) 0,375 0,375 Gi lam viec(h) 4 4 Chi ph (ong) 657.000 657.000
Bm nc thai t be thu gom sang ong tron Bm nc thai t be on nh sang be loc sinh hoc hieu kh Bm nh lng May thoi kh be on nh May thoi kh be loc sinh hoc Cong
0,075 0,25 0,25
4 10 10
131.400 1.095.000 1.095.000 3.635.400
Ghi chu: chi ph cho 1 kW ien la : 1200 ong
- 90 -
5.2.3: Chi ph hoa chat: Theo ket qua nghien cu ta co:

Ham lng phen bun o Bach Khoa (cua khoa Moi
trng, trng ai hoc Bach khoa) can dung cho nc thai san xuat mc in: 800mg/l. Chi ph hoa chat s dung trong 01 nam trnh bay trong bang sau: Hoa chat Phen bun Bach khoa NaOH Clo Cong Khoi lng (kg) 912,6 n gia (ong/kg) 1200 Thanh tien (ong) 1.105.920 400.000 200.000 1.705.920
Tong chi ph quan ly va van hanh trong 01 nam: S2 = 12.000.000 +3.635.400 + 1.705.920 = 17.341.320 (ong)
5.3: GIA THANH X LY MOT MET KHOI NC THAI: Tong chi ph au t: S = S1 + S2 = 5.707.000 + 17.341.320 = 23.048.320 (ong)
Lai suat ngan hang i = 5% nam.
Tong von au t: So = (1+i)xS = (1 +0,05) x 23.048.320 = 24.200.736 (ong)

Gia thanh 01 m3 nc thai:
s=
24.200.736 24.200.736 = 8000( ong) Q 365 8 365
- 91 -
Vay gia thanh e x ly 01 m3 nc thai xap x 8000 (ong), nhng neu khi lu lng nc thai ln hn (khoang 30m3/ngay) th cong nghe tren mi co the van hanh het cong suat khi o gia thanh e x ly 1m3 nc thai se giam xuong con khoang 2000 ong. 5.4: VAN HANH HE THONG: Qua trnh van hanh he thong gom 3 bc c ban sau: Chay th. Van hanh hang ngay. X ly s co. 5.4.1: Giai oan chay th: Khi van hanh mot he thong x ly nc thai mi hay khi ong lai he thong cu sau khi b hong hoc co mot so nguyen tac can tuan thu e he thong x ly nc thai hoat ong bnh thng trong thi gian sm nhat: Can tang tai lng cua he thong x ly nc thai trong thi gian 2 thang. Phai kiem tra lng DO va SVI (ch so the tch bun) trong be on nh, va be loc sinh hoc.
Can kiem tra lng SS (chat ran l lng) trong be on nh, be loc sinh hoc hang ngay.
5.4.2: Van hanh hang ngay: Van hanh he thong x ly nc thai sinh hoc hang ngay can phai bao am cac yeu to sau: Lam sach li chan rac, mang tran tai cac be lang .
Can vt vat noi tren be mat cua be lang (e tranh hnh thanh mui).
Kiem tra va bao dng cac thiet b c ien. Ngoai cac hoat ong thng ngay con co cac hoat ong khong tien hanh hang ngay ma tien hanh theo nh ky nh lay mau, lam sach ngan thu bun va thay the thiet b. - 92 -
5.4.3: X ly s co: Neu co s co xay ra, ieu quan trong la phai phan tch nguyen nhan e giai quyet s co. Co mot so s co thng gap khi van hanh he thong x ly nc thai vi nguyen nhan va mot so hanh ong can sa cha khi tien hanh:
Hang muc
S co
Nguyen nhan
Sa cha, khac phuc thng
Li chan Tac rac Be nh on Mui
Khong lam ve sinh Gat can sach se xuyen Can lang trong be
Tang cng khuay, sut kh
Be loc sinh Can hoc noi Be lang Bun en tren mat
Mang vi sinh vat Thay hay ra vat bong choc lieu loc Thi gian lu bun Loai bo bun qua lau thng xuyen
- 93 -
Ket luan - kien ngh.
KET LUAN KIEN NGH
KET LUAN: Nha may san xuat mc in Tan ong Dng a thanh lap rat lau, bay gi m rong c s san xuat tai KCN Bien Hoa I, tnh ong Nai. Nha may a cung cap nhng mat hang mc in a ang va phong phu cho th trng trong nc va quoc te. Qua ket qua cua qua trnh ieu tra anh gia, cac ch tieu cua nha may (ang hoat ong cua cong ty tai 4/36 Tan Hng, phng 16, quan Tan Bnh, Tp. Ho Ch Minh co quy mo san xuat nh nha may trong D an xay dng tai ong Nai) o nhiem khong kh, o nhiem at eu khong anh hng ln en tac ong cua moi trng v mc o thap va co the kiem soat c, ch rieng nguon nc thai ra trong qua trnh ve sinh thiet b e san xuat a vt tieu chuan TCVN 6980:2001 va can thiet phai x ly trc khi thai ra ngoai nguon tiep nhan. Cac nguon o nhiem hoan toan co the khac phuc c bang cac thiet ke khoa hoc va la chon cong nghe thch hp, lap at he thong x ly va van hanh ung ky thuat. Ket qua phan tch ang gia nc thai cua nha may san xuat tai ng Tan Hng co ac iem la cha thanh phan hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc cao (BOD), ham lng chat ran l lng cao (SS). Cong nghe x ly c e xuat thch hp cho loai nc thai nay da tren nguyen tac x ly bang keo tu, x ly sinh hoc, va lang. Cong nghe c x ly, trnh bay va tnh toan thiet ke theo 1 day chuyen hoan chnh. Tnh toan thiet ke da tren cac c s tai lieu ky thuat chuyen mon, cong nghe co tnh kha thi va can thiet nhanh chong c ap dung.
- 94 -
Ket luan - kien ngh.
KIEN NGH: D an phat trien cua cong ty ong vai tro quan trong trong viec hoat ong cung cap san pham mc in cong nghiep tren pham vi toan quoc ong thi gop phan phat trien nganh san xuat mc in, bao b tren ca nc. Mang lai li ch Kinh te Xa hoi, tao ieu kien viec lam cho ngi lao ong tai a phng. Ben canh s phat trien d an van e gop phan bao ve moi trng la mot trong nhng tieu ch hang au cua qu cong ty. Nen viec au t he thong x ly nc thai tap trung cua nha may cung la van e cap bach cua qu cong ty trong qua trnh xay dng va phat trien D an, nham bao ve moi trng thien nhien va moi trng lam viec tot cho toan the nhan vien trong cong ty noi rieng va cho ca Khu cong nghiep Bien Hoa I, tnh ong Nai, ca nc noi chung.
- 95 -
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO.

Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Bo xay dng. Tieu chuan xay dng TCXD 51-84.
Thoat nc. Mang li ben ngoai cong trnh va cong trnh. Nha xuat ban ai hoc quoc gia Tp. HCM. 2001.
2. Cac tieu chuan nha nc Viet Nam ve moi trng.
Ha Noi. 2001.
3. Cac tieu chuan nha nc Viet Nam ve moi trng.
Tap 1. Chat lng nc. Ha Noi. 1995.

4. Hoang Van Hue. Thoat nc. Tap 2. X ly nc
thai. Nha xuat ban Khoa Hoc va Ky Thuat. 2002.

5. Lam Minh Triet, Nguyen Thanh Hung, Nguyen
Phc Dan, CEFINEA Vien Moi Trng va Tai Nguyen. X ly nc thai o th va cong nghiep tnh toan thiet ke cong trnh. Nha xuat ban ai hoc Quoc gia Tp.HCM. 2004.
6. Lng c Pham. Cong nghe x ly nc thai bang
bien phap sinh hoc. Nha xuat ban Giao Duc. 1998.
7. Nguyen Th Phng Le Song Giang. C lu chat.
Trng ai hoc Bach khoa Tp.HCM. 2001.

8. Nguyen Van Lua. Qua trnh va thiet b cong nghe
Hoa hoc va Thc pham. Tap 1. Cac qua trnh va thiet b C hoc. Quyen 1. Khuay Lang loc. Nha xuat ban ai hoc Quoc gia Tp.HCM. 2001.
9. Tran c Ha. X ly nc thai sinh hoat quy mo nho
va va. Nha xuat ban Khoa Hoc va Ky Thuat. 2002.

