y

Clarkson University – ES222, Strength of Materials 1 3

Final Exam – Formula Sheet Iz bh
12 h
1 3 z
Axial Loading Iy hb
12
P F F
Normal Stress: Splice joint: ave Single shear: ave b
A A A
F P Torsion:
Double shear: ave Bearing stress: b
2A td c
max
L L
P P T Tc
cos 2 , sin cos G
Ao Ao max
J J
TL 1
T
ultimate load solid rod: J 2 c4
Factor of Safety = F.S. = JG
allowable load 1
hollow rod: J 2
co4 ci4

Stress and Strain – Axial Loading Ti Li

Rods in Series:
i J i Gi
Normal strain: Normal stress: E Shear stress: G y
L
PL PL Pure Bending: x
i i
Elongation: Rods in series:
AE i Ai Ei
My Mc M
Thermal elongation: T T L Thermal strain: T T x max M M
I I S
lateral strain y 1 M
Poisson’s ratio: x y z x E
axial strain EI
x y z radius of curvature
Generalized Hooke’s Law: x
E E E y

x y z
General Eccentric Loading: dz
y
E E E
dy
y
P Mzy M yz
x z
x
z A
E E E Iz Iy P
P C
xy yz xz z x
xy , yz , xz Mz dy P My dz P
G G G

Units: k = 103 M = 106 G = 109 Pa = N/m2 psi = lb/in2 ksi = 103 lb/in2
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
i
xi Ai i
yi Ai
Coordinates of the Centroid: x y
i
Ai i
Ai
Parallel Axis Theorem: I x ' Ix Ad 2 , where d is the distance from the x–axis to the x’–axis
dV xd Deflections of Beams
w VD VC wdx (area under load curve between C and D)
dx xc 1 M x d2y dy M x
2
slope = x dx C1
EI dx dx EI
dM xd
V MD MC Vdx +(area under shear curve between C and D) deflection = y x x dx C2 = elastic curve
dx xc

Shear Stress in Beams Columns

2
VQ VQ EI
q shear per unit length Q Ay Pcr
ave L2e
It I

Stress Transformation

2
x y x y 2
Principal stresses: max,min xy
2 2
2 xy
Principal planes: tan 2 p
x y

x y
Planes of maximum in-plane shear stress: tan 2 s
2 xy

2
x y 2
Maximum in-plane shear stress: max xy R
2
x y
Corresponding normal stress: ' ave
2

Thin Walled Pressure Vessels

pr pr
Cylindrical: Hoop stress = 1 Longitudinal stress = 2
t 2t
For x > a,
pr replace x with
Maximum shear stress (out of plane) = max 2
2t (L-x) and
pr interchange a
Spherical: Principal stresses = 1 2 with b.
2t
2 pr
Maximum shear stress (out of plane) = max
2 4t