ܲ‹TüÎ˚ ˜¢¢Ó Ä ˆüôyÓ# åÈyeç#Óö

ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜¢¢Ó ~ܲ x!ï˛ §yôyÓ˚î í˛z_Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ö¡¨

üôƒ!Ó_ §öyï˛ö !•®% ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ˆÏåÈ– ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
≤Ã!˛õï˛yü• !Óáƒyï˛ ˆçƒy!ï˛!£Ï ˛õ![˛ï˛ •!Ó˚Ó˚yü í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ üÌ%Ó˚y ˆç°yÓ˚
Ó çû)˛!üÓ˚ öyà°y ã˛wû˛yà @ˇÃyˆÏü Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ û˛y•z !åȈϰö
◊# é˛u%˛Ó˚yü– ˛õ![˛ï˛ •!Ó˚Ó˚yü í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ï˛ö ˛õ%eÈÙÙÙÈû)˛ˆÏòÓñ
Ó˚yü≤çyò ~ÓÇ Ó˚yüˆÏ˛õÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚– é˛u%˛Ó˚yü ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Ä ò%•z ˛õ%e ÙÙÙÈ¢B˛Ó˚°y°
Ä ÓÇ¢#°y°–
◊# Ó˚yü≤çyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%e !åȈ° Ï ö û˛àÓï˛# ≤çyò– û˛àÓï˛# ≤çyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓy•
◊#ü!ï˛ Ó˚yü˛õƒyÎ˚yÓÏ #˚ Ó˚ §ˆÏD •ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– !ï˛!ö á%Ó ôü≈˛õÓ˚yÎ˚öy ü!•°y !åȈ°
Ï ö–
!•®% ˛õ!Oܲy xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ xy!Ÿªö üyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ü,˛£è eˆÏÎy˚ ò¢#ñ !Óe´ü §ÇÓï˛ 1973ñ
•zÇÓ˚yç# 1916 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 25ˆ¢ ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ ◊# û˛àÓï˛# ≤çyˆÏòÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ ˛õ%e §hsˇyö çß√ °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ ◊#üï˛# Ó˚yü˛õƒyÎ˚yÓ˚# !˛õï˛y ◊#
ã%˛ß¨#°y° ÷Üœ˛yÓ˚ !öÜ˛ê˛ ôö!ܲÎ˚yˆÏï˛ !åȈϰö– ÄöyÓ˚ !˛õï˛y ôö!ܲÎ˚yˆÏï˛
SÓ˚yçfliyˆÏöV ˆfiê˛¢ö üyfiê˛yÓ˚ !åȈ° Ï ö– Óy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ öyü Ó˚yáy •° ò#öòÎ˚y°–
í˛yܲ öyü Úò#öyÛ– ò%•z ÓͧÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ◊#üï˛# Ó˚yüˆÏ˛õÎ˚yÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ° !mï˛#Î˚
§hsˇyö xyˆÏ§– ï˛yÓ˚ öyü Ó˚yáy •Î˚ !¢ÓòÎ˚y° í˛yܲ öyü !¢Ó%–
~ܲyߨÓ_≈# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ä ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y
˛õ![˛ï˛ •!Ó˚Ó˚yü ü•y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲyߨÓ_≈# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚Ä xˆÏöܲ
Óí˛¸– ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü!•°yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ܲ°• ˆ°ˆÏà•z ÌyÜ˛ï˛– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚
ÓÎ˚§ Îáö xyí˛¸y•z ÓͧÓ˚ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛y û˛àÓï˛# ≤çyò ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ çˆÏ°ŸªˆÏÓ˚
§•yÎ˚ܲ ˆfiê˛¢ö üyfiê˛yÓ˚ !åȈϰö– !ï˛!ö ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ܲ°•ˆÏܲ ¢yhsˇ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çöƒ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyܲ#üy Ä !Óüyï˛yˆÏܲ S§ÍüyV !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ çˆÏ°ŸªˆÏÓ˚
!öˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ö ~ÓÇ ò#öyñ !¢Ó% Ä Ó˚yü˛õƒyÎ˚yÓ˚#ˆÏܲ Ó˚yçfliyˆÏöÓ˚ ôö!ܲÎ˚y
@ˇÃyˆÏü ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòö– ã%˛ß¨#°yˆÏ°Ó˚ @ˇÃyü xÌ≈yÍ Ó˚yü˛õƒyÎ˚yÓ˚#Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Óyí˛¸#
~ÓÇ ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ üyüyÓyí˛¸# !åÈ° ú˛ˆÏï˛•˛õ%Ó˚ §#ܲÓ˚#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xy@ˇÃy ˆç°yÓ˚
S5V
=í˛¸Ü˛# üì˛¸y•z @ˇÃyˆÏü– xyí˛¸y•z ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !˛õï,˛à,• ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§yÓ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y° xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö!òö ˆ§áyˆÏö !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyö!ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õy°ö ˆ˛õy£Ïî
Ä !Óܲy¢ ~ܲ xq(ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ~üö ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏö
Óƒ!_´Ó˚ Óƒ!_´c !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ Óyôy ˛õyÎ˚ñ !ܲv ò#öòÎ˚y° ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ¢!_´
§MÈ˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ç#Óö ˜¢¢Ó
xÓfliy ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ !åÈ°–
ü,ï%˛ƒ ò¢≈ö
ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ò¢≈ö ç#!Óï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üˆÏö ˜ÓÓ˚yàƒ ~ˆÏö ˆòÎ˚– ò#öòÎ˚y°
í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ˜¢¢Ó ܲyˆÏ°•z !öˆÏçÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚çˆÏöˆÏòÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ ˆòˆÏá !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ç!öï˛
ÓƒyÌy í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– üye xyí˛¸y•z ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ Îáö ò#öòÎ˚y° !öˆÏçÓ˚
üyüyÓyí˛¸#ˆÏï˛ òyò%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ xyˆÏ§ö ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%È!òö ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z áÓÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ˆÎ
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !˛õï˛y û˛àÓï˛# ≤çyˆÏòÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ò#öòÎ˚y° !˛õï,˛•#ö •ˆÏ°öñ
üy Ó˚yü˛õƒyÎ˚yÓ˚# !ÓôÓy •ˆÏ°ö– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜¢¢Ó ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x◊&û˛Ó˚y
ˆã˛yáñ òyò%Ó˚ !Ó£Ï] ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏáˆÏåÈ– Óy°Ü˛ xˆÏÓyôüö §ÇˆÏÓòö¢#°ï˛yˆÏܲ
@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°– !˛õï,˛•yÓ˚y !¢÷ ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜¢¢Ó !ÓôÓy üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°
ܲyê˛yˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!òˆÏܲ ˆ¢yܲÈÙÈï˛y˛õ !ã˛hsˇyÎ˚ ܲyï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yü˛õƒyÎ˚yÓ˚# x§%fli
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ö– x˛õ%!‹TˆÏï˛ û%˛ˆÏà xӈϢˆÏ£Ï «˛Î˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xye´yhsˇ •ö– ˆ§•z
§üÎ˚ «˛Î˚ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ xÌ≈ !åÈ° !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ü,ï%˛ƒ– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ ï˛áö §yï˛
~ÓÇ !¢ÓòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓͧÓ˚– üy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ òyò%Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚
˛õˆÏÌ ˛õy!í˛¸ ˆòöñ Ó˚yü˛õƒyÎ˚yÓ˚# ◊#Ó˚yˆÏüÓ˚ ã˛Ó˚ˆÏî xy◊Î˚ °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
Óy°ƒÜ˛yˆÏ°•z ò#öòÎ˚y° !˛õï˛yüyï˛yÓ˚ ˆfl¨•ÈÙÈåÈyÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛Ó!MÈ˛ï˛ •ö–
•Î˚ï˛ !öÎ˚!ï˛ ~•z Óy°Ü˛ˆÏܲ ü,ï%˛Ó˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ˛ ò¢≈ö ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ Ók˛˛õ!Ó˚ܲÓ˚
!åÈ°– üyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ò%•z ÓͧÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z üyï˛yü• ◊# ã%˛ß¨#°y° fl∫à≈Óy§#
•ö– ï˛áö 1926 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ üy§– ò#öòÎ˚y° !öˆÏç ò¢ ÓͧÓ˚
ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !˛õï˛yÈÙÈüyï˛yñ ~ÓÇ üyï˛yüˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆfl¨•åÈyÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó!MÈ˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ üyüyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ xy◊Î˚ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓö˚ – üyü# á%Ó•z ˆfl¨•¢#°y üyï,˛§üy !åȈ°Ï ö– ò#öòÎ˚y°
S6V
xï˛ƒhsˇ àΩ˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ !åȈ°
Ï ö ~ÓÇ ò¢ ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛
û˛y•z !¢ÓòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÎˆÏÌ‹T !ã˛!hsˇï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆfl¨•¢#° !åȈ° Ï ö–
ò#öòÎ˚y° Ó˚yçfliyˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yê˛yöàˆÏÓ˚ §Æü ˆ◊î# ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yöy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– 1931 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛yê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yçàí˛¸ ˆç°yÎ˚ Sx°ÄÎ˚yÓ˚V
ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ö– ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ üyü#üyÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚– üye 15 ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§
~ï˛çö xy˛õöçˆÏöÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ ò#öòÎ˚y°ˆÏܲ ܲ!ë˛ö ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ ü%ˆÏáyü%!á òÑyí˛¸
ܲÓ˚yÎ˚– ~•z ˆåÈyê˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ û˛y•z !¢ÓòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆòáyˆÏ¢yöyÓ˚
§¡õ)î≈ û˛yÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– xy˛õöçˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏà ò%•z û˛y•z ~Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ
ˆfl¨ˆÏ•Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ xï˛ƒhsˇ §%ò,ì˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖 ~ï˛!òö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ò#öòÎ˚y° !öˆÏçÓ˚
˛õy°öܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ ˆ¢yˆÏܲ ò%É!áï˛ !åȈϰö– !ܲv ü,ï%˛ƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈Ó˚*˛õ
ˆòáyˆÏï˛ Ók˛˛õ!Ó˚ܲÓ˚ !åÈ°– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ ï˛áö 18 ~ÓÇ öÓü
ˆ◊î#Ó˚ åÈye– ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ û˛y•z !¢ÓòÎ˚y° =!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhsˇ xye´yhsˇ
•Î˚– !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ û˛y•zˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚yàü%_´ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÓÓ˚ܲü ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– !ܲv
§Ó ˆã˛‹Ty !Óú˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ 1934 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 18•z öˆÏû˛¡∫Ó˚ !¢ÓòÎ˚y° ïÑ˛yÓ˚
Óí˛¸ û˛y•z ò#öòÎ˚y°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ°y ˆú˛ˆÏ° !ã˛Ó˚!ÓòyÎ˚ ˆöÎ˚–
~ï˛!ܲå%È âê˛öyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ä ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ üyÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆfl¨•¢#°yÓ˚
xy¢#Ó≈yÏò !åÈ°– Ó,k˛y !ò!òüy ò#öòÎ˚y°ˆÏܲ û˛#£Ïî û˛y°Óy§ˆÏï˛ö Î!òÄ
!öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y Ä xöƒyöƒ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ï˛!ö !ò!òüyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ
ˆÓ¢# ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy ï˛Ó%Ä ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y xy!dܲ ê˛yö
!åÈ°– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ Îáö 19ñ ò¢ü ˆ◊î# ˛õy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆ§•z
§üÎ˚ 1935 §yˆÏ° ~ܲ ¢#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ò!òüy x§%fli •ˆÏÎ˚ •z•ˆÏ°yܲ
ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
ÓyÓyñ üyñ òyò%ñ üyü#üyñ ˆåÈyê˛û˛y•z xӈϢˆÏ£Ï !ò!òüyÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ ïÖ˛yˆÏܲ
ç#ÓˆÏö x!û˛K˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°– ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÕyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ !Ó®%üye
!Óã˛!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö ÓÓ˚Ç ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ §ˆÏï˛ç í˛zòy§# Î%Óܲ ˜ï˛Ó˚#
•ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ üyüyˆÏï˛y ˆÓyö !åÈ°– û˛y•z Ä
ˆÓyˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ üô%Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !åÈ°– !ï˛!ö ï˛áö xy@ˇÃyˆÏï˛ •zLjÏÓ˚ç#ˆÏï˛
S7V
~ü.~. ˛õí˛¸!åȈϰö ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ ˆÓyö Ó˚üyˆÏòÓ# x§%fli •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ö– ò#öòÎ˚y°
!öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ Ó˚üyˆÏòÓ#Ó˚ ˆ§Óy ÷◊£Ïy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §%fli ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ó
Ó˚ܲü ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– !ܲv !öÎ˚!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚•y§ÈÙÙÙÈ§Ó ˆã˛‹Ty !Óú˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚üyˆÏòÓ#Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚– 1940 §yˆÏ° 24 ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏö
xˆÏöܲ ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ xyâyï˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˜ÓÓ˚yˆÏàƒÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
x«˛Ó˚¢ É x!öˆÏܲï˛
ò#öòÎ˚y° ˜¢¢ˆÏÓ xyí˛¸y•z ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !˛õï,˛à,ˆÏ• !åȈϰö–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy§# ç#Óö ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ñ xyÓ˚ !ï˛!ö !öç à,ˆÏ• !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ§ö!ö– ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òyò% ã%˛ß¨#°yˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
ôö!ܲÎ˚yˆÏï˛ !åȈϰö– ã%˛ß¨#°y° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò%•z ˛õ%e öa#°y° Ä •!Ó˚öyÓ˚yÎ˚î
~ÓÇ çyüy•z û˛àÓï˛# ≤çyò Sò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ !˛õï˛yV ~Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒˆÏï˛ ≤Ãã˛[˛
ˆ¢yܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– !ï˛!ö ã˛yܲÓ˚# ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Óyí˛¸# =í˛¸Ü˛# üí˛¸y•zÈÙÈ~
!ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§!åȈϰö– ò#öòÎ˚y°Ä ôö!ܲÎ˚y ˆåȈÏí˛¸ =í˛¸Ü˛# üí˛¸y•z ã˛ˆÏ°
~ˆÏ§!åȈϰö– öÎ˚ ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö §%ÓƒÓfliy
•Î˚!ö– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!ö !öˆÏçÓ˚ üyüy Ó˚yôyÓ˚üˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§ö–
üyüy ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ àDy˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ܲ ˆfiê˛¢ö üy‹TyÓ˚ !åȈϰö– ˆ§áyˆÏö !ï˛!ö
ã˛yÓ˚ ÓͧÓ˚ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– àDy˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆÓ¢# ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy !åÈ°öy–
ˆ§•zçöƒ 1929 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 12•z ç%ö !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛yê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl%҈ϰ û˛!ï≈˛
•ö– ˆ§áyˆÏö !ï˛!ö Úˆ§Õ≥˛ §yˆÏ˛õy!ê≈˛Ç •yí˛z§Û ~ !ï˛ö ÓͧÓ˚ ܲyê˛yö–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚yçàˆÏí˛¸ Sx°ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆç°yV ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– üyüyÈ
ÈÓ˚yôyÓ˚üˆÏöÓ˚ á%í˛¸Ïï˛%ï˛ û˛y•z öyÓ˚yÎ˚î ÷Üœ˛ ˆ§áyˆÏö ˆfiê˛¢ö üyfiê˛yÓ˚ !åȈϰö–
ò#öòÎ˚y° ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ò% ÓͧÓ˚ !åȈϰö– 1934 §yˆÏ° öyÓ˚yÎ˚î ÷Üœ˛
Óò°# •ˆÏÎ˚ §#ܲÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° Îyö– ~ܲ ÓͧÓ˚ §#ܲÓ˚ ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò#öòÎ˚y° ò¢ü
ˆ◊î# í˛z_#î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ !˛õ°yö# Îyö ~ÓÇ
ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ 1936 §yˆÏ° •zrê˛yÓ˚ !ü!í˛ˆÏÎ˚ê˛ ˛õy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆ§•z ÓͧÓ˚
!Ó.~ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ çöƒ ܲyö˛õ%Ó˚ Îyöñ ˆ§áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó.~. ˛õy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ü.~.
S8V
˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ çöƒ xy@ˇÃy Îyö– ˆ§áyˆÏö Ó˚yçü[˛#ˆÏï˛ Óyí˛¸# û˛yí˛¸y !öˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲö–
1941 §yˆÏ° 25 ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ !Ó.!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ≤ÃÎ˚yà ã˛ˆÏ° Îyö– ~Ó˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ç#Óö §yÓ≈çö#ö •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– !ï˛!ö xá[˛ ≤ÃÓy§# •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyö–
25 ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ Ó˚yçfliyö Ä í˛z_Ó˚ ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
11!ê˛ fliyˆÏö !ܲå%È !ܲå%È §üÎ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– !öç Óy§fliyöñ
òy!Î˚c ~ÓÇ §%!Óôy •Î˚ï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ üˆÏö ˆüy• çyàyÎ˚– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜¢¢Ó
~•z ˆüy•çy° ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢ï˛•hflÏ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ !åÈ°–
§yüy!çܲ ç#ÓˆÏö !ã˛Ó˚!òö•z !ï˛!ö ºüî¢#° !åȈϰöñ !öˆÏçÓ˚ âÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛
!ܲå%È•z !åÈ° öy– ≤Ã!ï˛!òö öï%˛ö fliyˆÏöñ öï%˛ö öï%˛ö üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ Ä
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyhsˇ!Ó˚ܲ ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ fliy˛õö ~•z ܲyÎ≈˜Ï¢!° !ï˛!ö
Óy°Ü˛yÓfliyˆÏï˛•z !¢ˆÏá !åȈ°Ï ö–
ˆüôyÓ# åÈyeÈÙÈç#Óö
≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ çöƒ öÎ˚ ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ò#öòÎ˚y° ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y
÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– 1925 §yˆÏ° àDy˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üyüy Ó˚yôyÓ˚üˆÏöÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– Óyí˛¸#ˆÏï˛ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yö !ÓòƒyÌ≈# öy ÌyܲyÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ§áyˆÏö ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ !åÈ° öy– §yǧy!Ó˚ܲ xÓfliy á%Ó
ê˛yöyê˛y!öÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !åÈ°ñ ˆÜ˛yöÓ˚ܲü §%!Óôy !ï˛!ö ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ö öy–
ò#öòÎ˚y° Îáö !mï˛#Î˚ ˆ◊î#ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ö ï˛áö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üyüy Ó˚yôyÓ˚üö á%Ó
x§%fli •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ö– !ï˛!ö üyüyÓ˚ ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xy@ˇÃy
ã˛ˆÏ° Îyö– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ !ܲå%È!òö xyˆÏà Ó˚yôyÓ˚üö àDy˛õ%Ó˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ö–
ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y° ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆòö ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÌü fliyö ˛õyö– üyüyÓ˚ ˆ§Óy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Ä ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ û˛y°û˛yˆÏÓ í˛z_#î≈
•ö– ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Óyí˛¸#Ó˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛Ü˛Ó˚y !ö!ÿ˛ï˛
•ö !ï˛!ö ܲï˛ê˛y ˆüôyÓ# åÈye–
˛õMÈ˛ü ˆÌˆÏܲ §Æü ˆ◊î# ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ï˛!ö ˆÜ˛yê˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ°áy˛õí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ö
~ÓÇ x‹Tü ˆ◊î#Ó˚ çöƒ !ï˛!ö Ó˚yçàˆÏì˛¸ Îyö– à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚
S9V
xq$ï˛ «˛üï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Îáö !ï˛!ö öÓü ˆ◊î#Ó˚ åÈye
ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ ò¢ü ˆ◊î#Ó˚ à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿ §%®Ó˚û˛yˆÏÓ §üyôyö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö–
˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓåÈÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üyüyÓ˚ ã˛yÜ%˛Ó˚#Ó˚ Óò!°Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏܲ §#ܲÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛
•Î˚– !ï˛!ö ò¢ü ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y §#ܲÓ˚ ܲ°ƒyî •y•zflÒ% ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòö– !ï˛!ö
÷ô%üye fl%Òˆ° Ï •z ≤ÃÌü •ö!öñ ˆÓyˆÏí˛≈ Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ §Ó≈≤ÃÌü fliyö °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓö˚ –
ï˛Íܲy°#ö §#ܲÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ü•yÓ˚yçy ܲ°ƒyî !§Ç ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ fl∫î˛≈ õòܲñ 10
ê˛yܲy üy!§Ü˛ åÈyeÓ,!_ ~ÓÇ Ó•záyï˛y ˆÜ˛öyÓ˚ çöƒ xyí˛¸y•zˆ¢Ï y ê˛yܲy Ó,!_
fl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ òyö ܲˆÏÓö˚ –
ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ !˛õ°yö# á%Ó ≤Ã!§k˛ !åÈ°– ò#öòÎ˚y°
•zrê˛yÓ˚!ü!í˛ˆÏÎ˚ê˛ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ çöƒ 1935 §yˆÏ° !˛õ°yö# ã˛ˆÏ° Îyö– 1937
§yˆÏ° •zrê˛yÓ˚ ˆü!í˛ˆÏÎ˚ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö §ühflÏ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÌü fliyö
°yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~ÓÇ §Ó !ӣψÏÎ˚ xï˛ƒhsˇ û˛y° ö¡∫Ó˚ ˛õyö– ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç !ï˛!ö•z
≤ÃÌü ~•z §¡øyö çöܲ ö¡∫Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– §#ܲÓ˚ ü•yÓ˚yçyÓ˚ üï˛ âö¢ƒyü
òy§ !Óí˛¸°yÄ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫î≈˛õòܲñ 10 ê˛yܲyÓ˚ üy!§Ü˛ åÈyeÓ,!_ ~ÓÇ Ó•záyï˛y
ˆÜ˛öyÓ˚ çöƒ 250 ê˛yܲy Ó,!_ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö–
1939 §yˆÏ° ܲyö˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ §öyï˛ü ôü≈ ܲˆÏ°ç ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÌü
ˆ◊î#ˆÏï˛ !Ó. ~. ˛˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ í˛z_#î≈ •ö– •zÇÓ˚yç# §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ~ü. ~. ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çöƒ !ï˛!ö xy@ˇÃyˆÏï˛ ˆ§rê˛ ˆçy™ ܲˆÏ°ˆÏç û˛!ï≈˛ •ö– ~ü.~. ≤ÃÌü ӈϣÏ≈Ó˚
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÌü ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ö¡∫Ó˚ ˛õyö !ܲv ˆÓyˆÏöÓ˚ x§%fliï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
~ü.~. ˛ú˛y•zöy° ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ Ó§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– üyüyÓ˚ •zFåÈyö%ÎyÎ˚# ò#öòÎ˚y°
≤ây§!öܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ S!§!û˛° §y!û≈˛ˆÏ§V ӈϧöñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ í˛z_#î≈ •öñ
•zrê˛yÓ˚!û˛í˛zˆÏï˛Ä í˛z_#î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ö– !ܲv ≤ây§!öܲ ܲyçܲˆÏü≈
•zFåÈy öy ÌyܲˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏà ã˛ˆÏ° Îyö !Ó.!ê˛ õí˛¸yÓ˚ çöƒ–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z àû˛#Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚ö §yüy!çܲ ç#ÓˆÏö ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä
Ó,!k˛ ˛õyÎ˚– !Ó!Óô §yüy!çܲ Ä òy¢≈!öܲ §y!•ï˛ƒ §,!‹TÓ˚ «˛üï˛y ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ xyˆÏåÈ ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ åÈye ç#ÓˆÏö•z ˆòáy !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
åÈye ç#ÓˆÏö xy@ˇÃyˆÏï˛ öyöyç# ˆò¢ü%á ~ÓÇ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚
S10V
~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ö– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ §•çñ §Ó˚°ñ §ï˛ï˛yÓ˚ x!û˛Óƒ!_´ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ öyöyç# ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛öyÓ˚ ܲÌy ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ ÷!öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö–
ÚÚ~ܲ!òö §Ü˛yˆÏ° xyüÓ˚y ò%çö ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ò% ˛õÎ˚§yÓ˚ §!∂ !ܲˆÏö
âˆÏÓ˚ !ú˛Ó˚!åÈñ ~üö §üÎ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y° •ë˛yÍ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó°°ñ öyöyç# á%Ó
§ü§ƒy •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈ– xy!ü !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆ§ Ó°° ÚxyüyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏܲˆÏê˛ ã˛yÓ˚
˛õÎ˚§y !åÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y xã˛° ˛õÎ˚§y– ˙ xã˛° ˛õÎ˚§yê˛y•z xy!ü
§!∂ÄÎ˚y°#ˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ– xyüyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ xÓ!¢‹T ò%ˆêÏ ˛y ˛õÎ˚§y•z û˛y°– ˆ§
!ܲ û˛yÓˆÏåÈ ˆÜ˛ çyˆÏö⁄ xy!ü ï˛yˆÏܲ û˛y° ˛õÎ˚§yê˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ xy!§–
ÄöyÓ˚ ˆã˛•yÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛üö ~ܲê˛y x˛õÓ˚yô#Ó˚ û˛yÓ ú%˛ˆÏê˛ í˛z벰– xyüÓ˚y
xyÓyÓ˚ !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z §!∂ÄÎ˚y°#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ §Ó âê˛öy Ó°°yüñ
!ܲv ˆ§ Ó°ˆÏï˛ °yà° ˆÜ˛ á%ÑçˆÏÓ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ xã˛° ˛õÎ˚§y⁄ Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåyÈ
ˆ§ê˛y Ìyܲñ ˆï˛yüÓ˚y !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÄ– !ܲv ò#öòÎ˚y° !ú˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ öyÓ˚yç–
xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ò#öòÎ˚y° !öˆÏç•z xˆÏöܲ ˛õÎ˚§yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ xã˛°
˛õÎ˚§y áÑ%ˆÏç ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ û˛y° ˛õÎ˚§y !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ
¢y!hsˇ ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö– ~•z ܲy[˛ ˆòˆÏá Ó%í˛¸# §∂#ÄÎ˚y°#Ó˚ ˆã˛yá çˆÏ° û˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏ§!åÈ°– ˆ§ Ó°ˆÏï˛ °yà°ñ ÚÚÓyÓyñ ï%˛!ü Ü˛ï˛ û˛y° üyö%£Ïñ û˛àÓyö
ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ û˛y° ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓöÛÛ–
Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ §ˆÏD §¡õÜ≈˛
û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy܉˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ~ܲ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ §üˆÏÎ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚
fl∫ÎÇ˚ ˆÏ§Óܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ •ö– 1937 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆû˛yˆÏê˛ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ˆÏ¢ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§
çÎ˚ °yû˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ü%§°#ü °#à ~ÓÇ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆ§Ï Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÓyé˛y˛õí˛¸y ö‹T •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚– ü%§°#ü °#ˆÏàÓ˚ ˆöï˛y ˆã˛Ôô%Ó#˚ áy!°Ü˛ xç%üy Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆ§Ï Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲˆÏe
ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓñ˚ ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ !mÈÙÈÓy˚ ‹TÓ… yˆÏòÓ˚ §)ã˛öy •Î˚– §¡±òyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
!û˛!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ çöƒ ü)°§üyöˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xye´üîydܲ üyö!§Ü˛ï˛y
˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y •!FåÈ°– 1940 §yˆÏ° °yˆÏ•yÓ˚ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö ü%§°#ü °#à ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ö
˜ï˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃhflyÏ Ó §üÌ≈ö ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˛õ,Ìܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ üˆÏöyû˛yÓ û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛
Ó˚y‹TÓ… yò# üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ üˆÏö xyâyï˛ •yˆÏö– ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ Î%Óܲ üö ~•z
S11V
üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ !Óã˛!°ï˛ Ä xy•ï˛ •Î˚– §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# •zLjÏÓç ˚ Ó˚y ~•z !mÈÙÈÓy˚ ‹TÓ… yò#
§y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã◊Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛Ï°!åÈ°– ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ~•z
!mÓ˚y‹T…Óyò# §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ ˛!Ó!åÈߨï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛ û˛yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ° Ï ö– ~•zÓÜ˚ ˛ü ˛õ!Ó˚fl!i ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ fl∫ÎÇ˚ ˆÏ§Óܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ §ˆÏD
Î%_´ •ˆÏ°ö– §ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ܲyçܲü≈ ï˛yÓ˚ üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ xö%ܲ) ˆÏ° !åÈ°– ܲyö˛õ%ˆÓÏ ˚
§•˛õyë˛# Óy°%ç# ü•y¢ˆÏ∑ ï˛yˆÏܲ §ˆÏAâ !öˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ö– ˆ§áyˆÏö Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚
fl∫ÎÇ˚ ˆÏ§Óܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y í˛yÉ ˆÜ˛¢ÓÓ˚yÄ Ó!°Ó˚yü ˆ•í˛ˆÏàÄÎ˚yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
§ˆÏD §y«˛yï˛ •Î˚– ÓyÓy §yˆÏ•Ó xy˛õˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ òyòy Ó˚yÄ ˛õÓ˚üyÌ≈ñ ÄöyÓ˚
åÈyeyÓyˆÏ§•z ~ˆÏ§ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ö– fl∫ï˛sfÓ#Ó˚ !ÓöyÎ˚ܲ òyˆÏüyòÓ˚ §yû˛yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚
ܲyö˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ° ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ §Aâ ¢yáyÎ˚ xyü!sfï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛ Óà≈ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ !˚ åȈ° Ï ö– ܲyö˛õ%ˆÓÏ ˚ ◊# §%®Ó˚ !§Ç û˛y[˛yÓ˚# ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚
§•˛õyë˛# !åȈϰö–
Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ fl∫ÎÇ˚ ˆÏ§Óܲ §Aâ xö%¢y!§ï˛ Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çàë˛ö ˆÎáyˆÏö
≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛y ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ≤Ã!¢«˛î !ï˛ö ÓͧˆÏÓÓ˚ –˚
ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ @ˇÃ#‹øܲyˆÏ° öyà˛õ%ˆÓÏ ˚ ã˛!Õ‘¢ !òˆÏöÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!¢«˛î !¢!ÓÓ˚ ã˛°ï˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ Ú§Aâ !¢«˛y Óà≈Û Ó°y •ï˛– ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ 1939 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÌü
ӈϣÓ≈Ï ˚ !¢«˛yÓà≈ ~ÓÇ 1942 §yˆÏ° !mï˛#Î˚ ӈϣÓ≈Ï ˚ !¢«˛yÓà≈ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓö˚ –
≤Ã!¢«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓö˚ ˆÎ ˙ܲƒÓk˛ û˛yˆÏÓ §ÇflÒy!Ó˚ï˛ §üyç
myÓ˚y fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ xç≈ö ܲÓ˚y Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §Ω˛Ó–
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ §ˆÏAâ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ ܲyÎ≈e´ü á%Ó û˛y°û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öyñ !ܲv ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÌü fliyö xç≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
~ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ◊# ÓyÓy §yˆÏ•Ó xyˆÏÆ !°áˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈÚÚí˛z_Ó˚ ˛õˆÏe
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# xˆÏöܲê˛y xÇ¢ ˛õòƒÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ !°áˆÏï˛öñ !ܲv ï˛y ÷ô%üye åÈí˛¸y
Óy ܲ“öy !åÈ° öy– àˆÏòƒÓ˚ fliyˆÏö ˛õòƒ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏï˛öñ Îy xï˛ƒhsˇ
§!ë˛Ü˛ Ä ÷k˛ ÌyÜ˛ï˛– ˆÎê˛y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z ≤Ãû˛y!Óï˛ •ï˛–ÛÛ
!öˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ӈϣÏ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyö–
S12V
xyç#Óöܲy° §ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Îyö– 1942 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ 1951
§y° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ï˛!ö í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ
òy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ !åȈϰö–
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚çöÈÙÈ!ӈϢ£Ïï˛É üyüy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z
!§k˛yˆÏhsˇ á%Ó•z !ÓÓ˚_´ !åȈ°Ï ö– ≤ây§!öܲ ܲyçܲü≈ ˛õåÈ® öÎ˚ ˆ§•zçöƒ
!ï˛!ö !§!û˛° §y!û≈˛§ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˛õy¢ ܲˆÏÓÄ ˚ ã˛yÜ%˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓö˚ !öñ !ܲv §Ü˛ˆÏ°
ˆû˛ˆÏÓ!åÈ° !ï˛!ö •Î˚ï˛ xôƒy˛õöyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç Î%_´ •ˆÏÓö ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!ö xôƒy˛õöy
á%Ó•z ˛õåÈ® ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö– ˆ§•zçöƒ ܲyö˛õ%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó.!ê˛. ˛õy¢ ܲˆÏÓö˚ – !ܲv
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ âÓ˚ ˆåȈíÏ ˛¸ §ß¨ƒy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ üï˛ xyç#Óö ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ
§ˆÏAâ ˆÎyà !òˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üyüy á%Ó•z !òˆÏ° ò%Éá ˛õyö– í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ °á#ü˛õ%Ó˚
ˆç°yÎ˚ ˆç°y ˛≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ !ï˛!ö !öÎ%_´ •ö– 1940 §yˆÏ° ü%§!°ü
°#à myÓ˚y ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ö ˜ï˛Ó˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃhflyÏ Ó ˛õy¢ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ §ü§ƒyñ
!•Ç§y ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ üö ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ çöƒ
x!fliÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰– !ï˛!ö ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚çö û%˛ˆÏ° §¡õ)î≈ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ §ˆÏAâÓ˚
ܲyˆÏç !°Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ö–
!ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üyüyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ !°áˆÏ°ö ÚÚxyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õï˛ˆÏöÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚î xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ §Çàë˛ˆÏöÓ˚ xû˛yÓ– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y x!¢«˛yñ x¶˛!ÓŸªy§
•zï˛ƒy!ò xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õ!åȈÏÎ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î– xyÓ˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ öyü Ä ÎˆÏ¢Ó˚
ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏåÈö⁄ ˆ§ ˆï˛y xy˛õ!öÄ çyˆÏöö ˆày°yüˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲÓy
öyü xyÓ˚ !ܲÓy ΢ÛÛ–
!öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy Î%ÓܲyÓfliyÎ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö
@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˛õe ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y çyöy ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚڈΠ§üyç Ä ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ÚÓ˚yüÛ ÓöÓy§ àüö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰöñ
Ü,˛£è xˆÏöܲ ܲ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ Ó˚yöy ≤Ãï˛y˛õ çDˆÏ° çDˆÏ° â%ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ !¢Óyç#
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈fl∫ x˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ =Ó˚& ˆày!Ó® !§ÇˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ ò%!ê˛
§hsˇyöˆÏܲ ç#Óhsˇ ˆòÄÎ˚yˆÏ° ˆàшÏÌ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ xyüÓ˚y
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xyܲyCyñ !ü̃y Óy§öyˆÏܲ ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó öy⁄ÛÛ
S13V
 1942 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1945 §y° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ï˛!ö °á#ü˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ !åȈϰö–
≤Ã̈Ïü !ï˛!ö ˆç°yÓ˚ ~ÓDz õˆÏÓ˚ !Óû˛yˆÏàÓ˚ òy!Î˚c ˛õy°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ƒ!§k˛ï˛yñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚«˛üï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛ ≤ÃáÓ˚ï˛y ˆòˆÏá 1945 §yˆÏ°
ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §•ÈÙÈ≤Ãyhsˇ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲÈÙÈ~Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚–
ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãyhsˇ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ !åȈϰö ◊# û˛yí˛zÓ˚yÄ ˆòÄÓ˚§–
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Çàë˛öydܲ ≤Ã!ï˛û˛y ~ÓÇ §Aâ ܲyˆÏÎ≈ƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ˆÎyàòyˆÏöÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ◊# û˛yí˛zÓ˚yÄ ˆÏòÄÓ˚§ ˆ°ˆÏáö ÚÚ§ˆÏAâÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤ÃÌü
!òˆÏöñ Îáö ܲyç xˆÏöܲ ܲrê˛Ü˛yܲ#î≈ !åÈ°ñ ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ ï%˛!ü S◊# í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚V
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åȈϰ– ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ƒÜ˛y!Ó˚ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
§ü@ˇÃ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çöï˛y !ܲå%È•z çyöï˛ öy– ï%˛!ü fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ !•§yˆÏÓ
~•z ܲyÎ≈ƒû˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲÑyˆÏô ï%˛ˆÏ° !öˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰ– xyç §ˆÏAâÓ˚ !Ó¢y°
~•zÓ˚*˛õ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ƒÜ˛ï≈˛yÓ˚y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚◊ü ~ÓÇ Ü˛_≈ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ú˛°– xˆÏöܲ
§Aâ ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛y ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ–
~ܲçö xyò¢≈ fl∫Î˚LjϧӈÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ü˛° =ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌy ÷ˆÏö!åÈ°yüñ ï%˛!ü
!åȈϰ ï˛yÓ˚ ü)!ï≈˛üyö ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– ï%˛!ü ≤ÃáÓ˚ Ó%!k˛ü_yñ x§yüyöƒ Ü,˛!ï˛cñ
!öÓ˚•ÇܲyÓ˚ Ä ö¡Àï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛zIμ° xyò¢≈–
÷Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆ§•z !òö=!°ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §Aâ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚=!°ˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ ˛õÕ‘!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ÎyÓ˚ xöƒï˛ü ܲyÓ˚î !åÈ°
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚–
ày¶˛# •ï˛ƒyÓ˚ !ü̃y xç%•yˆÏï˛ Îáö §Aâ !ö!£Ïk˛ •° ˆ§•z §üÎ˚
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ Ä §ï˛ƒy@ˇÃ• xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ü)° §)eôyÓ˚ !åȈ° Ï ö– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
Ú˛õyMÈ˛çöƒÛ ˛õ!eܲyˆÏܲ Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– xK˛yï˛ÓyˆÏ§ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#
Ú!•üy°Î˚Û öyˆÏü ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!eܲy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓö˚ ˆ§ê˛yÄ Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏ°
!ï˛!ö ÚÓ˚y‹Tû… ˛_´Û ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓö˚ – ~•z §üˆÏΕ˚ z Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ fl∫ÎÇ˚ ˆÏ§Óܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚
§Ç!Óôyö ˆ°áy •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ û)˛!üܲy !åÈ°–
ˆ°áܲ ~ÓÇ §yÇÓy!òܲ
Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫yï˛sf §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
S14V
≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !û˛ß¨ !ӈϟ’£Ïî !åÈ°– §ˆÏAâ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ !ÓòƒyÌ≈#Ó˚
§Çáƒy xˆÏöܲ– 1946 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ~!≤ð üyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌyñ ~ܲ ˛≤Ãyhsˇ ˜Óë˛ˆÏܲ
≤Ãyhsˇ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ û˛yí˛zÓ˚yÄ á%Ó !ã˛!hsˇï˛ û˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ°ö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚y
Óy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÄ Óƒ_´ ܲÓ˚y ˆö•z– ÓyhflψÏÓ ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏòÓ˚
çöƒ !¢÷ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ã%˛˛õã˛y˛õ §Ó
ܲÌy ÷öˆÏ°ö– ï˛yÓ˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ˚y Ó˚y!e ˆçˆÏà !ï˛!ö !°áˆÏ°ö– §Ü˛yˆÏ° ˆ§•z
˛õy[%˛!°!˛õ û˛yí˛zÓy˚ Ä ~Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°ö ˆòá%ö ˆï˛y ~•z Ó•zê˛y– Óy°Ü˛
fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÜ˛üö •ˆÏÓ⁄Û §Ü˛ˆÏ° xyÿ˛Î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáˆÏ°ö ˆÎ
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ~ܲ Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ !°ˆÏá ˆú˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü Ó•z Ú§¡Àyê˛ ã˛w=ÆÛ öyˆÏü ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ fl∫yô#öï˛y ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÎ ˛õÌ xÓ°¡∫ö ܲÓ˚y •!FåÈ° ï˛yÓ˚
§ˆÏD §Aâ ö#!ï˛àï˛ û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲüï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈ° öy– §Aâ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛
ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ xû˛yÓ ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚!åÈ°– Ú§¡Àyê˛ ã˛w=ÆÛ Ó•z ~Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ã˛!Ó˚e
ã˛w=Æ ~ÓÇ ã˛yîˆÏܲƒÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ye´ü ~ÓÇ Ó˚îö#!ï˛
Ü%˛¢°ï˛yÎ˚ !ܲˆÏ¢yÓ˚ üöˆÏܲ çy@ˇÃï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓö˚ – !ï˛!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ §ú˛°
•ö– ~•z ˛õ%hflˆÏ ÜÏ ˛Ó˚ û˛y£Ïy ~ï˛•z ≤ÃáÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyܲ£ÏÜ≈ ˛ !åÈ° ˆÎ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y
÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï ñ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ •zFåÈy •ï˛– û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ °y!°ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ !Óã˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
≤ÃáÓ˚ï˛y ~•z ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢‹T !åÈ°–
!¢÷ §y!•ï˛ƒ §¡Àyê˛ ã˛w=Æ ~ï˛ê˛y•z çö!≤ÃÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆÎ ï˛Ó˚&îˆÏòÓ˚
çöƒÄ ~•zÓ˚ܲü ˆÜ˛yö §y!•ï˛ƒ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy Óyí˛¸!åÈ°– ~•z ã˛y!•òy
˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# !mï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õöƒy§ Úçàò‰=Ó˚& ¢B˛Ó˚yã˛yÎ≈Û
Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õöƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e ~ÓÇ âê˛öy ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏöyñ
!ܲv ~Ó˚ û˛yÓñ !Óã˛yÓ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §Ó•z öï%˛ö– ò#öòÎ˚y° ˆÎ ¢yáy ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛
§ÇˆÏAâÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ §üÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy
ˆòÄÎ˚yñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆàÔÓ˚Ó Óyí˛¸yˆÏöy ~ÓÇ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏö §ü˛õ≈î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zFåÈy ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y•z ~•z Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !åÈ°–
S15V
 Ú§¡Àyê˛ ã˛w=ÆÛ ~ÓÇ Úçàò‰=Ó˚& ¢B˛Ó˚yã˛yÎ≈ƒÛ ~•z í˛z˛õöƒy§ =!°Ó˚
≤Ãܲy¢ö ÎÌye´ˆÏü 1946 ~ÓÇ 1947 §yˆÏ° •Î˚– ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§¡õ)î≈ §y!•ï˛ƒ ç#ÓˆÏöñ ~•zò%!ê˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ•z §,!‹T •Î˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛
Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ≤ÃÌü §,!‹T ~ï˛ê˛y•z ≤ÃáÓ˚ !åÈ° ˆÎñ !ï˛!ö Î!ò xyàyü# !òˆÏö
§y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ö ï˛y•ˆÏˆÏ° •Î˚ï˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ~ܲçö
≤ÃÌü§y!Ó˚Ó˚ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ •ˆÏï˛ö– !ܲv 1947 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
!ï˛!ö xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö í˛z˛õöƒy§ Ó˚ã˛öyÎ˚ •yï˛ ˆòö !ö–
Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ Ìyܲyܲy°#ö ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚
xˆÏöܲ=ˆÏ°y ˛õeÈÙÈ˛õ!eܲy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty Ä ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÎ˚ 1945
§yˆÏ° üy!§Ü˛ Ó˚y‹T…ôü≈ Ä §yÆy!•Ü˛ ˛õyMÈ˛çöƒ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– !ܲå%È!òö
˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˜ò!öܲ ˛õ!eܲy fl∫ˆÏò¢ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õ!eܲy=!°Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
§¡õyòܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ܲáˆÏöy•z Î%_´ !åȈϰö öy– !ܲv ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ
§MÈ˛y°Ü˛ñ §¡õyòܲ Ä xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ï˛y xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏ¡õy!çê˛Ó˚ ˆü!§ö üƒyö
~§Ó ܲyçÄ !ï˛!ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö–
ˆÜ˛ö xá[˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛⁄
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ Ó˚y‹T…ÓyˆÏÏòÓ˚ çyàÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy!FåȈϰö– !ܲv Ü%˛!ê˛° §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò#
•zÇÓ˚yçÓ˚y xöƒÓ˚ܲü !ã˛hsˇyû˛yÓöy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!åÈ°– •zÇÓ˚yçÓ˚y fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏ®y°öˆÏܲ °y°§yÓ˚ x!û˛ÎyˆÏö ÓòˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚
¢ï≈˛ !•§yˆÏÓ •zÇÓ˚yçÓ˚y §¡±òy!Î˚ܲ xyôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !û˛!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ
!Óû˛y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !mÈÙÈÓ˚y‹T…ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
ˆöï,˛ˆÏc Ìyܲy ˆÜ˛yö Óƒ!_´ ˆÜ˛yö ≤Ã!ï˛Óyò ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö ~ÓÇ •zÇÓ˚yçÓ˚y
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ !Óû˛_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˆò¢ åÈyˆÏí˛¸– ~•z !Óû˛yçˆÏöÓ˚ ú˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ
≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ Ó˚_´˛õyï˛ •Î˚– ˆò¢ ò%û˛yˆÏà !Óû˛_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– û˛yÓ˚ï˛ û˛yà ò#öòÎ˚y°
í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üˆÏö xyâyï˛ ˆ•ˆÏö!åÈ°–
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üï˛ xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ xá[˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°üye ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ ~ܲï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÎ˚ܲ öÎ˚ñ §ü@ˇÃ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî
S16V
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ò¢≈ö ܲÓ˚yÎ˚– xï˛~Ó xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ
xá[˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛yö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˆŸ’yàyö öÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç ~!ê˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §ü@ˇÃ
ç#Óöò¢≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ü)°yôyÓ˚–
xá[˛ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ñ ˆû˛Ôà!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ,¤˛û)˛!üÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏîyˆÏÌ≈ í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ç# Úxá[˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛öÛ öyüܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•z ˆ°ˆÏáö– ˆ§•z Ó•zˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ≤Ãyã˛#ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!öû≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Î%à Î%àyhsˇÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§y û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö Îy û˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆû˛Ôà!°Ü˛ !òܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲydÈÙÈÓ˚y‹T… Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– Ó•z!ê˛ xˆÏöܲ
ï˛Ìƒ §ü,k˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ û˛y£Ïy á%Ó•z û˛yÓ≤ÃÓî–
í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ç# !öˆÏçÓ˚ Ó•zȈÏÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !môy!Óû˛_´ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
!•§yˆÏÓ ü%§!°ü ˛!Ó!FåÈߨï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ö#!ï˛ñ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛
ôyÓ˚îy Ä ï%˛!‹TܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ö#!ï˛ˆÏܲ òyÎ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– 1887 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 20
!í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ §ƒyÓ˚ ˜§Î˚ò xy•ˆÏüò ˆÎ û˛y£Ïî !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ï˛yˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö
ü%§°üyöˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ ~ÓÇ !•®%ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yü¢≈
!òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ç# ~•z Ó•zÈÙÈ~ ˆ§ê˛y §%!Óhfl,Ïï˛ Óî≈öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
~•z û˛y£Ïî !åÈ° ü%§‰!°ü !Ó!FåÈߨï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ôy˛õñ Îy xy°#àí˛¸ ü%§‰!°ü
!ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ Ä ü%§!°ü °#à ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyˆÏܲ
ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ !•®%ÈÙÈü%§!°ü ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !ü!◊ï˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ !§k˛yhsˇˆÏܲ
˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛û˛yˆÏÓ !mÈÙÈÓ˚y‹T…Óyò# ö#!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ç# Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– !ï˛!ö
ӈϰö ü%§!°üˆÏòÓ˚ xy°yòy §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˙ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õy£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚•z
ï%˛!¤˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏöÓ˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ xÓôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛!ö
ӈϰö !á°yú˛ï˛ xyˆÏ®y°öˆÏܲ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ xyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ xyüÓ˚y
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ°!B˛ï˛•z ܲ!Ó˚!ö í˛z˛õÓ˚v ü%§!°üˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏö ~•z
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ •z§°yˆÏüÓ˚ öyˆÏü
≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ Óy•ƒ ≤ÃÓ,!_Ó˚ ï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆö•z ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
•zFåÈy •ˆÏ°•z ï˛yÓ˚y û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ xD •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ú˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ 1923
S17V
§yˆÏ° ܲyܲ#öyí˛¸y Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ xôƒ«˛ ü•¡øò xy°# ӈϮüyï˛Ó˚ü §D#ˆÏï˛Ó˚
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆ§Ï Ó˚ ~•z ≤ÃÓ!, _•z §ü@ˇÃ ü%§!‰ °ü §üyçˆÏܲ !Ó!FåÈßï¨ ˛yÓyò# ü%§!°ü
ˆöï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ !˛õåȈöÏ òÑyí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ˆòÎ˚– Î!òÄ 1935ÙÈ36 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏö
ü%§!°ü °#à ˆ§•zÓÜ˚ ˛ü û˛yˆÏÓ §ú˛°ï˛y ˛õyÎ˚!öñ !ܲv Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ü%§!°ü ˆï˛y£Ïîö#!ï˛Ó˚ §%!Óôy !öˆÏÎ˚ ü%§°üyöÓ˚y !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §Çàë˛öˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓy˚
üçÓ%ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ !çߨy Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆ§Ï Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÓyé˛y˛õí˛¸y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ã̈Ïü 14
§)e#Î˚ ~ÓÇ 21 §)e#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈e´ˆÏüÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv ˆÓyé˛y˛õí˛¸y §ú˛°
•Î˚!öñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y §üˆÏé˛yï˛y•z ã˛yÎ˚!ö– Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ üsf#ü[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õòï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚
ú˛°fl∫Ó*˚ ˛õ ü%§°#ü °#à ü%!_´ !òÓ§ ˛õy°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ È~ÓÇ 1940 §yˆÏ° °yˆÏ•yˆÏÓ˚
˛õy!ܲhflyÏ öˆÏܲ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ fliyö !•§yˆÏÓ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ–˚
•zÇÓ˚yçˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛ !åÈ° û˛yÓ˚ï˛ !Óû˛yçö öy ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏ° û˛yÓ˚ï˛ fl∫yô#öï˛y
˛õyˆÏÓ öy ~ÓÇ Ó˚_´˛õyï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ~•z ï˛Ìƒ ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö
!ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ !åÈ° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆöï˛yÓ˚y Î!ò !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ xê˛°
ˆÌˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çöçyà,!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° •zÇÓ˚yçÓ˚y xá[˛
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ˆåȈÏí˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛•z §Ó «˛üï˛y §ÑˆÏ˛õ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛y–
Ó˚_´˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ üï˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ !Óû˛yçˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
Îï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛ï˛ ü,ï%˛ƒ ò%•z !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛ •Î˚!ö– ï˛yåÈyí˛¸y °%ê˛ñ
x˛õ•Ó˚î ~ÓÇ •ï˛ƒyܲyˆÏ[˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çâöƒï˛ü ˛õ÷Ó,!_Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˆòáy
ˆàˆÏåÈñ ˆ§ §Ó ˆÜ˛yö Î%ˆÏk˛•z ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ öy–
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ á!u˛ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö §ü§ƒyÓ˚ §üyôyö ˆï˛y •Î˚!ö
ÓÓ˚Ç §ü§ƒy xyˆÏÓ˚y ç!ê˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# Ó˚y‹T… ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD
!ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyhsˇÉÓ˚y‹T…#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆàÔÓ˚ÓIμ° ü%á ÓyÓ˚
ÓyÓ˚ ö#ã%˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !•®%ÈÙÈü%§°#ü §ü§ƒyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö §üyôyö •Î˚!ö– §üyôyˆÏöÓ˚
ò,!‹Tû˛!D ˆÌˆÏܲ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï xLjϢ ӈϰˆÏåÈö
ÓyhflψÏÓ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ xá[˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çöƒ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆö•z– Î%k˛
S18V
myÓ˚y ˆû˛Ôà!°Ü˛ §#üy Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ~ܲï˛y ÓyˆÏí˛¸ öy– xá[˛ï˛y
÷ô%üye ˆû˛Ôà!°Ü˛ öÎ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ xyò¢≈– ò%•z Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ !§k˛yhsˇ ~ÓÇ
§üˆÏé˛yï˛yÓ˚ SˆÓyé˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚V ú˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ˆò¢ !Óû˛_´ •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T… Î!ò
!öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏü≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!Óã˛° ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ°•z xá[˛
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ •ÄÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ˆÎ ü%§°#üÓ˚y Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ !˛õ!åȈÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚yÄ
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎyà# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!ò xyüÓ˚y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD
§üˆÏé˛yï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ ï˛ƒyà ܲ!Ó˚– •Î˚ï˛ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎê˛y
x§Ω˛Ó üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈ ˆ§ê˛y•z xyàyü#ܲy° §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!Óã˛° ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
xöƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°áö#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ Sˆò¢û˛!_´Ó˚V §ˆÏD xy˛õ§ öy
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ӈϰˆÏåÈö ÚÚÎ!ò
xyüÓ˚y ~ܲï˛y ã˛y•z ï˛y•ˆÏ° û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛y ˆÎê˛y !•®% Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛y
!•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ xÌ≈yÍ !•®% §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ
üyöò[˛ ˆüˆÏö ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– û˛yà#Ó˚Ì#Ó˚ ~•z ˛õ)îƒôyÓ˚yÎ˚ §Ó
≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ !ü°ö •ÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– Îü%öyÄ !ü!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ܲy!°üy
ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àDyÓ˚ fl∫FåÈ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ~ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
Úxá[˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ˆÜ˛öÛ ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ˆÎ §üÎ˚
!°ˆÏá!åȈϰöñ ˆ§•z§üÎ˚ !ï˛!ö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Óã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áö# ܲyÎ≈ƒ §òy §ï˛ï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yçò)ï˛
ü•ydy ày¶˛# ӈϰ!åȈϰö ~ÓyÓ˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ ò°ˆÏܲ û˛D ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨
ò,!‹Tû˛!D xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ,ÌܲÈÙÈ˛õ,Ìܲ ò° ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– áyüˆÏáÎ˚y°#˛õöyÓ˚
çöƒ §üyçÓyò#Ó˚y Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ ò° ˆåȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– í˛. ¢ƒyüy≤çyò ü%áyç≈#
fl∫yô#öû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ üsf# ü[˛°#ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÌü ◊üüsf# !åȈϰö– 1950 §yˆÏ°
ˆöˆÏ•Ó˚&ÈÙÈ!°Î˚yÜ˛ï˛ §üˆÏé˛yï˛y •Î˚– ¢ƒyüy≤çyò ü%áyç≈# ~•z §üˆÏé˛yï˛yÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !åȈϰö– ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ˛õòï˛ƒyà˛õe ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòö– 1951
S19V
§yˆÏ°Ó˚ 21 ˆ¢ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ í˛. ¢ƒyüy≤çyò ü%áyç≈#Ó˚ xôƒ«˛ï˛yÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
çö§ÇâÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ fliy˛õöy •Î˚– ~•z fliy˛õöyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛. ü%áyç≈# Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ
§ˆÏAâÓ˚ ï˛ï˛Ü˛y°#ö §Ó˚§Çâã˛y°Ü˛ ◊# üyôÓ §òy!¢Ó ˆày°ÄÎ˚y°Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§ˆÏD ˆòáy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆÎáyˆÏö Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ xÓôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ò%ÈÙÈçˆÏö•z ~ܲüï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ◊# =Ó˚&ç# ˆày°ÄÎ˚y°Ü˛Ó˚ ~ܲfliyˆÏö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ÚÚÎáö ~üö
ü˜Ïï˛Ü˛ƒ •° ï˛áö xy!ü xyüyÓ˚ !ö¤˛yÓyöÈÙÈï˛˛õfl∫# §•ˆÏÎyà#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛Î˚ö
ܲÓ˚°yü ÎyÓ˚y !öÉfl∫yÌ≈ Ä ò,ì˛¸ !ö!ÿ˛ˇï˛ !åÈ°ñ ÎyÓ˚y ö)ï˛ö ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ÄÎ˚y
òˆÏ°Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏô !öˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü•z ¢ƒyüy≤çyò
ü%áyç≈#ñ çö§ÇâÓ˚*˛õ# ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyˆÏܲ ÓyhflψÏÓ Ó˚*˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓö–ÛÛ
◊# =Ó˚&ç# xyÓ˚Ä !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈö ÚÚxyüÓ˚y ò%çö Sí˛yÉ ü%áyç≈# Ä ◊#=Ó˚&ç#V
!öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §Çàë˛ö Ä Ü˛yÎ≈ˆ«Ï ˛ˆeÏ =Ó˚&c˛õî) ≈ !§k˛yhsˇ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ üï˛ !Ó!öüÎ˚ åÈyí˛y¸
ܲáöÄ @Ã̌•î ܲ!Ó˚!öÈÙÈ xyüÓ˚y öçÓ˚ Ó˚yáï˛yü ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏöƒÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç
•hflˆÏ «Ï ˛ õ öy ܲˆÓÏ ˚ xÌÓy ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ xˆÏöƒÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ û%˛° ôyÓ˚îy öy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–ÛÛ
◊#=Ó˚&ç# ˆày°ÄÎ˚y°Ü˛Ó˚ ˆÎ §ühflÏ !öÉfl∫yÌ≈ñ ò,ì˛¸ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚
¢ƒyü≤çyˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xöƒï˛ü !åȈϰö
˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ˆÏAâÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü §Ó≈û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
x!ôˆÏÓ¢ö 29ñ30ñ31 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ 1952 ܲyö˛õ%Ó˚ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
ò#öòÎ˚y° ~•z öÓà!ë˛ï˛ ò°!ê˛Ó˚ §Ó≈û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §yôyÓ˚î §¡õyòܲ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛
•ö– ~áyö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# §Ó≈û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ó˚ xy!DöyÎ˚
˛õy Ó˚yˆÏáö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ «˛üï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ≤ÃÌü x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö•z ˆÓyé˛y
ÎyÎ˚– ~•z x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏöÓ˚ 15!ê˛ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ~ܲy•z 7!ê˛
˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ¢ƒyüy≤çyò ïÑ˛yÓ˚ öÓ!öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §yôyÓ˚î §¡õyòܲˆÏܲ
xyˆÏà ˆòˆÏáö !ö– !ܲv ܲyö˛õ%Ó˚ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲü≈ò«˛ï˛yñ §Çàë˛ö «˛üï˛y
Ä ˜Óã˛y!Ó˚ܲ àû˛#Ó˚ï˛y û˛yˆÏ°yû˛yˆÏÓ•z Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ¢ƒyüy≤çyò
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ӈϰ!åȈ° Ï ö Úxy!ü Î!ò ò%!ê˛ ò#öòÎ˚y°
ñ
ˆ˛õï˛yü ï˛ˆÏÓ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ó˚ üyö!ã˛e•z ÓòˆÏ° !òï˛yü –
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö Óƒ!_´àï˛ ç#Óö !åÈ° öyñ !ï˛!ö Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ
S20V
§ˆÏAâÓ˚ ç#Óö §ü!˛õ≈ï˛ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ !åȈϰö– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ˆÏAâÓ˚ ܲyç !ï˛!ö
~ܲçö fl∫Î˚LjϧӈÏܲÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ Ó ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö–
çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ܲyç åÈyí˛¸y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö §yüy!çܲ Óy Óƒ!_´àï˛ ç#Óö !åÈ°
öy– ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ 17 ÓåÈÓ˚ í˛z!ö çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î §¡õyòܲ Ä üyà≈ò¢≈ܲ
!•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
!§k˛yhsˇ Ä !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ í˛yÉ ü%áyç≈# Ä ˆày°ÄÎ˚y°Ü˛Ó˚ç#Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ
ˆÎ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˆ§•z ˛õÌ ôˆÏÓ˚•z ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ܲyö˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤ÃÌü x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ °«˛ƒ flõ‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ú§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ%öÓ˚&ayöÛ
≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ˆû˛Ôà!°Ü˛ xÌÓy xyMÈ˛!°Ü˛ Ó˚y‹T…ÓyòˆÏܲ
xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ӈϰ!åȈϰö Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛ Ä xöƒyöƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§
!ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°üye ˆû˛Ôà!°Ü˛ ~ܲï˛y Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ
ΈÏÌ‹T öÎ˚– ~ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôÓy§#Ó˚y ï˛áö•z Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îáö
~ܲ!ê˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ Ó¶˛ˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚y ÓÑyôy ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– Îáö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §üyç ~ܲ!ê˛
üye §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ xö%àyü# !åÈ° ï˛áö xˆÏöܲ Ó˚yçƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä xyhsˇ!Ó˚ܲ
~ܲï˛y §Ó §üÎ˚ ÓçyÎ˚ !åÈ°– !ܲv Îáö•z !ÓˆÏò¢# ¢y§Ü˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚
ˆ°yˆÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲydï˛y ˆû˛ˆÏD !ÓˆÏò¢# §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚
xyüòy!ö ܲÓ˚° ï˛áö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛y !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §¡ø%á#ö
•°– Ó‡ ¢ï˛y∑# ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆây£Ïîy xyüÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°yü û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ü%§!°ü §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !mÈÙÈÓ˚y‹T…ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy•z ~áyˆÏö !ÓçÎ˚#
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆò¢ !Óû˛_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ xü%§!°üˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏö Ìyܲy x§Ω˛Ó
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xöƒ!òˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ü%§!°ü §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏܲ xy°yòy !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ÓƒÓfliy @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !mÈÙÈÓ˚y‹T…ÓyˆÏòÓ˚
ôyÓ˚îy xyÓ˚Ä ˆçyÓ˚òyÓ˚ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È Îy xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T… !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ
xöƒï˛ü Óyôy– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ï˛y Ä ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çöƒ ~ܲyhsˇ
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ~ܲ•z §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ñ ≤çyÓ˚ Ä Ó,!k˛– ~•z
≤ÃhflyÏ ˆÏÓ•z ˆÜ˛yöÄ §¡±òyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ öyü öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
xy•Óyö çy!öˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ° Ï ö– !ܲv Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒ •° û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
S21V
çöï˛yÓ˚ §ühflÏ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ @ˇÃ•î
ܲÓ˚yñ !ÓˆÏò¢# £Ïí˛¸ÎˆÏsÓf ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ÎyÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%á !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !ÓˆÏò¢#ˆÏòÓ˚
xö%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆåÏ Èñ !•®% §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒ •° ˆfl¨ˆ•Ï Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!ú˛!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ xy§y– ˆÜ˛Ó°üye ~•z Ó˚yhflyÏ ˆÏï˛•z §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲï˛y Ó¶˛ •ˆÏÓ
Ä Ó˚yˆÏ‹TÓ… ˚ ~ܲï˛y Ä ò,ì˛¸ï˛y Ó,!k˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–
û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ xöƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò°=!° ˆÌˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ÇâˆÏܲ xy°yòy
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ~•z ≤ÃhflyÏ Ó!ê˛ xï˛ƒhsˇ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î–≈ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ñ §üyçÓyò#ñ §yüƒÓyò#
§Ó=!° Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò°•z û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !•®%ÈÙÈü%§°üyö !ü◊ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ
Ó˚y‹TÈ… ÙÈÓy˚ ˆÏçƒÓ˚ ܲ“öy Ä «%˛o xyMÈ˛!°Ü˛ Ó˚y‹TÓ… yòˆÏܲ ≤Ãyôyöƒ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ=!°
ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓˆÏò¢# ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ä ˛õ!ÿ˛ü# !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚yÓ˚ üyö%£ˆÏ òÏ Ó˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ @ˇÃ•î
ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È– ï˛yÓ˚y ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ Ä Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚y‹TÓ… yòˆÏܲ
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È Ä ï˛yˆÏï˛•z !ÓŸªy§ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˆÏåÈ– ü%§°üyöˆÏòÓ˚ xy°yòy §Çfl,Ò!ï˛
Ä í˛z˛õy§öy ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚«˛y Ä §Çáƒy°â% !•§yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c
ˆÎüö xyˆÏåÈ xöƒ!òˆÏܲ !•®%ÈÙÈü•y§û˛y ü%§°üyöˆÏòÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !•§yˆÏÓ
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z í˛É ¢ƒyüy≤çyò ü%áyç≈# !•®% ü•y§û˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õòï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ!˚ åȈ° Ï ö ~ÓÇ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ òÓ˚çy §ühflÏ í˛z˛õy§öy ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚
üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ çöƒ á%ˆ° Ï ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˆÏåÈö–
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ü%§!°ü Ä á,‹Työ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çöƒ Ú!•®% §üyˆÏçÓ˚•z
!öçfl∫ xDÛ ~•z ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö
ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ xÇ¢ !•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– xöƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ê˛yÄ ˆüˆÏö
!öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆÎ ü%§°üyö §üyçˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ !•®% §üyˆÏçÓ˚
!öçfl∫ !ܲå%È û%˛°Ä xyˆÏåÈ ˆÎ!ê˛ ~áö ˆfl¨• Ä xyd#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §ÇˆÏ¢yôö
ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ü%§°üyö Ä á,‹TyöˆÏòÓ˚ xy°yòy §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ä ï˛y §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
!ã˛hsˇy ~ÓÇ §Çáƒy°â% Ä §Çáƒy=Ó˚&Ó˚ û˛yÓöy Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ çöƒ !ÓˆÏû˛òܲyÓ˚# Ä
~ܲyhsˇ û˛yˆÏÓ §y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ ~ܲÌy !ï˛!ö !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– §ühflÏ òˆÏ°Ó˚
!öÓ≈yã˛ö# ˆây£Ïîy ˛õe !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ӈϰ!åȈϰöÈÙÙÙÈÜ˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ñ
§üyçÓyò#ñ fl∫ï˛sf ˛õy!ê≈˛ Ä Ü˛!üí˛z!öfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆây£Ïîy ˛õe !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
S22V
üˆÏö •Î˚ ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ü%§°üyöˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ öƒyÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFåÈ öyÈÙÙÙÈû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
çö§Çâ ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §Çáƒy°â% Ä §Çáƒy=Ó˚&Ó˚ !Óû˛yçö fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy
~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ܲÌyÄ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– çö§Çâ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
xá[˛ñ x!Óû˛yçƒ Ó˚y‹T… ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚– §¡õ)î≈ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛•z §Çfl,Ò!ï˛
~ܲÌy xyüÓ˚y ò,ì˛¸ û˛yˆÏÓ !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ Ä ï˛yˆÏï˛ xyfliy Ó˚y!á ~ÓÇ ôˆÏü≈Ó˚
xyôyˆÏÓ˚ !û˛ß¨ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ öy– çö§Çâ Ú~ܲ Ó˚y‹T… Ä
~ܲ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Û ~•z !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ !ÓŸªy§ Ó˚yˆÏá– ˆÜ˛yö ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ xÌÓy
xöƒˆÏܲyö ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çö §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ Ó˚y‹T… ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚
˛õ!Óe ôyÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FåÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ xyÓ˚ !ܲå%È xÇ¢ Ó˚y‹T… !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
çö§Çâ ~Ó˚ !öÓ˚yüÎ˚ ã˛yÎ˚ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!FåÈߨï˛yÓyò# üˆÏöyÓ,!_ˆÏܲ
ܲáöÄ §üÌ≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚yÄ Ó˚y‹T…ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ ç#Óhsˇ
xD– Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy•z çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ïc– xï˛~Ó
ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆ°yܲ ܲ°ƒyîܲyÓ˚# Ó˚y‹T… Óy ˆ§Ü%˛°yÓ˚Óyò# Óy ˆû˛Ô!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚
Sܲ!üí˛z!öçüV Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îy •Î˚!ö– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏüÓ˚
ˆò¢=!°•z xöƒ §ühflÏ àîï˛y!sfܲ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚îy– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# Ó°ˆÏï˛ö
Úçö§Çâ ü)°ï˛É §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Óyò#– §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲñ
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ä §yüy!çܲ !ã˛hsˇö òÖy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ–
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ÇâˆÏܲ xyܲyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈöñ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö
~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó!¢‹T ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö !ܲv ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˆöï˛y ܲáöÄ !åȈϰö öy– ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛öyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á çÓ˚&Ó˚#–
1964 §yˆÏ° Ó˚yçfliyˆÏöÓ˚ çÎ˚˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ @ˇÃ#‹øܲy°#ö
!¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛ ÓˆÏà≈ !ï˛!ö ӈϰöÈÙÙÙÈfl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
!ö!°≈Æ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆÎüö xy!ü xy!åÈ–Û ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈÚxy˛õ!ö
~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó≈û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î §¡õyòܲñ xy˛õ!ö !ܲû˛yˆÏÓ
Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ö!°≈Æ •ˆÏ°ö⁄ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ӈϰöÈÙÙÙÈxy!ü
Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xy!§!öñ xy!ü Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛
Ó˚yçò)ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛ ¢)öƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y û˛yˆÏ°y öÎ˚–
S23V
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ !åÈ° û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§AâÏ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Óyò# ò° !•§yˆÏÓ
àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ–
Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ xáu˛ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛
xáu˛ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ˜Óã˛y!Ó˚ܲ ˛õê˛û)˛!üܲyÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ çß√
•ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° çˆÏß√Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü !òö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ xá[˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
Ä !mÈÙÈÓ˚y‹T…ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ä !mÈÙÈçy!ï˛ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ í˛zͲõߨ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
çö§Çâ xyÄÎ˚yç ï%˛ˆÏ°!åÈ°– xyû˛ƒhsˇ!Ó˚ö §ü§ƒyÈ ÈˆÎüö ≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ï˛yñ
çyï˛ÈÙÈ˛õyï˛ Ä û˛y£Ïy §ü§ƒyÓ˚ §üyôyö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§Ç⠈Πxyhsˇ!Ó˚ܲï˛y
Ä Ü%˛¢°ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ xöƒ ˆÜ˛yö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò° ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
õyˆÏÓ˚ !ö– ~•z §ühflÏ Ó˚y‹T…Óyò# !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ çöܲ !åȈϰö ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ çö§Çâ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xáu˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ Ü˛áöÄ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛
xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ üyôƒü ܲˆÏÓ˚!öñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xáu˛ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
§üyçˆÏܲ Ó!°òyö ˆòÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ܲyŸ¬#Ó˚ xyˆÏ®y°ö
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§Çâ ܲyŸ¬#Ó˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ xyˆÏ®y°ö ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° ï˛yÓ˚
!ï˛ö!ê˛ çö!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆŸ’yàyö !åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ ò%!ê˛ !Óôyöñ ~ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ ò%•z
≤Ãôyöñ ~ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ ò%•z !ö¢yö ã˛°ˆÏÓ öyñ ã˛°ˆÏÓ öy– ~•z xyˆÏ®y°ö!ê˛
≤Ãôyöï˛É ç¡ø%Ó˚ ≤Ãçy˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò myÓ˚y ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– 1953 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 6
üyã≈˛ í˛É ¢ƒüy≤çyò ü%áyç≈# xö%ü!ï˛ ˛õe åÈyí˛¸y•z ܲyŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö
~ÓÇ Ü˛yŸ¬#Ó˚ˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ òyÓ#ˆÏï˛ §ï˛ƒy@ˇÃ•
÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xáu˛ï˛y Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏܲ Ó!° ˆòö– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#
§ï˛ƒy@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çöƒ §ühflÏ ˆò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ï˛ƒy@ˇÃ•# §Ç@ˇÃ• Ä §Çàë˛öˆÏܲ ~•z
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çöƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲö–
˛õyMÈ˛çöƒ ˛õ!eܲyÎ˚ ܲyŸ¬#Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ï˛!öÈÙÙÙÈfl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z ܲyŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚
˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ xye´üî Ä ˆ§•z xye´üî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô û˛yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛zòy§#öï˛yñ ܲyŸ¬#Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yñ ܲyŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
S24V
û˛!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ çöƒ çöüï˛ §Ç@ˇÃ• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°yñ 370 ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü
!ӈϢ£Ï x!ôܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãòyöñ ~•z §ühflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!° §!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ Ä ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ
xÓfliy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Óî≈öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
~•z §üÎ˚ fl∫ï˛sf ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ •zFåÈy !åÈ° ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ çö§Çâ Óyü !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ò!«˛î˛õsi# fl∫ï˛sf ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD çö§Çâ !üˆÏ¢ Îyܲ– çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚
!ܲå%È Ü˛yÎ≈ܲï≈˛y ~•z ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓ Ó˚yç# !åȈϰöñ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛yÄ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏö
xy§ö §üˆÏé˛yï˛yÄ •Î˚– !ܲv !ë˛Èܲ ~•z §üˆÏÎ˚•z fl∫ï˛sf ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î
§¡õyòܲ üy§y!ö !ÓÓ,!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰö ˆÎ fl∫ï˛sf ˛õy!ê≈˛ ܲyŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲüï˛ öÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ Ü˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛ÌyÓyï≈˛y Ó°y çÓ˚&Ó˚# Ä !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚
•hflψϫ˛˛õÄ çÓ˚&Ó˚#– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ~•z Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲüï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ö
!ö– !ï˛!ö çö§Çâ Ä fl∫ï˛sf ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆçyê˛ ˆû˛ˆÏD !òˆÏ°öñ !ï˛!ö Ó°ˆÏ°öÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚxy!ü ü§y!öˆÏܲ ôöƒÓyò çyöy•z ܲyŸ¬#Ó˚ ≤çˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ flõ‹T Ó_´Óƒ
Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çöƒ– ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xy!ü çö§Çâ Ä fl∫ï˛sf˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
ˆçyê˛ û˛D ܲÓ˚°yü– ܲyŸ¬#Ó˚ ≤çˆÏD ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xfl∫!hflÏÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚îñ xyüÓ˚y ~üö ˆÜ˛yöÄ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆçyê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy ÎyÓ˚y
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ xye´üîܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚–
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÈÙÈüˆÏ®Ó˚ çöƒ üy§y!öÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆö•z– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
xáu˛ï˛y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ◊k˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xáu˛ï˛y Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ xyüÓ˚y
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛–
ˆàyÎ˚y ü%!_´ xyˆÏ®y°ö
~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫yô#ö ˆò¢ ÎyÓ˚y §¡õ)î≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– !ܲv
fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ä ˆ§•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ Óï≈˛üyö
!åÈ° ~ÓÇ ò%!ê˛ xMÈ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ òyÓ#ˆÏï˛ §òƒ à!ë˛ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛•z xyˆÏ®y°ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ˛õu˛#ˆÏã˛Ó˚#ˆÏï˛ ú˛Ó˚y§# ~ÓÇ ˆàyÎ˚yñ
òüöñ !òí˛zˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õyï%≈˛ày° í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ 1952 §yˆÏ° çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚
≤ÃÌü x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# §ÓÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö–
S25V
 2ˆü 1954 §y°ñ ˆò¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ~•z í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
çöçyàÓ˚î ܲyÎ≈e´ü ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– ˆöˆÏ•Ó˚& §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ §,!‹TÓ˚
çöƒ !Ó°Î˚ !òÓ§ xyˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ •Î˚– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# •zˆÏ®yˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ
ӈϰöÈÙÙÙÈÚÚú˛Ó˚y§# í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~ܲ ¢y!hsˇ˛õ)î≈ xyˆÏ®y°ö
÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– û˛yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòá!åÈÈÙȈòáÓ ö#!ï˛ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
Ó%ˆÏܲ ӈϧ !ÓˆÏò¢# í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛Ó˚y ˆÎ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ ã˛y°yˆÏFåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
ܲ!ë˛ö ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– x!Ó°ˆÏ¡∫ ≤ây§!öܲ ÓƒÓfliy @ˇÃ•î
ܲÓ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–ÛÛ
1954 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 9 ˆÌˆÏܲ 16 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§Çâ ˆàyÎ˚y
ü%!_´ §Æy• ˛õy°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 1955 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 14 ~!≤ð ˛õ%ï%≈˛àyˆÏ°Ó˚
•yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆàyÎ˚y ü%!_´Ó˚ òy!ÓˆÏï˛ ÚˆàyÎ˚y ü%!_´ §!ü!ï˛Û à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ Ä
çöçyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈§)!ã˛ ˆây!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ §yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢– 23ˆ¢ ç%ö 1955ñ
¢ƒyüy≤çyò ü%áyç≈#Ó˚ Ó!°òyö !òӈϧ ˆàyÎ˚yˆÏï˛ Ú§ï˛ƒy@ˇÃˆÏ•Ó˚Û Ü˛yÎ≈e´ü
à,•#ï˛ •Î˚– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ï˛Íܲy°#ö §¡õyòܲ çàߨyÌ Ó˚yÄ
ˆÎy¢#Ó˚ ˆöï,˛ˆÏc 101 çö §ï˛ƒy@ˇÃ•# ˙!òö ˆàyÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÜ˛Ìƒ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õï%≈˛ày° ˛õ%!°¢– üôƒ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
◊# Ó˚yçyû˛yí˛z ü•yܲy° Ä í˛z_Ó˚ ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ◊# xy!üÓ˚ãÑ˛yò =ÆyÓ˚ ≤Ãyî
ÎyÎ˚ ~•z xï˛ƒyã˛yˆÏÓ˚– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ~•z §ï˛ƒy@ˇÃ• §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚y
ˆòˆÏ¢ ≤ÃÓy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– §üyçÓyò# ò° ~•z §ï˛ƒy@ˇÃˆÏ• xÇ¢ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ܲv û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xöƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò° !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ û)˛!üܲy
~•z §ï˛ƒy@ˇÃˆÏ• xï˛ƒhsˇ ò%û≈˛yàƒçöܲ !åÈ°– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ܲü≈#ˆÏòÓ˚
xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏö ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Óyôƒ •Î˚ ≤ây§!öܲ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õ ~ÓÇ
û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !ã˛•´ §üyÆ •Î˚– fl∫yô#ö •Î˚ ˆàyÎ˚y–
ˆÓÓ˚&Óyí˛¸# •hflÏyhsˇˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ çöÈÙÈxyˆÏ®y°ö
˛õ!ÿ˛üÓDñ xy§yü Ä !e˛õ%Óy˚ Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏöÓ˚ §#üyhsˇ xMÈ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
§ü§ƒy=!°Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ çöƒ û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyöüsf# çÄ•Ó˚°y° ˆöˆÏ•Ó˚&
Ä ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãôyöüsf# !ú˛ˆÏÓy˚ ç áyö ö%ˆöÏ Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã%˛!_´˛õe fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛
S26V
•Î˚– ~•z ã%˛!_´ xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ç°˛õy•z=!í˛¸ ˆç°yÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚&Óyí˛¸# xMÈ˛° ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ öˆÏܲ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃhflyÏ Ó Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– !ܲv çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ !åÈ°ÈÙÙÙÈÚÚ1958
§yˆÏ° ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛ üy§ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ö Ü%˛ã˛!Ó•yÓ˚ ˆç°y Ä !e˛õ%Óy˚ Ó˚ §#üyˆÏhsˇ
°yàyï˛yÓ˚ =!°Ó£Ïî≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ä x§ˆÏüÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ @ˇÃyü Ä !e˛õ%Óy˚ Ó˚ °y!áö˛õ%Ó˚
@ˇÃyü ò%!ê˛ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ òáˆÏ° !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆöÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §!ã˛ÓhflÓÏ #˚ Î˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛y
÷Ó˚& •ˆÏ°Ä ï˛y ú˛°≤ç) •Î˚ !ö– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãôyöüsf# hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ ܲÌyÓyï≈˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ 10
!í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ 1958 ˆöˆÏ•Ó˚&ÈÙÈöö% ã%˛!_´ •Î˚– !ܲv ã%˛!_´˛õˆÏe ï%˛ˆÏܲÏÓ˚ Ä °á#ü˛õ%Ó˚
@ˇÃyü ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yöÄ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!ö–
û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ üy!ê˛ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyöˆÏܲ x˜ÏÓôû˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ÷ô% öÎ˚