10.
Tran Hung Dung, Nguyen Van Luc, Hoang Minh Nam, Vu Ba Minh. Qua trnh va thiet b cong nghe Hoa hoc va Thc pham. Tap 1. Cac qua trnh va thiet b C hoc. Quyen 2. Phan rieng bang kh ong, lc ly tam, bm, quat, may nen, tnh he thong ng ong. Nha xuat ban ai hoc Quoc gia Tp.HCM. 2001. - 96 -
11.
Vu Ba Minh. Qua trnh va thiet b cong nghe Hoa hoc va Thc pham. Tap 1. Ky thuat phan ng. Nha xuat ban ai hoc Quoc gia Tp.HCM. 2002. Nguyen Van Phc. Qua trnh va thiet b trong cong nghiep hoa chat. Tap 13. Ky thuat x ly chat thai cong nghiep. Trng ai hoc Bach khoa Tp.HCM. 1998. Trnh Xuan Lai. Tnh toan thiet ke cac cong trnh x ly nc thai. Nha xuat ban Xay Dng. 2001. S Khoa hoc Cong nghe va Moi trng Tp.HCM. Chng trnh bao ve moi trng Tp.HCM. Bao cao e tai Nghien cu cong nghe x ly nc thai, kh thai mot so c s cong nghiep trong iem Tp.HCM. ai hoc Quoc Gia Tp.HCM. Vien Moi trng va Tai nguyen IER. Trung tam Cong nghe Moi trng CEFINEA. 1997. Metcalf & Eddy. Wastewater Engineering Treatment Disposal Reuse. Mcgraw-Hill, Inc. Singgapore. 1998.
12.
13. 14.
15.
- 97 -
PHU LUC.
1. TCVN 1954 - 1995: Chat lng nc Tieu chuan nc thai cong nghiep tieu chuan thai.
2. TCVN 6980: 2001: Chat lng nc Tieu chuan nc
thai cong nghiep thai vao vc nc song ho muc ch cap nc sinh hoat. 3. Nhng hnh anh ve cac be va thiet b sut kh dang a. 4. Cac ban ve cong trnh he thong x ly nc thai tap trung cua nha may san xuat mc in Tan ong Dng. Mat cat cong nghe x ly. Mat bang cong nghe x ly. Be thu gom va ong tron. Be lang I. Be on nh. Be loc sinh hoc. Be lang II. Be kh trung. Ngan thu bun.
- 98 -
- 99 -
TCVN
TIEU CHUAN VIET NAM
TCVN 5945 : 1995
CHAT LNG NC TIEU CHUAN NC THAI CONG NGHIEP TIEU CHUAN THAI
TIEU CHUAN VIET NAMTCVN 5945 : 1995

Chat lng nc Tieu chuan nc thai cong nghiep Tieu chuan thai.
Water quality Standards for industrial effuents discharged Standards dischanged.
1. Pham vi ap dung
1.1.
Tieu chuan nay quy nh gii han cac thong so va nong o cac chat thanh phan trong nc thai cua cac c s san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh, dch vu ( goi chung la nc thai cong nghiep). Tieu chuan nay dung e kiem soat chat lng nc thai cong nghiep khi o vao cac nguon nc.
1.2.
2. Gia tr gii han 2.1. Gia tr gii han cac thong so va nong o cac chat thanh phan cua nc thai cong nghiep khi o vao cac nguon nc phai phu hp vi quy nh trong bang. 2.2. oi vi nc thai cua mot so nganh cong nghiep ac thu, gia tr cac thong so va nong o cac chat thanh phan c quy nh trong cac tieu chuan rieng. 2.3. Nc thai cong nghiep co cac gia tr thong so va nong o cac chat thanh phan hoac nho hn cac quy nh trong cot A co the o vao cac nguon nc dung lam nguon cap nc sinh hoat.
2.4.
Nc thai cong nghiep co cac gia tr thong so va nong o cac chat thanh phan nho hn hoac bang gia tr quy nh trong cot B ch c o vao cac nguon nc dung cho cac muc ch giao thong thuy, ti tieu, bi loi, nuoi trong thuy san, trong trot
2.5. Nc thai cong nghiep co cac gia tr thong so va nong o cac chat thanh phan ln hn gia tr quy nh trong cot B, nhng khong vt qua gia tr quy nh trong cot C ch c o vao nhng ni quy nh.
2.6. Nc thai cong nghiep co cac gia tr thong so va nong o cac chat thanh phan ln hn gia tr quy nh trong cot C th khong c phep thai ra moi trng. 2.7. Phng phap lay mau, phan tch, tnh toan, xac nh tng thong so va nong o cu the c quy nh trong cac tieu chuan tng ng. Bang 1: Nc thai cong nghiep Gia tr gii han cac thong so va nong o cac chat gay o nhiem, TCVN 5945 1995
ST T (1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 pH
Thong so
n v
Gia tr gii han A B (5) 40 5,5 9 50 100 100 0,1 0,02 0,5 2 0,1 1 1 10 1 2 1 C (6) 45 5 9 100 400 200 0,5 0,5 2 0,5 2 30 5 30 5 5 5 (4) 40 69 20 50 50 0,05 0,01 0,1 1 0,05 0,2 KPH 5 0,2 1 0,2
(2) Nhiet o
(3)
o
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
BOD20 COD Chat l lng Arsen Cadimi Ch Clo d Crom (Cr+6) Crom (Cr+3) Dau m khoang Dau ong thc vat ong Kem Magan
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Niken Photpho hu c Photpho tong cong Sat Tetracloetylen Thiec Thuy ngan Tong nit Tricloetylen Amoniac (tnh theo N) Florua Phenol Sunfua Xyanua Tong hoat ong phong xa Tong hoat ong phong xa Coliform
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Bq/l Bq/l MPN/100 ml
0,2 0,2 4 1 0,02 0,2 0,00 5 30 0,05 0,1 1 0,00 1 0,2 0,05 0,1 1,0 5000
1 0,5 6 5 0,1 1 0,005 60 0,3 1 2 0,05 0,5 0,1 0,1 1,0 1000 0
2 1 8 10 0,1 5 0,0 1 60 0,3 10 5 1 1 0,2 -
Ghi chu: KPH Khong phat hien c.
TCVN
TIEU CHUAN VIET NAM
TCVN 6980 : 2001
CHAT LNG NC TIEU CHUAN NC THAI CONG NGHIEP THAI VAO VC NC SONG DUNG CHO MUC CH CAP NC SINH HOAT
Water quality Standards for industrial effuents dischanged into rivers using for domestic water supply
HA NOI 2001
TIEU CHUAN VIET NAMTCVN 6980 : 2001