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä áyÓ˚y˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– !Óû˛yçˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ä öï%˛ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !ÓÓyò¡õò ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xö%ü!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ÎyÓ˚ ú˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ
˛õ!ÿ˛üÓˆÏDÓ˚ 24 ˛õÓ˚àîy ˆç°yÓ˚ •zFåÈyü!ï˛ öò#Ó˚ ï˛ê˛Óï≈˛# ~°yܲyñ
ç°˛õy•z=!í˛¸ ˆç°yÓ˚ ˆÓÓ˚&Óyí˛¸# •zí˛z!öÎ˚ö ï˛Ìy Ü%˛ã˛!Ó•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê˛y˛õ%_Ó˚
!Ó!öüÎ˚ !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eú˛° ܲü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°– ˆö•Ó˚&ÈÙÈö%ö
ã%˛!_´ˆÏï˛ §Ó!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆày˛õö Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ÎyˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚î üyö%£Ï !ܲå%È
çyöˆÏï˛ öy ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãôyöüsf# !ú˛ˆÏÓ˚yç áyöÈ Èö%ö Îáö
˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ §û˛yÎ˚ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚° ï˛áö !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ƒ xyˆÏ§
~ÓÇ ˛õ!ÿ˛üˆÏDÓ˚ üyö%£ÏÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– çö§Çâ ˆò¢Óƒy˛õ#
xyˆÏ®y°ö ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°– ˛õ!ÿ˛üÓˆÏDÓ˚ !Óôyö§û˛y ï˛Ìy !Óôyö ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò
§Ó≈§¡ø!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˛õy¢ ܲÓ˚°– ï˛Íܲy!°ö ü%áƒüsf#
!Óôyöã˛w Ó˚yÎ˚ !Óôyö §û˛yÎ˚ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö ~•z ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˛õ!ÿ˛üÓDÓy§#Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ §üyö– àöxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° Ó˚y‹T…˛õ!ï˛ ˆÓÓ˚&Óyí˛¸#
•hflÏyhsˇˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ öƒyÎ˚y°ˆÏÎ˚ üï˛yüï˛ çyöˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z°– §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ öƒyÎ˚y°Î˚
çyöy° û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yö çyÎ˚ày ˆÜ˛yöÄ xöƒˆÏò¢ˆÏܲ •hflÏyhsˇÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
x§yÇ!Óôy!öܲ– !ܲå%È!òˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z ã˛#ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛ xye´üî ܲÓ˚° ~ÓÇ
˛õy!ܲhflÏyö ã˛#öˆÏܲ §üÌ≈ö ܲÓ˚°– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Óy•z û˛yÓ° ~ÓyÓ˚
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÓÓ˚&Óyí˛¸# •hflÏyhsˇÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏ°y– !ܲv xyÿ˛Î≈ñ •hflÏyhsˇÓ˚
S27V
≤Ã!e´Î˚y ÷Ó˚& •° ~ÓÇ çöxyˆÏ®y°öˆÏܲ °yë˛#ã˛yç≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ@ˇÃú˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
òyÓyˆÏöyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty •ˆÏ°y–
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá Ó°ˆÏ°ö ˆö•Ó˚& ˜fl∫Ó˚yã˛yÓ˚#
•ˆÏ°Ä çö§C ï˛y ˆüˆÏö ˆöˆÏÓ öy–
ܲFåÈ ã%˛!_´ Ä ï˛y§á® ˆây£Ïîy
ܲFåÈ ã%˛!_´ Ä ï˛y§á® ˆây£Ïîy S1965ÈÙÈ66V ˆö•Ó˚& Ä °y°Óy•yò%Ó˚
¢yflf#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛y ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ú˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õy!ܲhflÏyöˆÏܲ ≤ÃÌü
xye´üˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒye´üˆÏîÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚–
1965 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚yÓ˚#ñ ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ö §#üyhsˇ ˛õ%!°¢ =çÓ˚yˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲFåÈ ~°yܲyˆÏï˛
xö%≤ÈÏÓ¢ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚– 17 üyã≈˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ §#üyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ 1300 àç !û˛ï˛Ó˚
ܲOÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛yê˛ òᰠܲˆÏÓ–˚ 25 üyã≈˛ !í˛D x!ôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚
§#üyˆÏhsˇ §#üy ˛õ%!°¢ 6 üy•z° !˛õ!åȈÎÏ ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚– ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ö ˆ§öy
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ §#üyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ xyÓ˚Ä !û˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– 9 ~!≤ð §Ó˚òyö ˆã˛Ôܲ# Ä
•ˆÏDyˆÏܲÔê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xye´üî ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°– ï˛áöÄ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ §#üyhsˇ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚
òy!Î˚c ˆÜ˛Ó° §#üyhsˇ Ó˚«˛# Óy!•ö#Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛•z !åÈ°– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˆ«˛yˆÏû˛Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ü˛ˆÏFåÈÓ˚ §%Ó«˚ ˛yÓ˚ òy!Î˚c ˆ§öyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ !ö
ˆ§öy !˛õå%È •ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ú˛ˆÏ° 14 ~!≤ð 1965 Î%k˛ !ÓÓ˚yü ï˛Ìy
xyˆÏ°yã˛öyÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛ Ó˚yˆÏá– û˛yÓ˚ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚° ˛õy!ܲhflyÏ ö §¡õ)î≈
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §#üyhsˇ áy!° öy ܲÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈hsˇ Î%k˛ !ÓÓ˚yü •ˆÏÓ öy–
24 ˆÏ¢ ~!≤ð ˛õy!ܲhflÏyö §#üyˆÏhsˇÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÎ˚rê˛ 84ÈÙÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xye´üî
ܲÓ˚°– ~•z xye´üˆÏî xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˜§öƒ ã%˛!_´Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ê˛ƒyB˛Ä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚°– ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ò,!‹T˛õyï˛
ܲÓ˚yˆÏ°Ä ÄÓ˚y ï˛y í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyö xflf ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°–
Îáö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§öy ¢e& ˆüyܲy!Ó°yÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒye´üˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ çüyˆÏÎ˚ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ °yà° !Ó ˆÏê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãôyöüsf# í˛z•z°§ö ~Ó˚ xö%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô ˆöˆÏ•Ó˚&
Î%k˛!ÓÓ˚yü ˆüˆÏö !ö°–
S28V
˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲFåÈ ã%˛!_´ §y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •°– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ï˛#Ó 
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ~•z ã%˛!_´Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ï˛Ìy ܲˆÏFåÈ ˆ§öy x!û˛ÎyˆÏöÓ˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§Çâ Óƒy˛õܲ çöçyàÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚È– 6 xyàfiê˛ 1965
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# Ä ÓFåÈÓ˚yÄç# Óƒy§ ~Ó˚ ˆöï,˛ˆÏc û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç§ˆÏòÓ˚ §yüˆÏö
!Ó¢y° çö§üyˆÏÓ¢ •Î˚ ˆÎáyˆÏö 5 °«˛ ˆ°yܲ çüyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
ú˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ≤Ãôyöüsf# °y°Óy•yò%Ó˚ ¢yflf# 20 xyàfiê˛ 1965 ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚
§ˆÏD ˛õ)Ó≈!öô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ ˜Óë˛Ü˛ Ó¶˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ö– çö§Çâ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓ
ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚° Î!ò çöï˛y ~üö˛ çy@ˇÃï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛FåÈ ã%˛!_´ ÷ô%üye
§yòyÈÙÈܲyàç •ˆÏÎ˚•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyö Î%k˛ 1965 ï˛y§á® ˆây£Ïîy
~ï˛!òö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xyhsˇç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ã%˛!_´Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÈÙÈÓ˚ °yû˛•z •ï˛–
~•z ≤ÃÌü 20 xyàfiê˛ ˜Óë˛Ü˛ Ó¶˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õy!ܲhflÏyö ôyE˛y ˆá°
~ÓÇ Ü˛FåÈ ã%˛!_´ ˆÓܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– ˛õy!ܲhflÏyö ܲyŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚ xö%≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
Óí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ xhsˇâ≈yï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§öy ˆ§•z ã˛e´yhsˇ
ˆû˛ˆÏhflÏ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyܲ x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ ܲyŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ §Ó Ó˚yhflÏy Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò°– 25
xyàfiê˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§öy !öÎ˚sfî ˆÓ˚áy x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ •yç#˛õ#Ó˚òÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
1 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1965 ˛õy!ܲhflÏyö åÈ¡∫y ˆ§QˆÏÓ˚ ê˛ƒyB˛ Ä û˛yÓ˚# ˆày°yÓyÓ˚&ò
§• xye´üî ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°– ≤Ãüy!îï˛ •° Óí˛¸ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ çöƒ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyö ≤Ã›ï˛–
5 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyö xü,ï˛§Ó˚ xye´üî ܲÓ˚°– 6 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
ˆ§öy °yˆÏ•yÓ˚ ï˛Ìy !¢Î˚y°ˆÏܲyê˛ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Ìyܲ°– çö§Çâ
ˆÎ òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§!åÈ° ï˛y ~ï˛!òˆÏö ≤Ãüy!îï˛ •°– 6 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚
°y°Óy•yò%Ó˚ ¢yflf# §Ó≈ò°#Î˚ ˜Óë˛ˆÏܲ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ï˛Ìy §Ó˚§Çâã˛y°Ü˛
◊#=Ó˚&ç#ˆÏÜ˛Ä xyüsfî çyöyˆÏ°ö– çö§Çâ Ä Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §Aâ
~ܲyd •ˆÏÎ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛ §Ó≈≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚Ï°–
˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ 22 !òˆÏöÓ˚ ~•z Î%k˛ˆÏܲ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# fl∫yô#ˆÏöy_Ó˚
S29V
û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ~ܲ ˆàÔÓ˚ÓüÎ˚ xôƒyÎ˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ xyöˆÏ®Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Óî≈öy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆ§öyÓy!•ö# ~ÓÇ ˆò¢Óy§# §y•§ñ ˜ôÎ≈ƒñ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ~ÓÇ Ó#Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ•z ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆò¢ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ¢!_´ Ä ò%Ó≈°ï˛yÓ˚ !òܲ!ê˛
xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚°– ¢e& ~ÓÇ !üe !ã˛öˆÏï˛ ˛õyí˛¸°– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ õ!Ó˚îï˛ •°–
Ó˚y‹T…§Çâ ¢y!hsˇÓ˚ öyˆÏü Î%k˛ Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ òyÓ# ܲÓ˚°– û˛yÓ˚ï˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õy!ܲhflÏy!ö xye´üî ã˛°y ˛õÎ≈hsˇ Î%k˛ Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ öy çy!öˆÏÎ˚ !ò°–
1949 §yˆÏ° Ó˚y‹T…§ÇâÈÙÈÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ Î%k˛ Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° !ܲv 16 ÓåÈÓ˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyö û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çyÎ˚ày òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°ñ Ó˚y‹T…§Çâ !ܲå%È Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!ö–
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§Çâ ˛õyܲ òá°#Ü,˛ï˛ ܲyŸ¬#Ó˚ ˛õ%öÉÓ˚&k˛yÓ˚ åÈyí˛¸y §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
ÎyˆÏï˛ Î%k˛!ÓÓ˚!ï˛ ˆây£Ïîy öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆò¢Óy§#Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ Ìyܲ°–
17 ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ 1965 Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyöüsf#Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyöüsf#
Ä ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛y§áˆÏ® ~ܲ !¢áÓ˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏöÓ˚ !òö !fliÓ˚
•ˆÏ°y– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ~•z §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏöÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– ◊#=Ó˚&ç# §yÓ˚y
ˆò¢Óƒy˛õ# ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §û˛yˆÏï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°ö ◊# ¢yflf# ˆÎö ï˛y§á® öy
Îyö– âê˛öy xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏöy ˆà° öy– 10 çyö%Î˚y!Ó˚ 1967 ï˛y§á® ˆây£ÏîyÎ˚
°y°Óy•yò%Ó˚ ¢yflf# ï˛Ìy ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…˛õ!ï˛ ü•É xyÎ˚)ÓáyˆÏöÓ˚ •hflÏy«˛Ó˚
§y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •°– ˙!òö Ó˚yˆÏe•z ï˛y§áˆÏ® ¢yflf#ç#Ó˚ Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚–
ˆây£ÏîyÎ˚ ˆ°áy •ˆÏ°y û˛yÓ˚ï˛ Ä ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…≤Ãôyö §•üï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö ò%•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§öy 5 xyàfiê˛ 1965Ó˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆú˛Ó˚ï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°
ÎyˆÏÓ– ~•z ܲyç 25 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ 1966ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ öy– ò%!ê˛ ˆò¢•z
Î%k˛!ÓÓ˚yü ˆÓ˚áyˆÏï˛ Î%k˛!ÓÓ˚yü !fli!ï˛ ˛õy°ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛yŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ û)˛á[˛ˆÏܲ ü%_´ ܲÓ˚yˆÏöy •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ï˛y
xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyöˆÏܲ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ– ¢yflf#ç# Î!ò ç#!Óï˛ xÓfliyÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛
xy§ˆÏï˛ö ï˛y•ˆÏ° çö§Çâ ܲyˆÏ°y ˛õï˛yܲy !òˆÏÎ˚ fl∫yàï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ï˛–
ò#öçÎ˚y°ç# ï˛y§á® ˆây£ÏîyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Ú!ÓŸªy§âyï˛Û öyˆÏü Ó•z
S30V
!°áˆÏ°ö– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# á%Ó•z ò%Éá ˆ˛õˆÏ°ö ~ï˛ §Ç@ˇÃyü ܲˆÏÓ˚Ä û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
üy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!ܲhflÏyˆÏöÓ˚ xye´üî §üyÆ Ü˛Ó˚y ˆà° öy– Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §üÎ˚
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# °y°Óy•yò%Ó˚ˆÏܲ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ öyÎ˚ܲÈÙÈÓ˚ üÎ≈yòy !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ï˛y§á®
ˆây£ÏîyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ çÎ˚ çÄÎ˚yö çÎ˚ !ܲ£Ïyö ˆfl‘yàyö §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ӈϰö çÎ˚
çÄÎ˚yö üsf ï˛y§áˆÏ® û%˛ˆÏ° ˆà°yü xyÓ˚ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ àü ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ çÎ˚
!ܲ£ÏyîÈÙÈÓ˚ üsfÄ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°– ~•z ≤ÃÓ,!_ !ë˛Ü˛ öÎ˚–
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# û˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚üyî% ¢!_´ôÓ˚ ˆò¢ ÓyöyˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
üï˛ !åȈϰy xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚üyî% xflf öy ˆï˛y !ÓŸª ¢y!hsˇÓ˚ xhsˇÓ˚yÎ˚ öy
xyüÓ˚y !ÓŸª¢y!hsˇÓ˚ !ë˛ˆÏܲòyÓ˚– !ÓŸª ôùLjϧÓ˚ çöƒ Îï˛ ˆÓyüy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚
xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy Óy Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õÓ˚üyî% ˆÓyüy
xyˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ~áöÄ Î%k˛ •Î˚!ö– ï˛y•z Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !ÓŸª¢y!hsˇÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚
{ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚üyî% xflf ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ܲyç xyÓ˚Ω˛ ܲÓ˚&ܲ–
ˆ§Ôû˛yàƒÓ¢ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ üsf !¢£Ïƒ xê˛°ç# 1998 §yˆÏ° û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
≤Ãôyöüsf# •ö ~ÓÇ û˛yÓ˚Ïï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚üyî% ˛õÓ˚#«˛y §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õÓ˚üyî% ¢!_´ §¡õߨ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
Ó˚yçƒ ˛õ%öà≈ë˛ö
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyû˛ƒhsˇÓ˚#î xá[˛ï˛y !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ üï˛ !åÈ°
§Çâyï˛üÎ˚ §Ç!Óôyö ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ÓˆÏܲw#Ü,˛ï˛ ~ܲyd¢y§ö
ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö– §Çâydܲ ÓƒÓfliy fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ òy!Î˚c
~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ §Aâ §ò§ƒ Ó˚yçƒ !öü≈yî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚– û˛y£Ïyàï˛ Ó˚yçƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚
!§k˛yhsˇ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ ÎyÓ˚ çöƒ xˆÏöܲ ܲ!ë˛ö ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~Ó˚ §üy°yã˛öyÎ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ӈϰˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈÚ~ܲ!ê˛
≤ây§!öܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏüy àí˛¸yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÎ ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ üy•yd xyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ
û˛y£ÏyÄ xyˆÏåÈ !ܲv ~ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ öÎ˚ ˆÎ§Ó û˛y£Ïy•z ~ܲüye ܲyÓ˚î– ≤ây§ˆÏö
û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ü•d˛õ)î≈ fliyö xyˆÏåÈ ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî û˛y£Ïyàï˛ §#üyöy ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
§#üyöyÎ˚ Ó˚&˛õ !öˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !û˛ß¨ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ çß√
ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓöy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– çö§Çâ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy–
S31V
!ï˛!ö òyÓ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ≤Ãyhsˇ Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ çöƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!ü¢ö àë˛ö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚– ≤ÈÏò¢ˆÏܲ
Ó˚yçƒ Ó°yÓ˚Ä !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !åȈϰö ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ üï˛ xö%§yˆÏÓ˚
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚y烖 xˆÏöܲ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §Aâ öÎ˚– ï˛y•z !ï˛!ö üï˛ Óƒ_´
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö §AâÓ˚yçƒ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ fliyˆÏö e´ü¢ ≤ÈÏò¢ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ˆÏAâÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ܲyö˛õ%Ó˚ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö ≤ÈÏò¢
˛õ%îà≈ë˛ö çöƒ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˛õy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
1954ÈÙÈ~ Ó˚yçƒ ˛õ%îà≈ë˛ö xyˆÏÎ˚yà ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# xyˆÏÎ˚yàˆÏܲ
~ܲ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÷ô%üye û˛y£Ïy•z üy˛õܲy!ë˛ öÎ˚ xöƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ä
=Ó˚&c !òˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°ö– ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ӈϰöÈÙÙÙÈÎ!ò ӈϡ∫ˆÏï˛ ~ܲçöÄ
ü•yÓ˚y‹T…#Î˚ öy ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛Ìy!˛õ ӈϡ∫ˆÏܲ ü•yÓ˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ï˛òÓ˚*˛õ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ ~ܲçöÄ Óyäy!° öy ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yˆÏܲ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚•z
xD üyöˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ ò,!‹Tû˛!D ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ÄáyöܲyÓ˚ ˆ°yܲ !ܲ Ó°ˆÏåÈ ˆ§ê˛y üyöˆÏï˛ Ó˚y!ç ö•z– xyüÓ˚y §Ó §üÎ˚
ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ çöüï˛ !öˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓy⁄ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~ܲ•z Ó˚yçƒ ã˛°ˆÏÓ–
§yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢ xyˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §yüˆÏö xˆÏöˆÏܲ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !öˆÏçÓ˚ üï˛ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §#üy !öô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ üï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– Îáö xyˆÏÎ˚yà
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòö ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö çö§Çâ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòöˆÏܲ §üÌ≈ö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– xˆÏöˆÏܲ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ çö§ˆÏAâÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòö ÓˆÏ°Ä Ü˛ê˛y«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ üï˛ !åÈ° xyˆÏÎy˚ ˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃhflyÏ Ó Îï˛ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ §Ω˛Ó ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ
Ó˚*˛õòyö ܲÓ˚y– !ܲv §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚°ÈÙÙÙÈ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õyˆÏê˛≈ Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛Ìy
!Óôyö ü[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ x!hsˇü ú˛Î˚§y°yÓ˚ çöƒ §Ç§ˆÏò ˆ˛õ¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ üï˛ !åÈ°ñ §Ç§ò §Ó≈«˛üï˛y §¡õߨ ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚•z !öî≈Î˚ ˆöÄÎ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ï˛y öy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyü ˆòˆÏ¢ ≤ÃyhsˇÓyòñ é˛àí˛¸yñ !•Ç§yÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ û˛y£Ïy !û˛!_ܲ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §,!‹T •°–
û˛y£ÏyÈÙÈö#!ï˛
û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ üï˛ Ó‡ û˛y£ÏyÈÙÈû˛y£Ï# ï˛Ìy !Ó¢y° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ û˛y£Ïy ö#!ï˛ !ë˛Ü˛
S32V
ܲÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y é%˛!Ñ Ü˛˛õ)î≈ ܲyç– §yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲáöÄ ~ܲ!ê˛ üye û˛y£Ïy !åÈ° !ܲöy
ˆ§•z í˛z_Ó˚ê˛yÄ ˆòÄÎ˚y ܲ!ë˛ö– û˛y£Ïy!ÓK˛yˆÏöÓ˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚ xyÎ≈ƒû˛y£Ïyñ oy!Óí˛¸
û˛y£Ïyñ ò!«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy xyÓyÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ û˛y£Ïy ~§ˆÏÓÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚
flõ‹T üï˛ñ §¡õ)î≈ û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !Ómyö ï˛Ìy ˛õ!u˛ï˛ Óƒ!_´Ó˚y §Çfl,Òï˛ û˛y£Ïy•z
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö– ü%§!°ü xye´üˆÏîÓ˚ §üÎ˚ xyÓ˚!Ó !°!˛õˆÏï˛ !°!áï˛ ˛õy!¢≈
û˛y£Ïy xyôy!Ó˚ï˛ í˛zòñ≈% ˛õˆÏÓ˚ •zLjÏÓç ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° •zLjÏÓ!˚ ç û˛y£Ïyñ ò%!ê˛•z
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ x˛õüyˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– §Çfl,Òï˛ !ö¤˛ !•!® û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚y‹Tû… ˛y£Ïy •ÓyÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓöy ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä ≤ÃyˆÏò!£Ïܲ û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ =Ó˚&c ï˛Ìy •zLjÏÓ!˚ çÓ˚ xy!ô˛õˆÏï˛ƒ ï˛y
§Ω˛Ó !åÈ° öy– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# û˛y£Ïy !ÓÓyò !öˆÏÎ˚ xyç#Óö §!e´Î˚û˛yˆÏÓ !öˆÏçÓ˚
üï˛ Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– xˆÏöܲ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ !ï˛!ö §üˆÏé˛yï˛yÄ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– û˛y£ÏyˆÏܲ
Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ó˚ üyôƒü ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ û˛y£Ïy §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ fl∫y!û˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ «˛!ï˛
•ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È Ä !•®#Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ Óyôy ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ flõ‹T üï˛ !åÈ°
Ó˚yç˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ ˆöï˛yÓ˚y û˛y£Ïy !öˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ °yû˛ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓö˚ !ܲv
ö%ï˛ö û˛y£Ïy §,çö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ö öy–
!•®#Ó˚ §#üyÓk˛ï˛y Ä •zLjÏÓç ˚ #ˆÏܲ !öï˛ƒ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ û˛y£Ïy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Óƒ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫y!û˛üy!ö üï˛ !åÈ°ñ xyüyÓ˚y fl∫yô#öï˛y xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰ!åÈ
fl∫Óy˚ ˆÏçÓ˚ SSelf RuleV ã˛y!•òy §%Óy˚ ç SGood RuleV !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆüê˛yö ÎyÎ˚ öy
ˆï˛ü!ö fl∫û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ fliyö ܲáöÄ §%û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ)Óî˚ §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚–
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# §¡õÜ≈˛ ï˛Ìy Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ û˛y£ÏyˆÏܲ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ xáu˛ï˛yÓ˚ ò,!‹T !òˆÏÎ˚•z
ˆòáˆÏï˛ö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üï˛ !åÈ° û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#öï˛ü û˛y£Ïy §Çfl,Òï˛ˆÏܲ
§yÇ!Óôy!öܲ Ó˚y‹T…û˛y£Ïy ï˛Ìy !•!®ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ û˛y£Ïy Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲÓ˚y ˆ•yܲ– !ï˛!ö !•!®Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ° §üÌ≈ܲ !åȈϰö– 1957 ÓƒyDyˆÏ°yˆÏÓ˚ Ä
~ܲò¢Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚ 1967 ܲy!°Ü˛ê˛ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö !•®#Ó˚ §#üyÓk˛ï˛y !öˆÏÎ˚
!ï˛!ö üï˛Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– û˛y£Ïy xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÈò!«˛ˆÏî !Óû˛_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òܲ
ˆ§•z Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ !ï˛!ö ã˛yö !ö– •zLjÏÓ˚ç#Ó˚ !Óܲ“ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ û˛y£ÏyÓ˚ ˆáÖyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ °yàˆÏ°ö– !ܲv !öÎ˚!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ xܲyˆÏ°•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyåÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆê˛ˆÏö !ö°–
S33V
 àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ x@ˇÃò)ï˛
˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚
ܲyë˛yˆÏüy àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÎ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
§Ó≈ÈÙȧ¡øï˛ üˆÏö •ï˛ñ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ï˛yˆÏܲ xö%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yç# !åȈϰö
öy– ˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ó˚yçƒ àë˛ö ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öyñ ˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ§Ü%˛°y!Ó˚çüñ
˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ àîï˛sf ï˛Ìy ˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ üï˛Óyò §Ó=!°
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ!¤˛˛õÿÏÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö Ä ˆ§=!°Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õ«˛˛õyï˛# !åȈϰö– !ï˛!ö üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö àîï˛sf ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏüÓ˚ òyö öÎ˚ñ
û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yç âÓ˚yöyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ û˛yˆÏÓ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ
xyˆÏåÈ ÙÙÙÈ!ï˛!ö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ
˜Ó!òܲ §û˛y ~ÓÇ §!ü!ï˛ÈÙÈÓ˚ àë˛ö àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚•z •ï˛–
üôƒÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ xˆÏöܲ Ó˚y烕z §¡õ)î≈ àîï˛sfü%á# !åÈ°– Ó˚yçï˛sf#Î˚ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚
üˆÏôƒÄ xyüÓ˚y Ó˚yçyÓ˚ üÎ≈yòy §#!üï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÷ô% ≤Ãçyö%Ó˚yà#•z öÎ˚
≤Ãçyxö%àyü# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ– ~•z üÎ≈yòyÓ˚ û˛DܲyÓ˚# xˆÏöܲ Ó˚yçyÓ˚
í˛zòy•Ó˚î xÓ¢ƒ•z ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– !ܲv ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
≤ÃçyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy• ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏܲ xyò¢≈ ¢y§Ü˛ öy ӈϰ
!ö¡¨ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ¢y§Ü˛ ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓã˛öy ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆüÔ!°Ü˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ û˛yÓöyÓ˚ ≤Ãüyî •Î˚– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# Ó°ˆÏï˛öñ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒyáƒy ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎñ ~!ê˛ é˛àí˛¸yÈÙÈéÑ˛y!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z ã˛°ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÌ– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~áyˆÏö ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyã˛#ö í˛z!_´ •°ÈÙÙÙÈÚÚÓyˆÏò ÓyˆÏò
çyÎ˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛c ˆÓyôy–ÛÛ !ܲv Î!ò xöƒˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ öy ˆòˆÏá xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáÓ ÚÓyˆÏò ÓyˆÏò çyÎ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Z˛ˆÏ¢y£ÏyÛñ
~•z í˛z!_´•z §!ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÓ– ÄÎ˚yˆÏŒê˛Î˚yÓ˚ ӈϰöÈÙÙÙÈÈÚÚxy!ü ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲÌy §ï˛ƒ
ӈϰ üˆÏö öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Ä ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çöƒ §ühflÏ
¢!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ °í˛¸y•z ܲÓ˚ÏÓÛÛ– ˆ§•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!ö ܲZ˛ˆÏ¢y£ÏyÓ˚ ܲÌy fl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö !ܲv û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚Ä xyˆÏà !àˆÏÎ˚ ÓyòÈÙÈ!ÓÓyòˆÏܲ
ï˛cˆÏÓyô Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ xö%ôyÓö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
S34V
˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏü àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏ_yÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ Ä ï˛y ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÄÎ˚y Ä Ü˛y°≈üyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲöyÎ˚ܲï˛sfÓyòˆÏܲ ò#öòyÎ˚y°ç# !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ
˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö–
ÚÚàîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚îÛÛ
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ï˛y!cܲ xÓôyÓ˚öyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲüï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚Ä ˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !öÓ˚B%˛¢ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yfl∫Ó˚*˛õ í˛zͲõߨ
˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò §¡∫!°ï˛ Ä §Ó≈«˛üï˛y §¡õߨ Ó˚yç§_yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y
Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ܲÓ˚î ã˛y•zˆÏï˛öñ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xy•Óyö çy!öˆÏÎ˚ !åȈϰö–
˛õyÿ˛yÏï˛ƒ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y Ú!öÓ≈yã˛öÛ !Ó!ô ≤Ãòyö
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– §Ç!Óôyöñ ≤ây§öñ !Ó!ô Ä öƒyÎ˚˛õ!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ !ܲv
~=!° ˆÜ˛Ó°üye àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛Ó˚*˛õ– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xydy
ï˛yÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ öÎ˚ñ çöàˆÏîÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ•z
xyˆÏåÈñ çöyܲyCyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ú˛°ˆÏöÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xyˆÏåÈ– àîï˛sf ˆÜ˛yö
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏüyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚ öy– ˆû˛y!ê˛Ç Óy üï˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
Óy !öÓ≈yã˛ö ˛õk˛!ï˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ xÇ¢ñ !ܲv ~=!° •ˆÏ°•z
àîï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ öy– Ó˚y!¢Î˚yˆÏï˛ ~=!°Ó˚ §Ó•z xyˆÏåÈ !ܲv
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!u˛ï˛àî ï˛yˆÏܲ àîï˛sf ӈϰö öy– üï˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ Óy
!öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏöÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ xyÓ˚Ä ~ܲ!ê˛ û˛yÓöy àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ çöƒ ~ܲyhsˇ
çÓ˚&Ó˚#– ˆÜ˛Ó°üye Ó‡üˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢y§ö•z àîï˛sf öÎ˚ñ ~üö ï˛ˆÏsf çöï˛yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ xyÄÎ˚yç §ï˛ƒ •ˆÏ°Ä ï˛yˆÏܲ òy!ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÓ– àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
~•z fl∫Ó˚*˛õ Ú§Ó≈çö §%áyÎ˚ñ §Ó≈çö!•ï˛yÎ˚ñ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲ“öyÎ˚ !öÓ≈yã˛öñ Ó‡üï˛ñ x“üï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ §ühflÏ üˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yüO§ƒ Ä §üß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z ˆçyÓ˚
ˆòÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈñ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ üˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲçö Óƒ!_´ ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä ˆ§•z üï˛yüˆÏï˛Ó˚
=Ó˚&c•z ÷ô% öÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÄ âê˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
S35V
 ˆÎáyˆÏö xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ §yú˛°ƒ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏåÈ ˆ§•z •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ò°ˆÏöï˛yˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÓï˛ö ˆòÎ˚– ˆá°yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÎüö ò%!ê˛ ˛õ«˛
•ÄÎ˚y çÓ˚&Ó˚# ˆï˛üö•z §Ç§ˆÏòÄ ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö– ¢y§Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚
!Ó!û˛ß¨ ö#!ï˛Ó˚ û%˛°e&!ê˛ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ò° ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚–
!öÓ≈yã˛ö# §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲyhsˇ •zFåÈy
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ï˛yÍܲy!°Ü˛ !öî≈Î˚ Ó‡üˆÏï˛Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ ˆàˆÏ°Ä !ܲv üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° §Çáƒyà!Ó˚‹T Óy ܲü§ÇáƒyÓ˚
!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ë˛Ü˛ û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ öy– ~Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü
ò°#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y®° ~ÓÇ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ fliyÎ˚# ܲ°• !öü≈yî •Î˚ ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
àîï˛ˆÏsf ˆÜ˛Ó°üye Ó‡üˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢y§ö Óy ܲü§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ¢y§ö öÎ˚ ~ ˆÜ˛Ó°
üye çöï˛yÓ˚ ï˛yÍܲy!°Ü˛ •zFåÈyÓ˚ ¢y§ö– çöï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ •zFåÈyÓ˚
x!û˛Óƒ!_´ !ë˛Ü˛ û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– Îáö ~•z §yôyÓ˚î •zFåÈy•z
§yüy!çܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛áö•z Úàîï˛sfÛ û˛#í˛¸ï˛ˆÏsf ÓòˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
áyÓ˚y˛õ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ~ê˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ç%!°Î˚y§ §#çyÓ˚ öyê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
!òˆÏÎ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ӈϰˆÏåÈö ÈÙÙÙȈΠçöï˛y Ó &ê˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ˆÏD !ü!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ç%!°Î˚y§ §#çyÓ˚ •ï˛ƒyÓ˚ í˛zÍ§Ó ˛õy°ö ܲÓ˚!åÈ° ˆ§•z çöï˛y•z ~rê˛ö#Ó˚
û˛y£ÏˆîÏ í˛zˆ_Ï !çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲå%È«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z Ó &ê˛y§ˆÏܲ Óô ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ í˛zòƒï˛
•ˆÏÎ!˚ åÈ°– Mobocracy Sçöï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ¢y§öV Ä Autocracies
S~ܲöyÎ˚ܲï˛sfV ~•z ò%•z ˛ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ àîï˛sfˆÜÏ ˛ ç#!Óï˛ Ó˚yáy á%Ó•z ܲ‹TܲÓ˚–
ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z çöˆÏã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö •Î˚– ~ê˛yˆÏܲ•z
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ≤Ãyã˛#ö û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ°yܲüï˛ÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö–
ˆ°yܲüï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y– ˆÎáyˆÏö ˆÎáyˆÏö §yüƒÓyò#
Óy ˜fl∫Ó˚ï˛sf# ¢y§Ü˛àî Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ü˛ «˛üï˛yÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ˆÓ ö ÄÎ˚y!¢Ç Óy
!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ôˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó≈≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆöÓyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛y xüyö!Óܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛üö•z àîï˛ˆÏsf ~•z !ӣψÎÏ ˚ •Î˚ xÓ˚yçܲï˛y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ åÏ È xÌÓy
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ÎsfˆÜÏ ˛ ~Ó˚ üyôƒü ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ åÏ È–
S36V
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ üï˛ÈÙÙÙÈû˛yÓ˚ï˛ ~•z §ü§ƒyÓ˚ §üyôyö ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ •yï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°yܲüï˛ !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ üyôƒü ˆÜ˛ˆÏí˛¸ !öˆÏΖ˚ ˆ°yܲüï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyçê˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö !Óï˛Ó˚yà §Ó≈ï˛ƒyà# §ß¨ƒy§#Ó˚y– ˆ°yܲüˆÏï˛Ó˚ •zFåÈyˆÏï˛ Ó˚yçƒ ã˛°ï˛–
§ß¨ƒy§# §Ó≈òy ôü≈ï˛c xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ çöï˛yÓ˚ çyà,!ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xyôƒy!dܲ í˛zß!¨ ï˛Ó˚
ܲyüöyÎ˚ ôˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ üÎ≈yòyÓ˚ ܲÌy fløÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ö– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ˆÜ˛yöÄ ˆ°yû˛ñ
ˆüy• öy ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ §ï˛ƒ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö öy– !¢«˛y
Ä §ÇflÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ üyôƒˆÏü•z §üyˆÏç ç#Óö ü)°ƒ !öü≈yî Ä ï˛y §%òì, ˛¸ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
~•z ç#Óö ü)°ƒÓ˚*˛õ# ÓÑyˆÏôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˆ°yܲ•zFåÈyÓ˚ öò# ܲáöÄ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛ê˛ˆÏܲ
x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ §üyˆÏç §ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚ï˛ öy– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ ˆ°yܲüï˛
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ û˛yÓöy ~üö•z !åÈ° ˆÎüö àîï˛y!sfܲ çöˆÏã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ !öü≈yˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ
!ܲå%È üyö%£Ï ˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒ ‘Be educate over masters’ xyˆÏ®y°ö
ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ú˛°ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ˆÎ üˆÏöyû˛yÓ
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ö ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xöƒï˛ü •°ÈÙÙÙÈ
S1V §!•£%èï˛y Ä §ÇÎü S2V xöy¢_´ û˛yÓ S3V xy•zˆÏöÓ˚ ¢y§ˆÏöÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ §¡øyö Ó˚yáy–
~Ó˚ üyö!§Ü˛ ≤Ãû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ӈϰˆÏåÈö
ˆ°yܲüï˛ÈÙÈ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ §MÈ˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ˆ•yܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ
ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ï˛!ö xy•Óyö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ˆÜ˛Ó°üye !¢!«˛ï˛ñ
!Ómyö Óy òy¢≈!öܲ !åȈϰö öyñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~ܲçö
ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛yÄ !åȈϰö– !öÓ≈yã˛ö ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ˆÜ˛Ó°üye «˛üï˛y òáˆÏ°Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚
üye öÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç §yüy!çܲ §•û˛y!àï˛yÓ˚ üyôƒüÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çöƒ !ï˛!ö
û˛yˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÌ≈#ñ û˛yˆÏ°y ò° ~ÓÇ û˛yˆÏ°y üï˛òyï˛y Sˆû˛yê˛yÓ˚V ˆÜ˛üö •ˆÏÓ
ˆ§•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇy Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ÎyˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö Ó˚yçˆÏöï˛y öÎ˚ ~ܲçö
Ó˚yçö#!ï˛K˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö–
û˛yˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÌ≈#ÈÙÙÙÈïÑ˛yÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ ~ܲçö í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ˛≤ÃyÌ≈# !ï˛!ö•z !Î!ö
!Óôyö§û˛yÎ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ôc ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !öˆÏçÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆû˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~ܲçö Óƒ!_´ !•§yˆÏÓ
S37V
ˆû˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !ï˛!ö !ÓŸªy§# •ˆÏÓö ~ÓÇ ˆÎ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ò§ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ
!ï˛!ö ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ôc ܲÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ˆ§•z òˆÏ°Ó˚ xö%¢y§ö ˛õy°ˆÏöÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ˛õ)!ï≈˛ Ä §ü˛õ≈ˆÏîÓ˚ û˛yÓÄ Ó˚yáˆÏÓö–
çöï˛y Ä òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ü!˛õ≈ï˛ !ö¤˛y•z ~ܲçö û˛yˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÌ≈#Ó˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚– !ܲv Óï≈˛üyö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÌ≈# ã˛Î˚ö ≤Ã!e´Î˚y û˛yˆÏ°y
≤ÃyÌ≈#Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° ˆÓ˚§ ˆçï˛yÓ˚ ˆâyí˛¸yÛÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇy– Ó°ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •!FåÈ
ò%û≈˛yàƒÓ¢ï˛É û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §Ω˛Óï˛ ~üö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò° ˆö•zÈ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z
ܲÌy !ã˛hsˇy ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üyÌyÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ã˛hsˇy•z ≤ÃÓ° •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ≈#
!ܲû˛yˆÏÓ ˆû˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çÎ˚# •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃyÌ≈# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ çˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§Ω˛yÓöy §Ó≈y!ôܲ–ÛÛ
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ˆû˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÓôyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö ~•z ӈϰ ÚÚxyüyˆÏòÓ˚
üˆÏö Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yöÄ áyÓ˚y˛õ ≤ÃyÌ≈#Ó˚ ˆû˛yê˛ ˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy x!ôܲyÓ˚
ˆö•zÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÜ˛yöÄ û˛yˆÏ°y òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ÌyܲˆÏ°Ä– ~üöÄ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
˙ Óƒ!_´ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÌ≈# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ò° ï˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ °yˆÏû˛Ó˚ ܲÌy•z üˆÏö
ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xö%û˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ û%˛° !åÈ°– ~•z §üÎ˚
ˆû˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ òy!Î˚c ï˛yÓ˚y §!ë˛Ü˛ !öî≈Î˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ~•z û%˛°!ê˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôö
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
û˛yˆÏ°y ò°ÈÙÙÙÈàîï˛y!sfܲ ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò°=!°Ó˚ xï˛ƒhsˇ
=Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ û)˛!üܲy ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yö §üyç ܲï˛ê˛y àîï˛y!sfܲ ï˛y ˆ§•z §üyˆÏçÓ˚
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò°=!°ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏá•z ˆÓyé˛y ÎyÎ˚–
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ üï˛yö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ °«˛î •° ÎyÓ˚y «˛üï˛y
˛õyÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ •zFå%Èܲ Óƒ!_´ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆày¤˛# öy •ˆÏÎ˚ ç#Óhsˇ §Çàë˛ö •ˆÏÓ⁄
ÎyÓ˚y «˛üï˛y ≤Ãy!Æ Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏá !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢‹T ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ–
~•z òˆÏ°Ó˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ «˛üï˛y òá° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ öy •ˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ
~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈e´üˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §yôö •ˆÏÓ– ~•zçöƒ ˆ§•z òˆÏ°Ó˚
§ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˛õòy!ôܲyÓ˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ï˛ §yôyÓ˚î §ò§ƒ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
xyò¢≈ Ó yˆÏ ò Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ö¤˛yÓyö •ˆÏ Ó – ~•z !ö¤˛y•z xö% ¢ y§ö ~ÓÇ
S38V
xyd§ü˛õ≈ˆÏîÓ˚ û˛yÓöy í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!ò xö%¢y§ö í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚
ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y òˆÏ°Ó˚ xyû˛ƒhsˇ!Ó˚ö ¢!_´•#öï˛y•z ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ò%ɈÏáÓ˚ §ˆÏD ӈϰöñ û˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò° ˆÜ˛Ó° öyˆÏüÓ˚
çöƒ•z ò°– òˆÏ°Ó˚ xyû˛ƒhsˇÓ#˚ ö ¢!_´•#öï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ xÓyN˛ö#Î˚
¢!_´ˆÏܲ•z xÓ°¡∫ö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# !ӈϢ£Ï˛ §ü§ƒyÓ˚ ܲÌy
í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö 1. Ó˚yçyÈÙÈü•yÓ˚yçyñ 2. çyï˛˛õyï˛ñ 3. ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚#–
Ó˚yçyÈÙÈü•yÓ˚yçyÈÙÙÙÈû˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò° ï˛áöÄ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸
çöï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!ö– Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò°=!°Ó˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈e´ü=!°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ûï˛
•ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î xyçÄ ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛ö Ó˚yçy ü•yÓ˚yçy öÓyÓ çyÎ˚!àÓ˚òyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
!öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ òˆÏ° xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ã˛ˆÏ°– xy!ü ~•z ܲÌy fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ~•z
˛õ)Ó˚yï˛ö Óà≈ˆÏÜ˛Ä ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §!e´Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !ܲv
≤ÃyÌ≈#˛õò ˆòÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yçÜ%˛ˆÏ° çß√ öy •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y•z
üy˛õܲy!ë˛ •ÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
çyï˛˛õyï˛ ÈÙÈçy!ï˛ Ä §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ#≈ !öÓÈ≈yã˛ˆÏö !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ãû˛yÓ
ˆú˛ˆÏ°– û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óƒ!_´ ˆÜ˛yö öy ˆÜ˛yö çy!ï˛û%˛_´– xï˛~Ó xöƒ
≤ÃyÌ#≈Ó˚ çy!ï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ §Çܲ#î≈ ܲÌy ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° xçyˆÏhsˇ•z çyï˛ÈÙÈ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚
ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃÓ° •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖 ~Ó˚ §üyôyˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •° ò°#Î˚ §Çàë˛ö
¢!_´¢y°# ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° çyï˛ÈÙÈ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆû˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ˆû˛yê˛ˆÏòÓyÓ˚
xyˆÏÓòö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö •ˆÏÓ öy–
!¢“˛õ!ï˛ÙÙÙÈ≤ÃyÌ≈# !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏö ≤ÃyÌ≈#Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ !fli!ï˛ ~ÓÇ !öÓ≈yã˛ö ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xÌ≈ áÓ˚ˆÏã˛Ó˚ «˛üï˛y xöƒï˛ü !Óã˛yÎ≈ •Î˚–
xˆÏöܲ Óƒ!_´ˆÏܲ !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏö ≤ÃyÌ#≈ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ xÓfliy !ÓˆÏÓã˛öy
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ Óƒ!_´Ó˚y üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ˆû˛yê˛ ã˛yÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ°
ˆû˛yê˛yÓ˚ Ä Ó˚y烘ö!ï˛Ü˛ ò°=!°ˆÏܲ !ܲöˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– xy§ˆÏ° §Ç§ˆÏòÓ˚ §ò§ƒ
•ÄÎ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!_´ fl∫yÌ≈ ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ üyôƒü •Î˚– Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ §• ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ühflÏ
Ó˚yç˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ ò° xÌ≈yû˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˆçï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚îy˛õߨ •Î˚–
S39V
 û˛yˆÏ°y ˆû˛yê˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ üï˛ •° ˆû˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%!k˛ü_y•z ~Ó˚
§üyôyö– ~ §Ü˛° ~üö•z ï˛Ìƒ Îy Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ˆÏܲ û%˛° !ò¢yÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ–
ÎyÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãü%á Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ü˛ ò° !•§yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
~•z !Ó˛õò ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇˆÏܲ
•ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛Í˛ öÎ˚– ~Ó˚ܲü•z çöï˛yÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ çyàÓ˚&ܲ ˆû˛yê˛yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ
Ó%!k˛ü_yÓ˚ §ˆÏD •ÑyˆÏ§Ó˚ üï˛ ç° ò%ô ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !öî≈Î˚ Ä §!ë˛Ü˛ !§k˛yhsˇ
@ˇÃ•î ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò°=!°Ó˚ û%˛° !§k˛yhsˇˆÏܲ ÷ôÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~Ó˚ çöƒ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ˆû˛yê˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ Ü˛Ìy=!° fløÓ˚î Ó˚yáyÓ˚
çöƒ xy@ˇÃ• ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
1– !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆû˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ çöƒ öÎ˚ !§k˛yˆÏhsˇÓ˚ çöƒñ Óƒ!_´Ó˚
çöƒ öÎ˚ñ ˛õy!ê˛≈Ó˚ çöƒñ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ çöƒ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ çöƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y–
2– ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~üö ˆÜ˛yö Óƒ!_´ˆÏܲ ˆû˛yê˛ ˆòö ˆÏÎ !ÓçÎ˚#
•ˆÏFåÈ ÓˆÏ° üˆÏö •ˆÏFåÈ– ï˛yˆÏï˛ !öÓ≈yã˛ö# ˛õ!Ó˚îyü Îy•zˆÏ•yܲ ï˛y !öˆÏçÓ˚
˛õÓ˚yçÎ˚•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
3– ˆû˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ §ò‰!Óã˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §ò‰!ÓˆÏÓˆÏܲÓ˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚
í˛zòy§#öï˛y ü%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ !Óe´Î˚ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ö‹T •ˆÏï˛ öy ˆòÄÎ˚y–
4– ˆû˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ öyà!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲñ ~çöƒ•z
ˆ°yܲï˛sfÓyò# •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ˆÜ˛yö !öˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚
§ò‰!ÓˆÏÓܲ ~ÓÇ xhsˇÓ˚ydyÓ˚ xy•¥yˆÏö•z ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛Í–
5– çöàˆÏîÓ˚ §òy §Ó≈òy ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛
òˆÏ°Ó˚ !öü≈yï˛y–
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ü•yüsf# !åȈϰö– ï˛Ó%Ä
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ò°ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏk≈˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ܲ àîï˛y!sfˆÏܲÓ˚ Óƒ_´ !Óã˛yÓ˚– û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
Ó‡cÓyò# ã˛!Ó˚e ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ~ܲï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛áö•z x«%˛] Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §«˛ü
Îï˛«˛î ˆòˆÏ¢ àîï˛sf ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ≤ÃáÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…Óyò•z ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛
ˆ°yܲï˛sfÓyò# ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ–
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ°yܲï˛sf !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ˆ°yÜ˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ
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~ÓÇ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚î xÌ≈yÍ
ˆ°yܲüï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆ°yÜ˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛yÎ˚
≤Ãܲy¢– í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ç#Ó˚ !ã˛hsˇy xyò¢≈Óyò#– í˛z!ö !öˆÏçÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ §üyç¢yflf
ï˛Ìy üˆÏöy˜ÏÓK˛y!öܲ ï˛_¥ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ö#!ï˛¢yflf myÓ˚y ≤Ãû˛y!Óï˛– ˆÜ˛yö òˆÏ°
ö#!ï˛¢yflf K ˛ ˆöï˛y ˛õyÄÎ˚ y Óí˛¸ ˆ§Ôû˛yˆÏ à ƒÓ˚ !Ó£Ï Î ˚ – ≤Ã!ï˛Ü% ˛ °
˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛Ä !Î!ö xyò¢≈ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏî ö#!ï˛¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ü•c•z !§k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
§üˆÏé˛yï˛yÓyò# ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ö#!ï˛ Ä xyò¢≈ˆÏܲ ï˛Íܲy°#ö ˛õ!Ó˚îyˆÏüÓ˚ û˛ˆÏÎ˚
ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ö ~•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ö#!ï˛Ó˚˛ öyˆÏü fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ï˛y•z ≤Ãܲy¢– ˆÎ
fl∫yÌ≈˛õÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# §ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ï˛yÓ˚•z û˛#£Ïî ≤Ãû˛yÓ
û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ •Î˚– ˆ§•z ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y•z ï˛yˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ° Îy
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆ°yÜ˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Óí˛¸ «˛!ï˛–
xy!Ì≈ܲ !ã˛hsˇö
åÈyeç#Óö ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy@ˇÃ• Ä K˛yö §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ xyüÓ˚y
çy!ö !ܲv í˛zFã˛!¢«˛yÎ˚ !ï˛!ö §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ åÈye !åȈϰö– •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛y !ï˛!ö xö%û˛Ó ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ö fl∫ï˛sf xÌ≈ö#!ï˛
åÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yö fl∫yô#ö §üyç ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ !Óܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ öy– !ï˛!ö
ˆÜ˛yö ˛õ)Ó≈ ≤Ã›ï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏüy fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ !åȈ°
Ï ö
öy– ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ~üö ~ܲ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆöï˛y !åȈϰö Îy ü)°ï˛É
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Óyò#ñ Îy ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ç#ÓˆÏö ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ã˛°ÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ûï˛
öÎ˚– xyô%!öܲ ˆ°yܲ ܲ°ƒyîܲyÓ˚# Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ xy!Ì≈ܲ
ö#!ï˛¢)öƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yö Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ü˛ ò° ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– §yüy!çܲñ xy!Ì≈ܲ
˜öÜ˛ê˛ƒ !Óöy §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ä ôü≈ xy!◊ï˛ ˆÜ˛yö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò° Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ˆÏï˛
≤Ãyôyöƒ ˛õyÎ˚ öy– ~çöƒ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ Îáö òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆöï,˛ˆÏc ~ˆÏ°ö
ò°ˆÏܲ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ Ä xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓö˚ – xˆÏöܲ
!ÓhflïÏ, ˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ~•z !ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ e´üÓk˛˛
Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ !°!áï˛ !ï˛ö!ê˛ ˛õ%hflÜÏ ˛ xôƒÎ˚ˆöÏ Ó˚ çöƒ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
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 1– ò‰ ê%˛ ≤’y™ñ ˆ≤Ãy!üˆÏ§§ñ ˛õyÓ˚ú˛Ó˚ˆÏü™ñ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏflõQ§ñ Sò%•z ˆÎyçöyÈÙÙÙÈ
Ó_´Óƒñ xö%˛õy°ö ~ÓÇ ≤Ãû˛yÓV 2– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ÈÙÈÙÈ!ÓܲyˆÏ
È ¢Ó˚ ˛õÌ
3– !í˛û˛ƒy°%ˆÏÎ˚¢öÈÙÙÙÈ~ ˆ@ˇÃê˛ ú˛° SxÓü)°ƒyÎ˚öñ ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ «˛!ï˛V–
xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚î
xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ°áyÓ˚ §üÎ˚ !Ó!û˛ß¨ §üˆÏÎ˚
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# !§k˛yˆÏhsˇ !ï˛!ö ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y Óƒ_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ É xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ xö%ܲÓ˚î áyÓ˚y˛õ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xˆÏöܲ ï˛ú˛yÍ xyˆÏåÈñ ˆ§çöƒ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!öˆÏçÓ˚ ~•z Ó_´Óƒ !ÓˆÏÓã˛öyÎ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙȈòˆÏ¢Ó˚