Chat lng nc Tieu chuan nc thai cong nghiep thai vao vc nc song dung cho muc ch cap nc sinh hoat.
Water quality Standards for industrial effuents dischanged into rivers using for domestic water supply
1. Pham vi ap dung
1.1.
Tieu chuan nay quy nh gii han cac thong so va nong o cac chat o nhiem trong nc thai cong nghiep theo thai lng va theo lu lng nc cua song tiep nhan. Trong tieu chuan nay, nc thai cong nghiep c hieu la dung dch thai hoac nc thai do cac qua trnh san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh cua cac loai hnh cong nghiep thai ra. Khoang cach gia iem xa va nguon tiep nhan theo cac qui nh hien hanh.
1.2.
Tieu chuan nay ap dung ong thi vi TCVN 5945 : 1995 va dung e kiem soat chat lng nc thai cong nghiep khi thai vao song hoac suoi cu the (sau ay goi chung la song) co chat lng nc dung c cho mcu ch cap nc sinh hoat.
2. Tieu chuan vien dan TCVN 5945 : 1995 Nc thai cong nghiep Tieu chuan thai. 3. Gia tr gii han
3.1.
Gia tr gii han cac thong so va nong o cac chat thanh phan cua nc thai cong nghiep khi thai vao cac vc nc song co lu lng nc khac nhau, khong c vt qua cac gia tr tng ng neu trong bang 1. Cac thong so va nong o cac chat o nhiem khong neu ra trong bang 1 c ap dung theo TCVN 5945 : 1995.
3.2.
Phng phap lay mau, phan tch, tnh toan, xac nh tng thong so va nong o cu the c quy nh trong cac Tieu Chuan Viet Nam tng ng hoac theo cac phng phap khac do c quan co tham quyen ve moi trng ch nh.
Bang 1: Gia tr gii han cac thong so va nong o cac chat o nhiem trong nc thai cong nghiep thai vao vc nc song dung cho muc ch cap nc sinh hoat. Thong so Q > 200 m3/s F1 1. Mau,Co Pt pH =7 20 F2 20 F3 20 Q = 50 200 m3/s F1 20 F2 20 F3 20 Q < 50 m3/s F1 20 F2 20 F3 20
2. Mui, Kho Kho Kho Kho Kho Kho Kho Kho Kho cam quan ng ng ng ng ng ng ng ng ng Co Co Co Mui Co Co Co Co Mui Co Mui Co Mui
Mui Mui
Mui Mui Mui
Kho Kho Kho Kho Kho Kho Kho Kho Kho Chu 3. BOD5 o (20 C), mg/l 4. mg/l COD, 40 Ch u 35 Chu 35 Ch u 30 Chu 25 Ch u 25 Chu 20 Ch u 20 Chu 20
70 50
60 45
60 45
60 45
50 40
50 40
50 40
40 30
40 30
5. Tong chat ran l lng 6. Arsen, As, mg/l 7. Ch, Pb, mg/l 8. m Dau
0,2 0,1 5
0,2 0,1 5
0,2 0,1 5
0,15 0,08 5
0,15 0,08 5
0,15 0,08 5
0,1 0,06 5
0,05 0,06 5
0,05 0,06 5
khoang, mg/l 9. Dau m ong thc vat, mg/l 10. ong, Cu, mg/l 11. Kem, Zn, mg/l 12. Photpho tong so, mg/l 20 20 20 10 10 10 5 5 5
0,4 1 10
0,4 1 10
0,4 1 10
0,3 0,7 6
0,3 0,7 6
0,3 0,7 6
0,2 0,5 4
0,2 0,5 4
0,2 0,5 4
13.Clorua,C 600 l-, mg/l 14.Coliform 3000 ,MPN/100m l
600 300 0
600 3000
600 300 0
600 3000
600 300 0
600 3000
600 300 0
600 3000
Chu thch: Q la lu lng song, m3/s, F la thai lng, m3/ngay (24 gi), F1 t 50 m3/ngay en di 500 m3/ngay, F2 t 500 m3/ngay en di 5000 m3/ngay, F3 bang hoac ln hn 5000m3/ngay.
PHU LUC 3 NHNG HNH ANH VE THIET B SUC KH DANG A
Hnh 1: a suc kh trong qua trnh hoat ong
Hnh 2: a suc kh
Hnh 3: He thong a suc kh
PHU LUC 4 BAN VE CONG TRNH
HE THONG X LY NC THAI SAN XUAT MC IN
1. Mat cat cong nghe x ly. 2. Mat bang cong nghe x ly. 3. Be thu gom va ong tron. 4. Be lang I. 5. Be on nh. 6. Be loc sinh hoc. 7. Be lang II. 8. Be kh trung. 9. Ngan thu bun.

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CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

CHNG 1: GII THIEU S LC

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

: ng so 3 cua Khu Cong Nghiep.

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

Phan tan Phan tan

Phoi mau Phoi mau

ong goi ong goi

Thanh Thanh pham 5 pham

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

Hnh 1.1: S o quy trnh cong nghe san xuat mc in.

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

TCVN 5937-1995 Ghi chu:

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

6-8,5 >6 <10 <4 20 1

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

N-NO3N-NH3+ Dau m P-tong Tong Coliform Nhan xet:

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MPN/100 ml

1,3 0,8 0,2 0,057 4,3 x 103

1,4 0,71 0,23 8,6 x 103

n v mg/l mg CaCO3/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Ket qua 7,51 0,5 115 2,35 91 0 1,6

TCVN 5944-1995 6,5-8,5 300-500 1-5 200-600 45

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

CHNG 1: GII THIU S LC.

Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai

CHNG 2: CAC PHNG PHAP X LY NC THAI.

Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai

Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai

Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai

Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai

Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai

Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai

Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai

Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai

Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai

Chng 2: Cac phng phap x ly nc thai

: 80 160 (mg/l) 160(mg/l).

BOD : 100 200 (mg/l) 200(mg/l).

Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in.

CHNG 3: LA CHON CONG NGHE X LY NC THAI SAN XUAT MC IN

Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in.

TCVN 59451995(cot B) 5,5 9 60 6

TCVN 69802001 F1 70 40 50 3.000

Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in.

He thong thoat nc ma cua KCN

Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in.

Hnh 3.1: S o he thong x ly nc ma

3.2.1.2: Phng an x ly nc thai ve sinh thiet b:

Mo ta he thong x ly nc thai tap trung.

Be loc SHHK hay be on nh

Nguon tiep nhan

Hnh 3.2: Mo ta s o he thong x ly nc thai cua D an.

S o he thong x ly nc thai, phng an c e xuat: Phng an 1:

Phng an 2: (ch dung e x ly nc thai mc in co cong suat nho = 10 m3/ngay)

Chng 3: La chon cong nghe x ly nc thai san xuat mc in.

Ngan thu bun

Hnh 3.3: S o cong nghe cua cac phng an e xuat.