òy!Ó˚o ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏï˛ !müï˛ ˆö•zñ !ܲv ≤ß¿ ~•zñ àÓ˚#!Ó !ܲû˛yˆÏÓ
ò)Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ⁄ xyüÓ˚y xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ S˛õ%Ñ!çÓyòV ã˛°Ó öy Ó˚&ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ
S§üyçÓyòV ã˛°Ó xÌÓy •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xö%ܲÓ˚ˆÏî– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y
Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Ä•z §Ü˛° ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ Îï˛•z ≤ÈÏû˛ò ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ ï˛yÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ~ܲ ˆüÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲï˛y !ÓÓ˚yçüyö– §Ü˛ˆÏ° ÎsfˆÏܲ•z xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤Ãà!ï˛Ó˚
˛õÌ ˆüˆÏöˆÏåÈ– ΈÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö =î •ˆÏFåÈ Ü˛ü üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ x!ôܲ
í˛zͲõyòö ܲÓ˚yˆÏöy– ˛õ!Ó˚îyü fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ~•z §Ó ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x!ôܲ í˛zͲõy!òï˛
˛õîƒ !Óe´ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çöƒ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ ÓyçyÓ˚ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §y¡ÀyçƒÓyòñ í˛z˛õ!öˆÏÓ¢
Óyò ~Ó˚•z fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛– ~•z Ó˚yçƒ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ !û˛ß¨ •ˆÏ°Ä
Ó˚&¢ÈÙÈxyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy ï˛Ìy •zÇ°ƒyu˛ §Ü˛°ˆÏܲ•z ~•z ˛õsiy xÓ°¡∫ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˛≤Ãà!ï˛Ó˚
˛õÌ ÎˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õÌ öÎ˚– Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ !¢“ˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚ xyôyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏö
!ÓˆÏܲ!wï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤Ãà!ï˛ §Ω˛Ó–
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# Óí˛¸ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö!ö– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ ˆåÈyê˛ üy!°Ü˛yöyô#ö ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚
≤Ãyôyöƒ !åÈ°– 1959 §yˆÏ° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö §yüƒÓyò# ã˛#ˆÏöÏÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï
ˆÎyçöyÓ˚ öܲ° ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ã˛y£Ï ~Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˛õy¢ •Î˚– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#
ï˛yˆÏܲ xÓyhflÏÓ ï˛Ìy xÓyN˛ö#Î˚ ˆüˆÏö ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö–
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í˛z!ö ˆòˆÏ¢ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ §!ü!ï˛ xy!Ì≈ܲ ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ üï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– ~•z §ühflÏ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy xôƒÎ˚öܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ çöƒ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Îáö
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ áyòƒ§yü@ˇÃ#Ó˚ ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö ò#°òÎ˚y°ç#
Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ û˛yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– 1960 ~ PL 480ñ 1963
ˆï˛ fl∫î≈ !öÎ˚sfî xy•zö ~ÓÇ 1966 ˆï˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ xÓü)°ƒyÎ˚ö
~Ó˚ܲü•z âê˛öy ÎyÓ˚ çöƒ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ®y!°ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈö– Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ~ÓÇ üyöÓ#Î˚ §üˆÏÓòöyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî
≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– í˛z!ö ≤Ã!ï˛ÓåÈÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ xyôy!Ó˚ï˛ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ öï%˛ö ˆ°áy !°áˆÏï˛ö–
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õMÈ˛Ó£Ï≈#Î˚ ˆÎyçöyÓ˚ !öÎ˚!üï˛ §ü#«˛Ü˛
!åȈϰö– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# 1958 §yˆÏ° ò%•z ˛õMÈ˛Ó£Ï≈#Î˚ ˆÎyçöyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ
àˆÏÓ£Ïîyü)°Ü˛ Ó•z Úˆòy ˆÎyçöyˆÏÎ˚ ≠ÈÙÈ xD#ܲyÓ˚ñ xö%˛õy°öñ ≤Ãû˛yÓÛ Ó˚ã˛öy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ö Îy xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ !ӈϢ£ÏK˛ Ä Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ü˛ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ü)°Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚–
~•z ˛õ%hflÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° ò%•z ˆÎyçöy•z öÎ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ñ xy!Ì≈ܲ ôyÓ˚îyñ
•z!ï˛•y§ ~ÓÇ Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ §Ó≈yD ˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyö– ï˛Ìƒydܲñ ï%˛°öyü)°Ü˛
~ÓÇ Óƒyáƒydܲ ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyö ~ÓÇ §yÓ˚î# ~•z ˛õ%hflψÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ
Îy xÌ≈¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ K˛yö åÈyí˛¸y Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y Óy xy@ˇÃ• §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸y•z ܲ!ë˛ö–
ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ ˆ°áy ~•z Ó•z §¡∫ˆ¶Ï ˛ ÎK˛ò_ ¢ü≈y ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ ~•z ܲyç
~ï˛•z §%!ã˛!hsˇï˛ !åÈ° ˆÎñ ˆ§ §üÎ˚ ˆÎyçöy ܲ!ü¢ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õyôƒ«˛ ◊#
çߨyÓ˚yÎ˚î x@ˇÃÓy° ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚˛õe ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰö ~üö ï˛Ìƒ§ü,k˛
ˆÎyçöy §ü#«˛y xy!ü xyˆÏà ˆò!á!ö Îy ˛õ![˛ï˛ç#Ó˚ ~•z ˛õ%hflˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ xyˆÏåÈ–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˛õMÈ˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ˆÎyçöy ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ §üˆÏÎ˚•z ≤Ãôyöüsf# çÄ•Ó˚°y°
ˆö•Ó˚&Ó˚ ü,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚– fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ û˛yˆÏÓ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õMÈ˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ˆÎyçöyÎ˚ Î!ò
ˆÜ˛yöÄ ~ܲ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ §yü!@ˇÃܲ ≤Ãû˛yÓ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y ˆö•Ó˚&ç#Ó˚•z !åÈ°– í˛z!ö•z
~•z ˆÎyçöyÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õܲyÓ˚ !åȈϰö– xy!Ì≈ܲ x@ˇÃà!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛yܲyCyÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ
~•z ˆÎyçöyÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– çÄ•Ó˚ °y° ˆö•Ó˚& û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
à!ï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §y!ü° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ö– ò#öòÎ˚y°
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í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î à!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ«˛˛õy!ï˛ !åȈϰö– í˛z!ö ô#Ó˚à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Óܲy¢
x!ôܲ Ó˚«˛î¢#° ~ÓÇ Ü˛ü §ü§ƒy §,!‹TܲyÓ˚# ӈϰ üyöˆÏï˛ö– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
x@ˇÃà!ï˛Ó˚ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Óƒ!_´c xyˆÏà ˆòáyˆÏöy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö–
Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!_´ ï˛yˆÏï˛ §•û˛yà# •ˆÏÓ ~•z !ã˛hsˇy ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛Í– ~Ó˚
çöƒ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ xy@ˇÃ• ÌyÜ˛ï˛ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çöƒ ܲyç ˛õMÈ˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ˆÎyçöyÓ˚
≤ÃyÌ!üܲï˛y •ÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– !öˆÏçÓ˚ «˛üï˛yÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏöyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚îyü fl∫yˆÏfliƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Îy •Î˚ ï˛y•z •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˆÎyçöyÄ ˆ§Ó˚ܲü
x§yôƒ !åÈ°– ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ӈϰ!åȈϰö ˆ§yöyÓ˚ !í˛ü ˆòÄÎ˚y ü%à≈#Ó˚
ü,ï%˛ƒ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓöy xyˆÏåÈ–
˛!ï˛!ö ˆÎyçöy xyˆÏÎy˚ à ~ÓÇ ˆÎyçöyܲÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õˆÏÓá˚ y=!°Ó˚ xy@ˇÃˆ•Ï Ó˚ §ˆÏD
xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö– !ï˛!ö ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˛õMÈ˛Óy!£Ïܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öyÓ˚ §ü#«˛y ~ÓÇ
!ê˛Øö# xyˆÏàÓ˚ !ï˛ö!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“öyÓ˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ xˆÏöܲ û˛yˆÏ°yû˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
e´üÓk˛û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ Èö– !ï˛!ö ~•z !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ˛õyMÈ˛çöƒˆÏï˛ ÚˆÎyçöy ÓòˆÏ°yÛ
¢#£Ïö≈ yˆÏü ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ û˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÑyã˛ê˛y ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ˆ°ˆÏáö– ˆ§=!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !û˛!_
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y !ӈϟ’£îÏ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xÌ≈
˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y° ÷ô%üye xy!Ì≈ܲ §ü#«˛Ü˛•z !åȈϰö öyñ xy!Ì≈ܲ
!ã˛hsˇÜ˛Ä !åȈϰö– !ï˛!ö !åȈϰö ~ܲçö ܲü≈Ó˚ï˛ òy¢≈!öܲ– ÎyÓ˚y ÷ô%üye
ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ~ܲê˛y !ӈϢ£Ï !òܲˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §Ó!ܲå%ÈÓ˚ !öÎ˚yüܲ üˆÏö
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛yñ ~ܲê˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Óy âê˛öy !öˆÏÎ˚ x!ï˛Ó˚!Oï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚Ïï˛ ˆÎ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚
xöƒ !Ó!û˛ß¨ âê˛öy=ˆÏ°y í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ •ï˛ñ §ü@ˇÃï˛yÓyò# òy¢≈!öܲ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ò#öòÎ˚y° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD §Ó !ӣψÏÎ˚ §•üï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy–
~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y° !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈÚû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ §%¤˛
xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ !åÈ°– çö§ÇˆÏâ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z !åÈ°ñ Îï˛ê˛y û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
§Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ =Ó˚&c– ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ çí˛¸Óyò# •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ
xÌ≈≤Ãôyö– xyüÓ˚y çí˛¸Óyò ~ÓÇ xyôƒydÓyò ~•z ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §üß∫Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ã˛y•z– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ çö§Çâ §Ó§üÎ˚ ˆ§•z §Ó üyö%£Ï Óy òˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ x˛õåȈϮÓ˚
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•ˆÏÓ ÎyÓ˚y xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ çˆÏöƒ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ü)Ï°ƒˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛
ã˛yÎ˚– çö§Çâ •*òÎ˚ñ ü!hflÏ‹Ò ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ~•z !ï˛ˆÏöÏÓ˚•z §!¡ø!°ï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xˆÏöˆÏܲ çö§ÇâˆÏܲ ˆòy£ÏyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ çö§Çâ
xyôƒy!dܲï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ü•!£Ï≈ xÓ˚!Ó® ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛ ü•y˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏˆÏòÓ˚
ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ öy– xyüÓ˚y ~•z í˛zû˛Î˚ ˆòy£ÏyˆÏÓ˚y˛õˆÏܲ fl∫yàï˛ çy!öˆÏÎ˚
~ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z ˆÎÈÙÙÙȧüyˆÏçÓ˚ çöƒ xÌ≈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö– ÎyˆÏï˛ üyö%£Ï
!öˆÏçÓ˚ û˛Ó˚î ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ xöƒ ü•Í ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çöƒ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ xÌ≈ˆÏܲ•z xyüÓ˚y =Ó˚&c !ò•z–
!öˆÏçÓ˚ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚ û˛yÓöyÈÙÈ!ã˛hsˇyˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ò#öòÎ˚y°
í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ÚÚû˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ ≠ !Óܲy¢ !ܲ ~ܲ !ò¢yÛÛ öyˆÏü ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•z
ˆ°ˆÏáö– Ó•z!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !öˆÏçÓ˚
!ã˛hsˇy≤ç%ï˛ Ú~ܲyd üyöÓÛ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈yÎ˚yüÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– §üyçˆÏܲ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xû˛yÓ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãû˛yÓ í˛zû˛Î˚•z ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚
§%í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ÓƒÓfliy ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÎ˚yü Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ üˆÏöy!ÓK˛yö
xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xû˛yÓ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xû˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ã%˛!Ó˚ˆÏܲ
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ¢yflfܲyÓ˚Ó˚y x˛õÓ˚yô ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö öyñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ê˛yˆÏܲ xy˛õòôü≈
ӈϰö– !ÓŸªy!üe ôˆÏü≈Ó˚ xˆÏöܲ Óyôy x!ï˛e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈöñ xy˛õòôˆÏü≈Ó˚
§ÇK˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ¢yflfܲyÓ˚Ó˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛z!ã˛Í ӈϰ àîƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåöÈ– §üyˆÏç xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ fliyÎ˚# xû˛yÓ •ˆÏ° ã%˛!Ó˚•z ôˆÏü≈ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Î!ò Ó‡ˆÏ°yܲ xû˛yÓ@ˇÃfli •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õò ã%˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ §üyˆÏç xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xû˛yÓ ~ÓÇ xû˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y x˛õÓ˚yô §üyˆÏç
ôü≈ˆÏܲ ôùǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ– Îáö xÌ≈ Óy xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ Óy
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ˆû˛yàÈÙÈ!Ó°yˆÏ§ xy§!_´ çß√yÎ˚ ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ•z Ó°y •Î˚
xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ– Îáö §Ü˛ˆÏ° ôöÓyö •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛áö ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚
çöƒ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö ˆÓyô •ˆÏÓñ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~•z ≤Ãû˛yÓ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏö xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xû˛yÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ– §ˆÏÓ≈ =îy ≠ ܲyMÈ˛ö üy◊Î˚ˆÏhsˇ–
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 üy!°Ü˛yöyÓ˚ ≤ß¿
ÚÚ§¡õ!_ ܲyÓ˚ÛÛ ~ê˛y §û˛ƒ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ xy!òܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ß¿– §¡õ!_ˆÏܲ
ˆàyê˛y §üyçã˛ˆÏe´Ó˚ xyôyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏö ˆöÄÎ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓ˚y
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏåÈ– Óƒ!_´Óyò ~ÓÇ §üyçÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ydܲ §Çâ£Ï≈ öï%˛ö ~ܲ
≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚ÈÙÙÙȧ¡õ!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ Óy §¡õ!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
§üyˆÏçÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚– §¡õ!_Ó˚ üy!°Ü˛yöy !öˆÏÎ˚ Óƒ!_´ ~ÓÇ §üyç í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚
~•z m®μˆÏܲ•z ò#öòÎ˚y° û%˛° ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ üyö%£Ï §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ô– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆ§ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õ!_Ó˚
~ܲê˛y xLjϢÓ˚ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ Óy §ÇÓ˚«˛Ü˛– !ï˛!ö Óƒ!_´ˆÏܲ ôö•#ö ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !åȈϰö– üyö%£Ï !öˆÏç•z §üyˆÏçÓ˚ xD– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆ§ !öˆÏç•z
§üyˆÏçÓ˚ §¡õò– ï˛y•z §¡õ!_Ó˚ xˆÏüyâ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §üyˆÏçÓ˚•z– !ܲv
§üyˆÏçÓ˚ ~ܲüye ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ô §ÇfliyÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚y烈Ïܲ ˆüˆÏö !öˆÏï˛ !ï˛!ö Ó˚yç#
öö– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ï˛!ö !öç §¡õ!_Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#ܲÓ˚î Óy §yüy!çܲ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
öyˆÏü Ó˚yˆÏçƒ §¡õ!_Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#ܲÓ˚îñ ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏܲ•z §üyö Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ û%˛° ӈϰ
üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– §yôyÓ˚î üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ˛Ñõ%!ç˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xÌÓy Ó˚y烧ÇfliyÓ˚ ◊!üܲ
Óy òyˆÏ§ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö üyöÓï˛yÓ˚ x˛õüyö ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö–
ò#öòÎ˚y° §¡õ!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!_´ Óy Ó˚yçƒ Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚•z xüÎ≈y!òï˛ üy!°Ü˛yöy
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy– !ï˛!ö üy!°Ü˛yöyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#ܲÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !åȈϰö–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !ï˛!ö !ÓˆÏܲw#ï˛ Ó˚yçƒ Ä !ÓˆÏܲw#ï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ §üÌ≈ܲ !åȈϰö–
!ï˛!ö Ó°ˆÏï˛öÈÙÙÙÈÚ§üyçÓyò#Ó˚y !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õ!_ˆÏܲ•z ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy
ӈϰ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !§k˛yhsˇ ò%ˆêÏ ˛yˆÏܲ•z §üÌ≈ö ܲÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛ö– Î!òÄ
§,!‹TÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚Ω˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ÚÚx˛õ!Ó˚@ˇÃ•ÛÛ ~ÓÇ ÚÚüy à,ô≠ ܲ§ƒ!fl∫k˛öü‰ÛÛ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢
˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– §yüƒÓyò#ñ ÎyÓ˚y !öç §¡õ!_ ~•z û˛yÓöyˆÏܲ•z §ü)ˆ° Ï ˆ¢£Ï
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ≤Ã̈Ïü Óƒ!_´àï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲå%È !ܲå%È xLjϢ
!öçÈÙȧ¡õ!_ ӈϰ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !öçÈÙȧ¡õ!_Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ü®
í˛zͲõߨ •ÄÎ˚y §ˆÏ_Ä ¥ xyüÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ Ó!•‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy– !öç §¡õ!_Ó˚
üÎ≈yòy xÓ¢ƒ•z fliy˛õö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎáyˆÏö ü%!‹TˆüÏ Î˚ !ܲå%È çˆÏöÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛
˛õ%ç
Ñ # Ü%˛!«˛àï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓöy ˆ§áyˆÏö Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ܲÓ˚î ÓyN˛ö#Î˚–
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ÚÜ%˛ê˛#Ó˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z !Ó˛õò á%Ó Ü˛ü– !ܲv û˛yÓ˚# !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~•z !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓöy xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ¢#– §%Ó˚«˛y §yü@ˇÃ# !¢ˆÏ“ ˆï˛y Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ܲÓ˚î
x!öÓyÎ≈– ~áö ≤ß¿ ˛õ%Ñ!çÈÙÈ!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚– ˆ§ê˛yˆÏÜ˛Ä ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hsˇ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ܲÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~áö ˛õ%Ñ!çÈÙÈ!¢“ Óƒ!_´àï˛
üy!°Ü˛yöyÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ e´!üܲ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛Íñ Îï˛!òö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
§¡õ)î≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ܲÓ˚î §¡õ)î≈ öy •Î˚ñ ï˛ï˛!òö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ Óí˛¸ÈÙÈ!¢“=!°ˆÏܲ
ˆçyê˛ ÓÑyôyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ˆÏܲ xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ=!°Ó˚ ˆçyê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏåÈñ
ˆ§=!° Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ä °«˛ƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛Ó˚y ˆçyê˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öÎ˚sfî fliy˛õö öy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– çy˛õyˆÏö §¡õ!_ x§üÓrê˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˆ§áyöܲyÓ˚ Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ !¢“
˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚•z !öÎ˚sfî–
˛õ%Ñç#Óyò# ~ÓÇ §üyçÓyò#Ó˚y ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ üy!°Ü˛yöyÓ˚ ≤ß¿ í˛zay˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆÎê˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Óû˛_´ò,!‹TÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ üˆÏï˛ §¡õ!_Ó˚ Úܲï,≈˛cÛÓ˚
ÓòˆÏ° ˆÜ˛w#ܲÓ˚î ~Ó˚ ≤ß¿ ˆÓ¢# =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– ˆ§•z §ˆÏD í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yàÓyòÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤ß¿Ä =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– !ï˛!ö ӈϰö ˆÎÈÙÙÙÈüy!°Ü˛yöyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xÓyô
!öÎ˚sfî ~ÓÇ •zFåÈyüï˛ ˆû˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛yˆÏܲ û%˛° ˛õê˛û)˛!üˆÏï˛
≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ •ÄÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥Äñ
xy!ü ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ xyüyÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ •zFåÈyüï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ öy– ˆ§
x!ôܲyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ öy•z– Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xyüÓ˚y üy!°Ü˛yöy ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yàñ
~•z ò%!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!åÈñ ï˛ï˛!òö ~Ó˚ áyÓ˚y˛õ
!òܲ=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏöy ÎyˆÏÓ öy– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y•z û˛yÓöy •ÄÎ˚y
í˛z!ã˛Í !ç!öˆÏ§Ó˚ üy!°Ü˛ xy!üñ ˆ§ê˛y ˆû˛yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ xyüyÓ˚ ï˛áö•z
ÌyܲˆÏÓñ Îáö ˆ§ê˛y §üyˆÏçÓ˚ !•ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çöƒ •ˆÏÓ– Îáö Ó˚yçƒ üy!°Ü˛yöy
@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆöÎ˚ñ ï˛áöÄ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy ˆ§•z§Ó üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ myÓ˚y•z ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎ
üyö%£Ï !öˆÏçÓ˚ !ç!ö§˛õe !öˆÏçÓ˚ •zˆFÏ åÈüï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ û˛Î˚ ˛õyÎ˚ öyñ ˆ§•z
üyö%£Ï §üyˆÏçÓ˚ !ç!ö§=!°Ä ˆÎ ˆï˛üöû˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ öyñ ~Ó˚ àƒyÓ˚y!rê˛
ˆòÄÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó öÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ò%Óƒ≈ Ó•yÓ˚ Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ òu˛ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö– ï˛yÓ˚
üy!°Ü˛yöy Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_Ä ¥ ˆ§•z ö#!ï˛ Ü˛yˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
S47V
 üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !öçfl∫ï˛y •Ó˚îܲyÓ˚# Ó˚yçƒy!ôܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §üyçˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛yܲyÓ˚#
Óƒ!_´ x!ôܲyÓ˚ í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !åȈϰö ò#öòÎ˚y°– ~ê˛yˆÏܲ !ï˛!ö
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ x§%fli xÓfliyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– §¡õ!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
Óƒ!_´ Óy Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xÓyô !öÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ß¿ Ä•z xÓfliyÓ˚ í˛z˛õçyï˛–
!ï˛!ö üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛öÈÙÙÙÈÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ Ü˛ï,˛≈ ˆÏcÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ •° §!ë˛Ü˛ üÎ≈yòy ~ÓÇ
§%ÈÙÈí˛zˆj
Ï ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÜ˛yö Ó›Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚– §üˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
~•z §Ü˛° x!ôܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ Ä ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z xyüÓ˚y ˜§k˛y!hsˇÜ˛
ò,!‹T ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒ!_´ ~ÓÇ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ öy– §¡õ!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏû˛yà
§üyˆÏçÓ˚ !•ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çöƒ •Î˚ñ •zˆFÏ åÈüï˛ û˛yˆÏÓ öy •Î˚– ê˛Δyfiê˛#!¢˛õñ ~•z û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
!§k˛yhsˇ ày¶˛#ç# ~ÓÇ ◊#=Ó˚&ç# §üyˆÏçÓ˚ §yüˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ˆÏåÈö–
~ܲܲ Óƒ!_´ ~ÓÇ §ü@ˇÃ§üyç í˛zû˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z ˆÓyé˛y ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü
üyöÓï˛yÓ˚ §%á °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ܲyd üyöÓÓyò ~Ó˚ x!û˛ˆÏ≤Ãï˛
•° §¡õ!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öÎ˚!sfï˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚–
xy!Ì≈ܲ ˆ°yܲï˛sfÈ
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ˆ°yܲï˛sfˆÜÏ ˛ ÷ô%üye Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ !òܲ
üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö öy– !ï˛!ö üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ Î!ò
§Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆû˛yê˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏܲ ܲyç ˆòÄÎ˚y xy!Ì≈ܲ àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚
üy˛õò[˛– ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏܲ ܲyçÈÙÈ~Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ≤çˆÏD ӈϰˆÏåÈö ˆÎñ ܲyç ≤ÃÌüï˛
ç#!Óܲyç≈ˆöÏ Ó˚ çöƒ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ Ä•z Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ܲyç !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏöÓ˚ fl∫yô#öï˛y
Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛Í– Î!ò ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ xyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ xÇ¢ ˆ§ öy ˛õyÎ˚ñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆÓàyÓ˚ ӈϰ àîƒ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ò,!‹Tû˛!DˆÏï˛ ö)öƒï˛ü ˆÓï˛öñ
í˛z!ã˛Í Órê˛ö ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yö öy ˆÜ˛yö Ó˚ܲˆÏüÓ˚ §yüy!çܲ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy
xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– !ï˛!ö xyˆÏÓ˚y ӈϰöÈÙÙÙÈxyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆÓàyÓ˚ áyê˛y ˆÎüö
ˆÜ˛yö ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ ˆï˛ü!ö ˆÜ˛yö Óƒ!_´ Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚ «˛üï˛y xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòö
öy ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ˚ ˆ§ê˛yÄ ˆÜ˛yö ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ öÎ˚– xyu˛yÓ˚ ~ü≤’Έ˚ üÏ rê˛ ~ܲ
ôÓ˚ˆöÏ Ó˚ ˆÓܲyÓ˚#–
üyö%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ í˛zͲõyòöÈÙÈfly∫ ô#öï˛y Óy §,çöܲˆÏü≈ xyâyï˛Ü˛yÓ˚# xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ
S48V
ò#öòÎ˚y° xàîï˛y!sfܲ ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ö– !öˆÏç í˛zͲõyòˆÏöÓ˚ üy!°Ü˛ öy
•ÄÎ˚y ◊!üܲ Óy ܲü≈ã˛yÓ˚# !öˆÏçÓ˚ fl∫yô#öï˛yˆÏܲ•z !Ó!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– xy!Ì≈ܲ
fl∫yô#öï˛y Óy Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫yô#öï˛y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !öû≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ àîï˛sf åÈyí˛¸y xy!Ì≈ܲ àîï˛sf ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ˆÎ xy!Ì≈ܲ
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫yô#öñ ˆ§•z Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆïÏ ˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚ x!û˛üï˛ fl∫yô#öû˛yˆÏÓ
Óƒ_´ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ – öy•ˆÏ° xÌ≈§ƒ ˛õ%Ó&˚ ˆÏ£yÏ òy§É S˛õ%Ó&˚ £Ï xˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ òy§
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚V–
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòö fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ xyâyï˛ ˆ•ˆÏöˆÏåÈ
˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# !¢“ í˛zˆÏjƒy!àܲÓ˚î– !ï˛!ö ~üö í˛zˆÏòƒy!àܲÓ˚î ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ö ˆÎáyˆÏö
fl∫yô#öñ ˆåÈyê˛ Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚!¢“=!° ôùǧ •ˆÏÓ öy– xyç Îáö xyüÓ˚y §Ó≈yD#ö
í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó!°ñ ï˛áö §ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆüˆÏö !ö•z–
~•z §ÇÓ˚«˛î ˆò¢#Î˚ !¢“ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏò¢# !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
ˆò¢#Î˚ ˆåÈyê˛ !¢“=!°ˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ï˛!ö xö%û˛Ó
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö ˛õ!ÿ˛ü# !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ xö%ܲÓ˚î û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚¡õ!Ó˚ܲ !¢“=!°ˆÏܲ
!˛õåȈÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ ~ÓÇ Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– xyüÓ˚y ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏüÓ˚
xö%ܲÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ ˆã˛yá Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ fl∫yû˛y!Óܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛
•ˆÏFåÈ öy– ï˛yÓ˚y xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ x!û˛ß¨ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚y!◊ï˛ xD
öÎ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyé˛y ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
fl∫Î˚LjϧÓ# ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛È
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î !¢“ Óy ܲyÓ˚#àˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛zˆ˛Ï õ«˛yܲyÓ˚# !¢“ xàîï˛y!sfܲ
˛õ%ç
Ñ #Óyò ~ÓÇ §üyçÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !öç §yÓ≈ç!öܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÓyòˆÏܲ ò#öòÎ˚y°
û%˛° ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓö˚ – ~Ó˚y í˛zû˛Î˚ˆÎÏ •˚ z fl∫ÎÇ˚ ˆÏ§ÓÏ # ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §Ó≈öy¢ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ åÏ È–
xy!Ì≈ܲ àîï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ çöƒ fl∫ÎÇ˚ ˆÏ§Ó# ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çö– ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ
!ÓˆÏܲw#Ü,˛ï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–
ÚÚÓ˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!_´ˆÏܲ ≤ÃçyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏܲw#û)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ
¢y§ö §ÇfliyÓ˚ !öü≈yî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•zû˛yˆÏÓ xy!Ì≈ܲ ¢!_´ˆÏÜ˛Ä ≤ÃçyˆÏòÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ !ÓˆÏܲw#û)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ !öü≈yî ~ÓÇ §MÈ˛y°ö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
S49V
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsf Óƒ!_´ ï˛yÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öydܲ «˛üï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ §%ˆÏÎyà ÌyˆÏܲ– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z û˛yˆÏÓ xy!Ì≈ܲ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsf üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
«˛üï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õòò!°ï˛ öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏÜ˛Ä ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y §%ˆÏÎyà !òˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ– Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öydܲ «˛üï˛yˆÏܲ ˆfl∫FåÈyã˛y!Ó˚ï˛y ˆÎû˛yˆÏÓ
ôùǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•zû˛yˆÏÓ xÌ≈ö#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó˛õ%°û˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y Ó,•Í !¢“ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
Ó˚ã˛öydܲ «˛üï˛yˆÏܲ ôùǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˆ§•zçˆÏöƒ ˆfl∫FåÈyã˛y!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ üï˛
!¢“Ä Óç≈ö#Î˚–
Îsfã˛y!°ï˛ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ §#üy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ~ܲê˛y §ü#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî
ӈϰöÈÙÙÙÈÚ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyçÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !§k˛yhsˇ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏ° §üÈÙÈÓrê˛ö
§%!ö!ÿ˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyüÓ˚y !ÓˆÏܲw#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@ˇÃ§Ó˚ •Ó–
~•z !§k˛yhsˇˆÏܲ à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ §%ˆÏe ~•zû˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
ç à ܲ Ó Î •z
~áyˆÏö ÚçÛ çˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÎ˚ܲ ÚÜ˛Û Ü˛ˆÏüÓ≈ ˚ xÓfliyñ ÚÓÛ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ñ ÚÎÛ ÎˆÏsÓf ñ˚
Ú•zÛ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ# •zFåÈy Óy •z!FåÈï˛ §Çܲ“ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ú•zÛ S•zFåÈyV
~ÓÇ ÚçÛ Sçöï˛yV ˆï˛y !ë˛Ü˛•z xyˆÏåÈ– Ú•zÛ ~ÓÇ ÚçÛ ~Ó˚ xö%˛õyˆÏï˛ ÚܲÛ
Sܲü≈V ~ÓÇ ÚÎÛ SÎsfV ˆÜ˛ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv !¢“ Î!ò °«˛ •Î˚ñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ÚÎÛ §Ü˛Ï°ˆÏܲ !öÎ˚sîf ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ÚÎÛ ~Ó˚ xö%˛õyˆÏï˛ ÚçÛ ~Ó˚ åÈyÑ ê˛y•z •Î˚–
ÚÎÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xö%˛õyˆÏï˛ Ú•zÛ ˆÜ˛Ä ΈÏsÓf ˚ x!ï˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏöÓ˚ xö%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚ñ
ˆÎê˛y §Ó≈òy xÓyN˛ö#Î˚– ÚçÛ ˆÜ˛ åÈÑyê˛y•z ܲyÓ˚# ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yö xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliy
xàîï˛y!sfܲ– Ú•zÛ ˆÜ˛ !öÎ˚sîf ܲyÓ˚# xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliy ˆfl∫FåÈyã˛yÓ˚#– ï˛y•z ÚçÛ ~ÓÇ
Ú•zÛ ˆÜ˛ !öÎ˚sˆf îÏ ÚÜ˛Û ˆÜ˛ !öˆÏÎy˚ à ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ•z àîyï˛y!sfܲ ~ÓÇ
üyö!Óܲ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliy Ó°y ÎyˆÏÓ–
!ÓˆÏܲw#ï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyÈ
!ÓˆÏܲw# xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ çöƒ !ÓˆÏܲw#ï˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓfliyÄ çÓ˚&Ó˚#–
~•z çˆÏöƒ ò#öòÎ˚y° fl∫yÓ°¡∫# §üÌ≈ @ˇÃyü ˛õMÈ˛yˆÏÎ˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ çö˛õò ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚
˛õ«˛˛õy!ï˛ !åȈϰö– xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ !û˛!_ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ @ˇÃyü Óy çö˛õò
•ÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– @ˇÃyü=!°ˆÏܲ ôùǧܲyÓ˚# xy!Ì≈ܲˆÏÎyçöy û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ˆÏܲ
S50V
ôùǧܲyÓ˚# ≤Ãüy!îï˛ •ˆÏÓ– @ˇÃyü ~ÓÇ ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x§ü í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚
xá[˛ï˛yÓ˚ çöƒ âyï˛Ü˛– §Ç§yôö ~ÓÇ «˛üï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
xyüÓ˚y ˛õ%Ñç#Óyò ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚ydܲ ò%‹Tã˛ˆÏe´Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó
öy– ï˛y•z xy!Ì≈ܲ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ fliy˛õöyÓ˚ çöƒ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!ÓˆÏܲw#ï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliy•z §ˆÏÓ≈y_ü– ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ !°áˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈ
........!ÓˆÏܲw#ï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliy ã˛y•z– fl∫Î˚LjϧÓ# ˆ«˛e (Self Employed
Sector) ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ˆ«˛e Îï˛ Óyí˛¸ˆÏÓ üyö%£Ï ï˛ï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚
ÎyˆÏÓ– üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ܲçö üyö%£Ï xyÓ˚ ~ܲçö üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲÌy
û˛yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ Óƒ!_´àï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛y
!Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç !òˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ =îyÓ°#Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z !ÓˆÏܲw#ï˛
xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliy û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈•z !ÓŸª §Ç§yÓ˚ˆÏܲ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎ ÓƒÓfliy û˛y!Ó˚ÈÙÈ!¢“
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛w#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ò%‹Tã˛ˆÏe´ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆúÑ˛ˆÏ§ ˆàˆÏåÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ú˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyöy
ܲ!ë˛ö– ˆ§•zçöƒ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˆò¢=!°ˆÏܲ @ˇÃyÏüˆÏܲ!sfܲ ˆåÈyê˛ÈÙÈ!¢“
Î%_´ !ÓˆÏܲ!wï˛ xÌ≈ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆåÈyê˛!¢“=!°
xy!Ì≈ܲ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ °yû˛çöܲ öÎ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y° ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §ˆÏD §•üï˛
ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy !ï˛!ö üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö Ó,•Í !¢ˆÏ“ Ó,•Í °yû˛ ºüüye–
ÓyhflψÏÓ °yû˛ ˆåÈyê˛ !¢ˆÏ“•z •Î˚–
.....................xy§ˆÏ° §ï˛ƒ •° °yû˛ Ó,•Í!¢ˆÏ“ í˛zͲõyòˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ
öÎ˚ñ ˆÓ¢# ˛õ!Ó˚üyˆÏî í˛zͲõyòˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •Î˚– Î!ò •z!ï˛•y§ ˆâшÏê˛ ˆò!áñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆòáÓ ˆÎñ !Ó ˆÏê˛ˆÏö Ó,•Í !¢ˆÏ“ ܲy˛õí˛¸ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏ°Ä û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚
ܲy˛õí˛¸ ˆ§áyˆÏö !àˆÏÎ˚ §hflÏy •Î˚– çy˛õyˆÏöÓ˚ üy°˛õe ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ Óy!ܲ
§ühflÏ üy°˛õeˆÏܲ ÓyçyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyí˛zê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸
ܲyÓ˚áyöyÎ˚ öÎ˚ Óyí˛¸#ˆÏï˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚ñ Î!ò ˆåÈyê˛ !¢“=!°Ó˚ x§%!Óôy=!°
ò%Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ È~ÓÇ Óí˛¸ !¢“=!°ˆÏܲ ˆÎ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ §%!Óôy x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ ˆòÄÎ˚y
•Î˚ ï˛y ˆåÈyê˛ !¢“=!°ˆÏܲ !òˆÏ° !ö!ÿ˛ï˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆåÈyê˛!¢“=!° Óyç#üyï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏÓ– xyüÓ˚y çy!ö ˆÎ 1930ÈÙÈ37 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ §üˆÏÎ˚ ˆåÈyê˛ ˆåÈyê˛
ˆüyê˛Ó˚àyí˛¸# ã˛y°ˆÏܲÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎyà#ï˛yÎ˚ ˆÓ˚°ˆÏܲ !˛õåȈÏö ˆú˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
Î!ò ¢y§ö ~ÓÇ Î%k˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ öy xy§ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÓшÏã˛
Ìyܲy ò%‹ÒÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛–
S51V
 ~ܲyd üyöÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ o‹Ty
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚yˆÏô≈Ó˚ ü•y˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï !åȈϰöñ
Îáö §yÓ˚y !ӈϟª !Ó!û˛ß¨ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y ï˛#Ó û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛
!åÈ°– ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ öÓçyàÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ã˛yÓ˚ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛
!Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y=ˆÏ°y öï%˛ö ˛õÌ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°– ~•z ò,¢ƒüyö !ÓŸª
~áö xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yö ≤Èϕ!°Ü˛y öÎ˚– §y•§# ü•yܲy¢ã˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y ~•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#
˛õ!Ó˚e´ü ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆú˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈñ !ÓK˛yöñ çí˛¸Óyò ~ÓÇ üyöÓï˛yÓyò {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó˚•§ƒüÎ˚ §_¥yˆÏܲ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O çy!öˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– x¶˛!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ÓK˛yö
xyâyï˛ ˆ•ˆÏöˆÏåÈ– ◊k˛yü)°Ü˛ xyfliy=!° Î%!_´Ó˚ myÓ˚y öÓ˚ÓˆÏí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚–
û˛àÓyö û˛Ó˚ § yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ ° !ÓˆÏ Ó ˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ û˛Ó˚ § y fli y ö ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛–
!̈ÏÎ˚yˆÏe´§#ˆÏܲ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O çy!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§Ü%˛°y!Ó˚çüñ ˆ°yܲï˛sfÎ%_´ Óƒ!_´Óyò
~ÓÇ §üyçÓyòÈÙÈ≤Ãû,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ≤ÃÓ° xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
üyö%£Ï û˛àÓÍÜ,˛˛õy ~ÓÇ û˛àÓÍ û˛Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ !ÓçÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
!ÓŸª!ÓçÎ˚ x!û˛ÎyˆÏöÓ˚ xyˆÏÎy˚ çö ܲˆÏÓ–˚ é%˛Ñ !ܲ˛õ)î≈ §¶˛yö xyÓ˚Ω˛ •Î˚– öï%˛ö
öï%˛ö ˆòˆÏ¢ •zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ#Î˚ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ !ÓhflyÏ Ó˚ •Î˚– !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑# ~•z §ühflÏ
§y¡Ày烈Ïܲ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O çyöyˆÏöyÓ˚ ¢ï˛y∑#– Ó˚y‹TÓ… yòñ Óƒy˛õܲû˛yˆÏÓ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyòˆÏܲ
ˆê˛E˛y !òˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏüÓ˚ K˛yöÈÙÈ!ÓK˛yö ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏüÓ˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚
üyôƒˆÏü•z ~!¢Î˚y ~ÓÇ xy!ú ˛Ü˛y ü•yˆÏò¢=!°ˆÏï˛ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏüÓ˚
§ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ§ ~•z§Ó ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚y ≤Ãû˛y!Óï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚
Ó˚y‹T…Óyò# üyö!§Ü˛ï˛y ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏüÓ˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õ!ÿ˛!ü !¢«˛yˆÏܲ
˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ%!Ó˚ @ˇÃ•î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ!ÿ˛!ü ¢!_´ˆÏܲ @ˇÃ•î
ܲÓ˚° öy– ò#öòÎ˚y° û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚y‹TÓ… yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ú˛§°–
!ï˛!ö ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ xôƒyÎ˚ö ~ÓÇ xö%û˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !§k˛yhsˇ ~ÓÇ
ö#!ï˛ˆÏܲ˛ ~ܲyd üyöÓÓyò öyˆÏü ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ö Îy ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
çö§Aâ Ä û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çöï˛y ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– !ï˛!ö
≤ÃhflÏyÓöyˆÏï˛ ¢ÇܲÓ˚yã˛yÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ã˛yîܲƒˆÏܲ fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰöÈÙÙÙÈ
S52V
û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ !Ó≤’Ó ~ˆÏö!åÈ° xyç ~üö•z ò%çˆÏöÓ˚ ܲÌy
fløÓ˚ˆÏî xy§ˆÏåÈ– ~ܲçö ¢ÇܲÓ˚yã˛yÎ≈– !Î!ö §öyï˛ö ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢
!öˆÏÎ˚ ˆò¢Óƒy˛õ# !Óhfl,Ïï˛ xöyã˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– !mï˛#Î˚
ã˛yîܲƒ– §yÓ˚y û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !åÈ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ¢!_´=!°ˆÏܲ
~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §yÓ≈ˆÏû˛Ôü Ó˚y‹T… àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çöƒ ò,ì˛¸ ≤Ã!ï˛˘˘K˛ !åȈϰö–
xyçÄ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛üö•z ~ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §yüˆÏö– ˆÎáyˆÏö xyüÓ˚y
!ÓˆÏò¢# !ã˛hsˇy ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ x§¡õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ xflõ‹T !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚yÓ˚
ÓòˆÏ° §¡õ)î≈ !Ó÷k˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚y myÓ˚y üyöÓÈÙÈܲ°ƒyˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ
§¡õ)î≈ ôyÓ˚îy Ú~ܲydÈÙÈüyöÓÓyòÛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ Ó!°¤˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyîˆÏܲ öï%˛ö
û˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ܲyç ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚!åÈ–
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yÎ˚ ¢ÇܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓòyhsˇñ
ˆÜ˛Ô!ê˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ xÌ≈¢yflf ~ÓÇ fl∫Ü,˛ï˛ ~ܲyhsˇ üyöÓÓyò ˆÜ˛ öï%˛ö xyôyÓ˚
Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ fliy˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ !¢«˛yÓˆÏà≈ ò#öòÎ˚y° ò°#Î˚ ~ÓÇ
˛õy!Ó˚flõy!¢≈ܲï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ü%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hsˇyû˛yÓöy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ö–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òy¢≈!öܲ ôyÓ˚îy=!° ~•z §Ü˛° !¢«˛yÓˆÏà≈ ˆòÄÎ˚y ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛ ÓˆÏà≈
üsiö •ï˛– 1964 §yˆÏ° ç%ö üyˆÏ§ Ó˚yçfliyˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zòÎ˚˛õ%Ó˚ §Aâ !¢«˛y
ÓˆÏà≈ !ï˛!ö ≤ÃÌüÓyÓ˚ ~ܲyd üyöÓÓyò ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛y xû˛ƒy§ Óà≈=!°Ä !ï˛!ö ~ܲ•z ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ö–
~•z !¢«˛yÓà≈=!°Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ˛ •ÄÎ˚y ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚y Ä ò¢≈ö !ܲå%È
!ܲå%È §ÇˆÏ¢yôˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ò%•z û˛yˆÏà ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚– ≤ÃÌü xÇ¢ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚
11 xyàfiê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ 15 xyàˆÏfiê˛ñ 1964 ˆàyÎ˚y!°Î˚ˆÏÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ≤Ã!¢«˛î !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§áyˆÏö !ï˛!ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ çöƒñ
!§k˛yhsˇ xí˛zÓ˚ ö#!ï˛ñ Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ á§í˛¸y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– çyö%Î˚yÓ˚# 1965 ˆï˛
!ÓçÎ˚ÄÎ˚yÓ˚y x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö ~•z !§k˛yhsˇ xí˛zÓ˚ ö#!ï˛ ˆÜ˛ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚
!ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚y ӈϰ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– !mï˛#Î˚ xÇ¢ ~ܲyd üyöÓÓyò– 22
ˆÌˆÏܲ 25 ~!≤ðñ 1965 ˆï˛ ü%¡∫y•zˆÏï˛ ~ܲyd üyöÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚
S53V
ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ û˛y£Ïî ˆòö– Î!òÄ ï˛yÓ˚ Óí˛¸ xÇ¢ §Çâ !¢«˛yÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛ ÓˆÏà≈
xhsˇ!ö≈!•ï˛ !åÈ°– Îy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó¢ÓåÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚y û˛y£Ïî=!°Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ÎyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ xyÓ˚ ˛õyÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy– ÚÓ˚y‹T…ôü≈Û Ú˛õyMÈ˛çöƒÛ ~ÓÇ
Úxà≈yöy•zçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Û ≤ÃÓ¶˛=!° ~Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛û)˛!ü–
û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ä ˆò¢Óƒy˛õ# ˜Óã˛y!Ó˚ܲ ˛õÓ˚!öû≈˛Ó˚ï˛y ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ܲyˆÏåÈ x§•ö#Î˚ !åÈ°– ~•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛!ê˛ï˛
•Î˚– ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛#Ó  xö%û)˛!ï˛ Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°áy
Ú!§k˛yhsˇ xí˛zÓ˚ ö#!ï˛Û ˆï˛– ˆ§áyˆÏö !°ˆÏáˆÏåÈöÈÙÙÙÈÓ˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §%!ö!ÿ˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ
§%ÈÙÈ!öˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° ¢y§Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ¢y!§ï˛ !Óºü ~ÓÇ !ÓÓ˚!_´Ó˚
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲÇܲï≈˛Óƒ!Óü)ì˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xyfliy ~ÓÇ xyd!ÓŸªy§•#öï˛yÓ˚ ~•z xÓfliy Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ x!hflÏc ~ÓÇ xy!fløï˛
çöƒ !Ó˛õò§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ xˆÏ¢yû˛ö#Î˚– ~ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛õ%Ó˚&£ÏyÌ≈ˆÏܲ çy@ˇÃï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Ó˚y‹T…ç#ÓöˆÏܲ =Ó˚&c öy !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ÓˆÏò¢# ~ÓÇ !û˛öçyï˛#Î˚
!Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y ç#Óö˜Ï¢°# ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty•z Óï≈˛üyö ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö
ܲyÓ˚î– ã˛ê˛ç°!ò í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ °y°§yÎ˚ xöƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ x¶˛ÈÙÈxö%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
~ÓÇ Úfl∫Û S!öçfl∫VˆÜ˛ !ï˛Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ,!_ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ°
Ó˚y‹T…üyöˆÏ§ xöyfliyÓ˚ §,!‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ–
~•z xöyfliy Ä x!ÓŸªy§•z ˆ§•z ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O !åÈ° Îy ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚
xhsˇ!ö≈!•ï˛ òy¢≈!öܲ §_¥yˆÏܲ˛ çy!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ú˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ !ï˛!ö Ú~ܲydÛ
üyöÓÓyò öyüܲ xü,ï˛ ˛Ó˚&˛õ# !Óã˛yÓ˚ §üyçˆÏܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îyö–
˜Óã˛y!Ó˚ܲ ˛õê˛û)˛!ü
Ú~ܲyd üyöÓÓyòÛ ~Ó˚ ˛õë˛û)˛!üÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ !òܲ xyˆÏåÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ •° ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ
ç#Óöò¢≈ö ~ÓÇ xöƒ!ê˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛– ÚüyöÓÓyòÛ ≤Ãôyöï˛
˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇyû˛yÓöy ~ÓÇ Ú~ܲydï˛yÛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !ã˛hsˇyû˛yÓöy– Ó°y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ üyöÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ú˛§°
Ú~ܲyd üyöÓÓyòÛ–
S54V
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ !Ó!û˛ß¨ ˆ°áy ~ÓÇ û˛y£ÏˆÏî ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˆàÔÓ˚ÓüÎ˚ §üÎ˚ Óî≈öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö– !ܲv !ï˛!ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚
ò%Ó≈°ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ä §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö !åȈϰö–
xyüÓ˚y ≤Ãyã˛#ö §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ xôƒÎ˚ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈñ ï˛y ӈϰ xy!ü ≤Ãyã˛#ö˛õ!si
öÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yö ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛_¥ §Ç@ˇÃ•y°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z öy–
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ˆ◊¤˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y•z öÎ˚ñ à!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
§ç#Ó ~ÓÇ §«˛ü ܲÓ˚y– xˆÏöܲ Ó˚&ì˛¸ï˛y xyˆÏåÈ ˆ§=!°ˆÏܲ §üyÆ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓñ §ÇˆÏ¢yôö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §üyˆÏç ˆÎ xflõ,¢ƒï˛yñ ˆû˛òû˛yÓ Óy§y
ˆÓшÏôˆÏåÈñ ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî üyö%£Ï üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ üyö%£Ï ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyñ Îy
Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ~ܲï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ò#öòÎ˚y° ˛õ!ÿ˛ˆÏüÓ˚ !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛ö !åȈϰö– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õy§Ü˛ !åȈϰö– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò,!‹T !åÈ° §üß∫Î˚ܲyÓ˚#Ó˚– ï˛y•z !ï˛!ö
!ÓˆÏò¢# !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ áyÓ˚y˛õ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy– xyÓyÓ˚ fl∫ˆÏò¢#
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !ç!ö§ˆÏܲ ÓˆÏÓ˚îƒÄ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö öy– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §)e •°ÈÙÙÙÈxyüÓ˚y
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Çܲ!°ï˛ K˛yö ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚Ó– ï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÎê˛y
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ xö%Ü%˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ˆÎê˛y !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
xö%Ü%˛ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y §yüˆÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ– fl∫ˆÏò¢#ˆÏܲ
Î%àyö%Ü%˛° ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò¢#ˆÏܲ fl∫ˆÏò¢yö%Ü%˛° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üyö!§Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
ò#öòÎ˚y° Ó°ˆÏï˛öÈÙÙÙÈxyüÓ˚y û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ˆÏܲ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛FåÈyÎ˚y ˜ï˛Ó˚#
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z öy xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáöÄ xyˆÏü!Ó˚ܲy Óy Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ x!Óܲ° öܲ°
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ä ã˛y•z öy–
ü%¡∫y•z ~Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ û˛y£ÏˆÏî Îáö ~ܲyd üyöÓÓyò ~Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚!åȈϰöñ ï˛áö xï˛ƒhsˇ û˛yÓ˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ӈϰöÙÈÙÈ ÙÈ È È
!ӈϟªÓ˚ K˛yö ~ÓÇ xyç ˛õÎ≈hsˇ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!û˛!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyüÓ˚y ~üö û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ !öü≈yî ܲÓ˚Óñ Îy xyüyˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%%Ó˚&£ÏψÏòÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ï%˛°öyÎ˚ xˆÏöܲ ˆÓ¢# ˆàÔÓ˚Ó¢y°# •ˆÏÓ–
S55V
ˆÎáyˆÏö çß√yˆÏöy ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ !öˆÏçÓ˚ Óƒy!_´ÏcÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°
§¡õ)î≈ üyöÓï˛yÓ˚ öÎ˚ñ ˆ§•z §ˆÏD §,!‹TÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲydï˛yÓ˚ !ü°ö â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚
ÚöÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ öyÓ˚yÎ˚îÛ •ÄÎ˚yÎ˚ §üÌ≈ •ˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚
¢yŸªï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÓy•üyö Ó˚*˛õ– ˆã˛ÔüyÌyÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓŸªÈÙÈüyöÓÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ çöƒ
~ê˛y•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !òàò¢≈ö– û˛àÓyö xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!_´ !òöñ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyüÓ˚y
~•z ܲyˆÏç §ú˛° ••z– ~ê˛y•z xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ≈öy–
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w üyö%£Ï– ÎÍ !˛õˆÏu˛ ï˛ï˛ Ó ·˛yˆÏu˛ ~Ó˚
üï˛ §, ! ‹T Ó ˚ §ühflÏ ç#Ó çàÍÈ Ù È ~ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ôc ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï å È üyö% £ Ï –
çí˛¸Ó›ÈÙȧyü@ˇÃ# üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §%ˆÏáÓ˚ §yôöüyeñ §yôƒ öÎ˚–
xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ xyôyÓ˚ •° ~ܲyd üyöÓ– Îy ~ܲôyˆÏÓ˚ §Ó!ܲå%ÈÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ôc
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yüÌ≈ƒ Ó˚yˆÏá– ~ܲyd üyöÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛•z ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ §Ó ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚
í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ˆÏAâÏÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î §¡õyòܲ
1951 §yˆÏ° !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Óñ˚ ܲyö˛õ%ˆÓÏ ˚ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü x!ôˆÏÓ¢ö ˆÌˆÏܲ
1967 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲy!°Ü˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛Ôjï˛ü x!ôˆÏÓ¢ö ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ü•yüsf# S§yôyÓ˚î §¡õyòÜ V !åȈ° Ï ö ˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚–
çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ x!ôˆÏÓ¢öñ xyˆÏ®y°öñ xû˛ƒy§Óà≈ñ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ §Ó!ܲå%È•z !åÈ°
ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ Óƒ!_´ˆÏcÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ xyˆÏ°y!Ü˛ï˛– §yÓ˚yˆÏò¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !ï˛!ö
°yàyï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ö– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ !ï˛!ö ܲyˆÏåÈÓ˚
üyö%£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!åȈϰö– x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö !ï˛!ö ˆÎ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛öñ
ˆ§ê˛y ÷ô%üye !öÎ˚üÓ˚«˛yˆÏÌ≈ öÎ˚ñ í˛z˛õÓ˚v ï˛y !åÈ° §Çàë˛ˆÏöÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
çöƒ xyd§üyˆÏ°yã˛öyü)°Ü˛ xy•¥yö– ü•yüsf#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòö çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚
í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛ṏÏܲ ˛õ%Cyö%˛õ%Cû˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ûï˛Ü˛yÓ˚# §y!•ï˛ƒ– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòö
÷ô%üye çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ òhflÏyˆÏÓç öÎ˚ñ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ âê˛öy ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚
ò!°°Ä– 1957ñ 1962ñ 1967 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ §yôyÓ˚î !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏö ˛õ![˛ï˛
ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòö=!° !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚yô#ö í˛zFã˛üyˆÏöÓ˚ !Ó˚§yˆÏã≈˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòö=!° ï˛Íܲy°#ö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ñ òˆÏ°Ó˚
S56V
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ §ü§ƒyÓ˚ !ö‹õ!_ñ âê˛öy ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ê˛#ܲyÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈
~ÓÇ K˛yöÓô≈ܲ §Çܲ°ö– ~•z òhflÏyˆÏÓç=!° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy •z!ï˛•y§!ÓˆÏòÓ˚
çöƒ xü)°ƒ ö!Ì •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓòö=!° Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!§k˛yˆÏhsˇÓ˚ ˛õÌ!öˆÏò≈¢Ü˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆöï,˛ˆÏc çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ˆû˛yê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏö
e´üÓô≈üyö– !Óôyö§û˛y ~ÓÇ §Ç§ˆÏòÄ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ö!ôc Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– 1967 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ܲy!°Ü˛ê˛ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö ò#öòÎ˚y°
í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §û˛y˛õ!ï˛ !öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ö– ~•z §üÎ˚ ò#öòÎ˚y° ~ÓÇ
çö§Çâ ≤Ãû˛yÓ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ¢#ˆÏ£Ï≈ !åÈ°–
1967 §yˆÏ°ñ 29ÈÙÈ31 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ ܲy!°Ü˛ˆÏê˛ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ˆã˛Ôjï˛ü
x!ôˆÏÓ¢ö xö%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ 44 !òö ˛õÓ˚ 10 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚yÓ˚# 1968
ü%â°§Ó˚y•z ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏö üôƒÓ˚y!eˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
~•z §üˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲy°çÎ˚# û˛y£Ïî ˆÌˆÏܲ çö§Çâñ §Çâ ~ÓÇ
ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛hsˇyôyÓ˚yÓ˚ öï%˛ö fl∫Ó˚*˛õ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ û˛y£Ïî
!ӈϢ£Ï §üÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòÄÎ˚y– 1967 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ !öÓ≈yã˛ˆÏöÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛•z !åÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hsˇö üöˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛û)˛!ü–
§yôyÓ˚î çöüyöˆÏ§ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˆã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ çyàÓ˚î ~•z Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ §Ó≈Ó,•Í
òyö– ò#öòÎ˚ y ° üˆÏ ö ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ö ~ê˛y•z !åÈ ° fl∫ y ô#öï˛y ˛õÓ˚ Ó ï≈ ˛ #
§yüy!çܲÈÙÈÓ˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îyü– !ï˛!ö Ó°ˆÏï˛öÈÙÙÙÈ«˛!îܲ
Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ °yˆÏû˛Ó˚ çöƒ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ˆÏܲ üyôƒü ܲÓ˚y û˛y° °«˛î öÎ˚–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~•z ܲy°çÎ˚# ܲÌyñ Î%àÎ%à ôˆÏÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ!öˆÏò≈¢ö
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ü•y≤ÃÎ˚yî
ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ 1937 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ 1968 §y° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ ˆò¢àë˛ˆÏöÓ˚
ܲyˆÏç §!e´Î˚ !åȈϰö– 1937 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!ö §ÇˆÏâÓ˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§ö–
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˛õÑyã˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ !ï˛!ö fliyö#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛yÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ 1942
§yˆÏ° Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ •ö– 1951 §y° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ
S57V
≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ §AâܲyˆÏç í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢ ܲü≈Ó˚ï˛ !åȈϰö– ~•z öÎ˚ ÓåÈÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲyˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §yÇàë˛!öܲ ~ÓÇ §y!•!ï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛û˛y ≤ÃáÓ˚û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢
˛õyÎ˚– 1951 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ 1967 §y° ˛õÎ≈hsˇ !ï˛!ö çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ü•yüsf#
!åȈ°
Ï ö– !ï˛!ö ~ܲ Ó˚y‹T#… Î˚ öyÎ˚ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆëÏ ˛öñ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ öyÎ˚ܲc
§¡õ)îÈ≈ •Î˚ Îáö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ §Ó≈û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §û˛y˛õ!ï˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ §yüˆÏö
xyˆÏ§öñ ï˛áö !öÎ˚!ï˛ Ó˚•§ƒçöܲ ~ÓÇ !ö¤%˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ç#Óöò#˛õ
!ö!û˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– !ï˛!ö üye 44 !òö çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ §û˛y˛õ!ï˛ !åȈ° Ï ö–
11 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚yÓ˚# 1968 §y°– §üÎ˚ ï˛áö ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆû˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔˆÏö ã˛yÓ˚ˆêÏ ˛–
ˆüyà°§Ó˚y•z ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏöÓ˚ !°û˛yÓ˚üƒyö xƒy!§fiê˛ƒyrê˛ ˆfiê˛¢ö üyfiê˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ
ˆê˛!°ˆÏú˛yˆÏö çyöyö ˆÎ ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 150 àç xyˆÏà ˆÓ˚° °y•zˆöÏ Ó˚
ò!«˛î!òˆÏܲ 1276 öÇ •zˆ° Ï Ü˛!ê˛Δܲ ˆ˛õyˆÏ‹TÓ˚ !öܲˆÏê˛ ˛õÿÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y
°y¢ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏåÈ– °y¢ ˛õy•yÓ˚y ˆòÓyÓ˚ çöƒ ˛õ%!°¢ ˛õyë˛yˆÏöy •Î˚– ˆfiê˛¢ö
üy‹TyÓ˚ ˛õ%!°¢ˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˆÏüˆÏ¢ç ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ!˚ åȈ° Ï öñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ°áy !åÈ° ü,ï˛≤ÃyÎ˚
(Almost dead). §Ü˛yˆÏ° í˛y_´yÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ü,ï˛ ˆây£Ïîy
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ °y¢ ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏö !öˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏ° í˛zͧy•#ˆÏòÓ˚ !û˛í˛¸ çˆÏü ÎyÎ˚– °y¢
¢öy_´ •Î˚!ö– ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏö ˆÓÄÎ˚y!Ó˚¢ °y¢ !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏåÈ– !û˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚
üˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲçö !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ĈÏë˛ñ xyˆÏÓ˚ñ •z!ö ˆï˛y û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ xôƒ«˛ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚– §ˆÏD §ˆÏD òyÓyöˆÏ°Ó˚ üï˛
áÓÓ˚ åÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ Ï̊ ˛õˆÏÓ–˚ ˆöˆÏü xyˆÏ§ !Ó£ÏyˆÏòÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚y–
ˆú˛Ó &Î˚yÓ˚# üyˆÏ§ §Ç§ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyˆÏçê˛ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ö ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– 11 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚yÓ˚#
1968 ˆï˛ !òÕ‘#ˆÏï˛ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ §Ç§ò#Î˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜Óë˛Ü˛ !åÈ°– öÓ!öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛
xôƒ«˛ ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÌüÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˜Óë˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy– xyˆÏàÓ˚
!òö xÌ≈yÍ 10 ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá !ï˛!ö °ˆÏ-ÔˆÏï˛ !åȈϰö– ˆ§!òö˛ §Ü˛yˆÏ°
!Ó•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ §Çàë˛ö üsf# x!Ÿªö# Ü%˛üyÓ˚ ˆú˛yö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– !ï˛!ö
ӈϰö ÓyˆÏçê˛ §üˆÏÎ˚ §Ç§ò °¡∫y §üÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òö
11 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚yÓ˚# ˛õyê˛öyˆÏï˛ xö%!¤˛ï˛ !Ó•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ö# ˜Óë˛ˆÏܲ
ò#öòÎ˚y°ˆÏܲ xy§yÓ˚ çöƒ xy@ˇÃ• ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚
S58V
öÓ!öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ü•yüsf# §%®Ó˚ !§Ç û˛y[˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò!Õ‘
ÎyÓyÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ˛õyê˛öy ÎyÄÎ˚y !fliÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö–
û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ü•yüsf# •ÄÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥Ä !ï˛!ö ˆê˛ΔˆÏöÓ˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚
ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ܲyüÓ˚yˆÏï˛ Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ö– ~:ˆÏ≤ç ˆê˛ΔˆÏöÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ˛õƒyˆÏ§OyÓ˚
ˆê˛Δö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ˛õåÈ® !åÈ°– ˛õƒyˆÏ§OyÓ˚ ˆê˛ΔˆÏö !ï˛!ö ˆ°áy ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ çöƒ
§üÎ˚Ä ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ö– ˆåÈyê˛ áyˆÏê˛y ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏö ˆÎáyˆÏö ˆê˛Δö ÌyüˆÏï˛y
ˆ§áyöܲyÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏDÄ ˆòáyÈÙȧy«˛yï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎï˛– !ï˛!ö xôƒ«˛
!öÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •ÄÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ° !üˆÏ° !ë˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü
ˆ◊î#ˆÏï˛ Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛Í– ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛yöˆÏܲyê˛ !¢Î˚y°ò• ˆê˛ΔˆÏöÓ˚
≤ÃÌüˆÏ◊î#ˆÏï˛ !ê˛!Ü˛ê˛ Ü˛yê˛y •Î˚– 10 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚yÓ˚# §¶˛ƒy 7 ê˛yÎ˚ §üÎ˚
°ˆÏ-Ô ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆê˛Δö åÈyˆÏí˛¸– ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏö åÈyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ö ï˛Íܲy°#ö
í˛z_Ó˚ ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õü%áƒüsf# Ó˚yü≤Ãܲy¢ =Æ ~ÓÇ çö§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ≤Ãy_´ö
xôƒ«˛ ˛õ#ï˛y¡∫Ó˚ òy§– §ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓòyÎ˚ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö ˆê˛ΔˆÏö ĈÏë˛ö–
Ó˚ye# 12 ê˛yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ˆçÔö˛õ%Ó˚ ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏö ˆçÔö˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ §!ã˛Ó
ܲöy•zÎ˚y°y° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §y«˛yͲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ xyˆÏ§ö– ˆòáy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!ö
˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y°ˆÏܲ Ó˚yçy§yˆÏ•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õe ˆòö– Ó˚y!e 12.12 ê˛yÓ˚ §üÎ˚
ˆê˛Δö ˆçÔö˛õ%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚Äöy •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
ï˛áö !¢Î˚y°ò•ÈÙÈ˛õyë˛yöˆÏܲyê˛ ~:ˆÏ≤ç ˆ§yçy ˛õyê˛öy ˆÎˆÏï˛y öy–
Ó˚y!e 2.15 ˆï˛ ˆüyà°§Ó˚y•z ~Ó˚ 1 öÇ ≤’ƒyê˛ú˛ˆÏü≈ ˆê˛Δö Îáö ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyÎ˚
ï˛áö ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ˆÎ ܲyüÓ˚yˆÏï˛ !åȈϰöñ ˆ§ê˛y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ¢!ê˛Ç ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ò!Õ‘ÈÙÈ•yÄí˛¸y ~:ˆÏ≤Èϧ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆòÄÎ˚y •Î˚– ˆ§•z ày!í˛¸ Ó˚y!e 2.50 ˆï˛
ˆüyà°§Ó˚y•z ˆÌˆÏܲ •yÄí˛¸y x!û˛ü%ˆÏá Ó˚Äöy ˆòÎ˚– §Ü˛yˆÏ° ˆê˛Δö Îáö
˛õyê˛öy ˆfiê˛¢ö ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyÎ˚ ï˛áö ò#öòÎ˚y° ˆê˛ΔˆÏö !åȈϰö öy–
x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ü%à°§Ó˚y•z ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏö °y¢ ¢öy_´Ü˛Ó˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°–
˛õÓ˚ü˛õ)çö#Î˚ üyôÓ §òy!¢Ó ˆày°ÄÎ˚y°Ü˛Ó˚ S◊#=Ó˚&ç#V §• xöƒyöƒ
ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏåÈ ~•z áÓÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ÎyÎ˚– !òÕ‘#ˆÏï˛ §Ç§ò#Î˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚
˜Óë˛Ü˛ ã˛°!åÈ°– ˜Óë˛Ü˛ Ó¶˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ühflÏ Ó!Ó˚‹T ˆöï˛yÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï !ÓüyˆÏö
S59V
ÓyÓ˚yö§# ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ ÎyÎ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ !òÕ‘#ˆÏï˛ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚y •Î˚– ˆüyÓ˚yÓ˚ç# ˆò¢y•z ˛õ%‹õÈÙÈüy°y x˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ◊k˛yO°# K˛y˛õö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ˆöï˛yñ
!ï˛!ö !ò!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ ◊# xê˛°!Ó•yÓ˚# ÓyçˆÏ˛õÎ˚#Ó˚ 30ñ Ó˚yˆÏçw≤çyò üyà≈ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §üy!çܲ ܲü≈ܲï≈˛yñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÎyk˛y §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ◊k˛yO°# x˛õ≈ˆÏîÓ˚ çöƒ
!öÓy§fliˆÏ° ÌyܲˆÏï˛ö– ˆ§áyˆÏö•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ö‹±yî ˆò•ê˛yˆÏܲ !öˆÏÎ˚ xy§y û˛#í˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– çö§yôyÓ˚îÄ ◊k˛yO°# x˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ !òÕ‘#ˆÏï˛ çüyˆÏÎ˚ï˛
•Î˚– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ãyhsˇ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°yܲçö !òÕ‘# ˆ˛õÑÔåȈÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚– •Î˚– !òÕ‘# çö§ü%ˆÏo ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
◊#=Ó˚&ç# ÓyÓ˚yö§#ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåÈ !àˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö– ◊#=Ó˚&ç#Ó˚ §ˆÏD ò%˛õ%Ó˚ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ü•yüyöÓ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó
ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ x!öÓ≈ã˛ö#Î˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !åÈ°– ◊#=Ó˚&ç# Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ¢ÓÎyˆÏö Ó˚yáy •Î˚– ü•y≤ÃfliyˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ ¢ÓÎyeyÓ˚ §yüˆÏö
§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ §Ó˚§Çâã˛y°Ü˛ !åȈϰö– ˆ§•z §ˆÏD !ï˛!ö ~ܲçö xyôƒy!dܲ ã˛yÓ˚çö xŸªyˆÏÓ˚y•# ˜§öƒñ ¢ÓÎyˆÏöÓ˚ §yüˆÏö §Aâ Ä Èçö§ˆÏAâÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#ñ
ü•ydyÄ !åȈϰö– ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §ü#ˆÏ˛õ !àˆÏÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛yÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö– Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ò%•z ôyˆÏÓ˚ çö§yôyÓ˚î ◊k˛yK˛y˛õöñ
§òy x!Óã˛!°ï˛ ◊#=Ó˚&ç#Ó˚ ˆã˛yáÄ x◊&§ç° •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏ벖 ôÓ˚y à°yÎ˚ x!hsˇüò¢≈ö ~ÓÇ ˛õ%‹õ x˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛– !˛õåȈÏöÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
ӈϰ ĈÏë˛öñ ÚxyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ !ܲ •°Û– ü!•°yÓ˚y àyÎ˚e#üsf ç˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ◊k˛yO°#ñ ˛õ%‹õ Ó£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
◊# =Ó˚&ç# ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü%áü[˛ˆÏ° •yï˛ üsiÓ˚à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ §¶˛ƒy 6ê˛yÓ˚ §üÎ˚ ¢ÓÎyey !öàüˆÏÓyô âyˆÏê˛
Ó%!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•z •yï˛ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆåÈÑyÎ˚yö– !ï˛öÓyÓ˚ ~•zÓ˚ܲü ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔåÈyÎ˚– §¶˛ƒy 6.45 ˆï˛ ˆ¢£Ï ◊k˛yO°# x˛õ≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈e´ü ÷Ó˚& •Î˚–
ôÓ˚y à°yÎ˚ ӈϰöÈÙÙÙÈ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ üyö%£Ï !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §Ç§yÓ˚ ã˛y°yÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ê˛y 7.06 ˆï˛ üˆÏsfyFã˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ üyüyˆÏï˛y û˛y•z ◊# ≤Ãû%˛òÎ˚y°
ܲ“öy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !ܲv xy!ü §Ç§yÓ˚ ã˛y°y•z öyñ ï˛y•z xyüyÓ˚ ò%ɈÏáÓ˚ ÷Üœ˛ x!@¿§ÇˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˛õMÈ˛ï˛ˆÏc !Ó°#ö
û˛yÓöy §yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢ï˛=î ˆÓ¢#– ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ˆÓ¢# !ܲå%È •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
Ó°Ó öy– ÷ô% ~ê%˛Ü%˛•z Ó°ÓÈÙÙÙÈû˛àÓyö ò#öòyÎ˚y°ˆÏܲ !åÈ!öˆÏÎ˚ !öˆÏ°ö–
•zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y ܲÌy ˛õˆÏí˛¸!åÈ°yüÈÙÙÙÈû˛àÓyö ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°yÓyˆÏ§ñ ܲü
ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚y fl∫ˆÏà≈ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y !òÕ‘#ˆÏï˛ ˆ¢yˆÏܲÓ˚ åÈyÎ˚y ˆöˆÏü xyˆÏ§– x!ú˛§ ÓyçyÓ˚ §Ó Ó¶˛–
üyö%£Ïçö 30 Ó˚yˆÏçw≤çyò ˆÓ˚yˆÏí˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– û˛#í˛¸ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸•z
ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– ˛õ%‹õÓ,!‹Tñ üy°ƒòyöñ ◊k˛yK˛y˛õöñ ò%Éáñ ܲyߨy ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈ– û˛#í˛¸
§yü°yˆÏï˛ ˛õ%!°¢ Ä fl∫§ÇˆÏ§ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ !•ü!¢ü xÓfliy– ~•z ü,ï%˛ƒ !ÓöyˆÏüˆÏâ
ÓL˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ üï˛– §Ü˛ˆÏ° !ܲÇܲï≈˛Óƒ!Óü)ì˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ– ˆÜ˛ ~•z }!£Ïï%˛°ƒ
xçyï˛¢e%´ˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ⁄ ˆÜ˛ ˆòˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ çÓyÓ⁄ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ˆï˛y
üü≈y•ï˛–
12 ˆú˛Ó &Î˚yÓ˚# §Ü˛yˆÏ° û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ üyöö#Î˚ Ó˚y‹T…˛õ!ï˛ í˛yÉ çy!ܲÓ˚ ‡ˆÏ§ö
◊k˛yO°# x˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ≤Ãôyöüsf# ◊#ü!ï˛ •z!®Ó˚y ày¶˛#ñ í˛z˛õ≤Ãôyöüsf#

S60V S61V
 ~ܲyd üyöÓÓyò ≤ß¿ í˛z_Ó˚
1– ~ܲyd üyöÓÓyò !ܲ⁄
í˛z_Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú~ܲyd üyöÓÓyòÛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y– ˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y°
í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚ §ü@ˇÃ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ çöƒ ~•z !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö–
2– ~•z !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ïc !ܲ⁄ ˆÜ˛ö•z Óy §ü@ˇÃ üyöÓ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ çöƒ
ï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö⁄
í˛z_Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#öï˛y °yˆÏû˛Ó˚ §üÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ çöƒ S1947V
û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yüˆÏö ò%!ê˛ Ó˚yhflÏy ˆáy°y !åÈ°ñ ≤ÃÌüñ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛
§üyçÓyò– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚•z í˛zͲõ!_ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ° ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ ˆòˆÏ¢ Óy •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ–
˙ ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ §yüy!çܲ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çß√ Ä !Óܲy¢ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°ñ
!ܲv û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ñ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ñ §yüy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ çöƒ ܲáöÄ
ï˛y í˛z˛õÎ%_´ !åÈ° öy– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ çß√ Ä ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ Äë˛yÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆö•zñ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚c ˆö•z ~ÓÇ ˆÎ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
§üyˆÏç ˛õÓ˚#!«˛ï˛ öÎ˚– ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆò¢ñ !öˆÏçÓ˚
§Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ä •z!ï˛•y§ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !öˆÏçÓ˚ ˆò¢ Ä !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö xö%§yˆÏÓ˚
!öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ܲyí˛zˆÏܲ öܲ° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲáöÄ ˆ◊¤˛
•ÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy–
3– !ܲv ày¶˛#ç# ˆï˛y Ó˚yüÓ˚yçƒ Ä @ˇÃyüÓ˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏï˛ö– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò
Ä §üyçÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆÜ˛ö ~°⁄
í˛z_Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ܲÌy xï˛#Ó §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ày¶˛#ç# Ó˚yüÓ˚yçƒ Ä ˛õÕ‘# í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏöÓ˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ö ~ÓÇ xyüyˆÏòÓ˚Ä ˆ§•z ˛õˆÏÌ•z x@ˇÃ§Ó˚ •ÄÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !åÈ°– !ܲv
fl∫yô#öï˛y ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z ày¶˛# Ä ï˛yÑÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ û%˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyÿ˛yˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
xö%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÷Ó˚& •°ñ ˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ÎyÓ˚ ˆâyÓ˚ï˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !åȈϰö–
4– ~•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò Ä §üyçÓyò !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y=!° !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚⁄ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç#
ˆÜ˛ö•z Óy ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !åȈϰö⁄
S62V
í˛z_Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ~•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò ÓyhflψÏÓ •° Óƒ!_´Óyò– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ
Óƒ!_´ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# Óƒ!_´Ó˚y ~ˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò öyˆÏü x!û˛!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– ~•z
!Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ üyö%£Ï ˆÜ˛Ó°üye ~ܲçö ÚÓƒ!_´Û– ~•z !Óã˛yÓ˚ §üyˆÏçÓ˚
x!hflÏc•z fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– Óƒ!_´Ó˚ fl∫yô#öï˛y•z üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §%ˆÏáÓ˚ §ühflÏ xyôyÓ˚
ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !Óã˛yÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ú˛ˆÏ° fl∫yô#ö Óƒ!_´ Îáö ¢!_´¢y°# •ˆÏÎ˚ ĈÏë˛
Ä ò%Ó≈° üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xï˛ƒyã˛yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛áö §üyˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !Ó£ÏüÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ §,!‹T •Î˚– ˆ§•z §üÎ˚ ܲy°≈üyÜ≈˛§ ï˛yÓ˚ üï˛Óyò ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰöñ
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ üyö%£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲܲ Óy Óƒ!_´ öÎ˚ñ ˆ§ •° §üyç– §üyˆÏçÓ˚
üˆÏôƒ §üyöï˛y xyöyÓ˚ çöƒ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ fl∫yô#öï˛yˆÏܲ !öÎ˚!sfï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– üyö%£Ï
ˆÜ˛Ó°üye Óƒ!_´ Óy ~ܲܲ xyÓyÓ˚ üyö%£Ï ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy Óƒ!_´ Óy ~ܲܲ öÎ˚ñ ˆ§ •°
§üyçÈÙÙÙÈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •° ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò
Ä §yüƒÓyò– ~•z ò%!ê˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y•z çí˛¸Óyò#– ~•z ò%•z üï˛Óyò•z xyôƒyd!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– ~•z ò%!ê˛ üï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ çß√ Ä !Óܲy¢ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~Ó˚y
xyôƒydÓyòˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy– ï˛yÓ˚y §¡õ)î≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ çí˛¸Óyò# !ܲv üyö%£Ï
ˆÜ˛Ó°üye çí˛¸Óyò# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çöƒ xyôƒydÓyòÄ
~ܲyhsˇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçö– ~•z !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ Óƒ!_´ Ä §üyˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !Óû˛_´
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ó!FåÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv Óƒ!_´ Ä §üyç xy°yòy öÎ˚ñ ï˛y ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏöƒÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲÈÙÙÙÈ ~•z ܲyÓ˚î=!°Ó˚ çöƒ•z ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ~•z !Óã˛yÓ˚=!°Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
!åȈϰö–
5– ˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ~•z §ü§ƒy §üyôyˆÏöÓ˚ çöƒ !ܲ ӈϰˆÏåÈö⁄
í˛z_Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y Îy ày¶˛#ç#Ó˚Ä Ó_´Óƒ !åÈ° ˆ§•z ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y
ܲáˆÏöy Óƒ!_´ Óy §üyçˆÏܲ !Óû˛_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öyñ ~ÓÇ üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°üye çí˛¸Óyò#
ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy–
6– ï˛y•ˆÏ° û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ !ܲ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
í˛z_Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y üyö%£ÏˆÏܲ Ú~ܲydÛ ÓˆÏ° üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲyd
xÌy≈Í ÎyˆÏܲ !Óû˛_´ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy– Îy û˛yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy ï˛y•z Ú~ܲydÛ– §üyç
S63V
Ä Óƒ!_´ ~üöû˛yˆÏÓ Î%_´ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ öy– üyö%£Ï ~ܲçö
Óƒ!_´ !•§yˆÏÓ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ x!û˛ß¨ xD– xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲçö Óƒ!_´ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
åÈyí˛¸y §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– xöƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyí˛¸yñ @ˇÃyüñ
¢•Ó˚ åÈyí˛¸y ~ܲyܲ# ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ öy– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•zû˛yˆÏÓ @ˇÃyü ¢•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆò¢
Ä !ӈϟªÓ˚ fliyö– Óƒ!_´ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Óû˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy
öÎ˚– Ú~ܲyd üyöˆÏÓÓ˚Û §%á Óƒ!_´ Ä §üyˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ !Óû˛_´ öÎ˚ñ ï˛y §¡õ)î≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ
~ܲyd–
7– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# Óy §üyçÓyò#Ó˚y !ܲ ~ܲÌy fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ öy⁄
í˛z_Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# òy¢≈!öܲ §üyçˆÏܲ Ó¶˛ö ӈϰ üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö– Óƒ!_´Ó˚
fl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Äܲy°!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ö– xyÓyÓ˚ §yüƒÓyò# !Óã˛yÓ˚ܲ Óƒ!_´ˆÏܲ ˆ°yû˛#
üˆÏö ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ !öÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ӈϰ ÌyˆÏܲö–
˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò#Ó˚y ӈϰ Úfl∫yô#öï˛yÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z §%áÛ xyÓ˚ §yüƒÓyò#Ó˚y ӈϰñ Ú§%ˆÏáÓ˚ çöƒ
§üyöï˛y xï˛ƒhsˇ çÓ˚&!Ó˚–Û ò#öòÎ˚y°ç# ӈϰˆÏåÈöñ üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çöƒ fl∫yô#öï˛y Ä ˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚
§üyöï˛y ò%ˆÏê˛y•z ~ܲyhsˇ çÓ˚&!Ó˚– fl∫yô#öï˛y Ä §üyöï˛y ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏöƒÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
~ܲÌy üˆÏö ܲÓ˚y û%˛°– ~ ò%!ê˛ ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏöƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ–
!ï˛!ö xyÓ˚Ä ÓˆÏ°ˆÏåÈöñ Úüyö%£Ï ˆÜ˛Ó° Óƒ!_´ Óy §üyˆÏçÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ•z ~ܲyd
öÎ˚– ~•z §Ç§yÓ˚ xÌy≈Í ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚Ä x!û˛û˛yçƒ xD– üyö%£Ï Î!ò ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD
!öü≈ü ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ò%Éá x!öÓyÎ≈– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y xö%§yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •° üyï,˛fl∫Ó˚*˛õy– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ö‹T ܲÓ˚yñ ˆöyÇÓ˚y ܲÓ˚y
Óy ôùǧ ܲÓ˚y •° ˛õy˛õ– ~•z §,!‹T ˆÜ˛Ó°üye Óƒ!_´ Ä §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚!ö– üyö%£Ï !ܲû˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ï˛y ˆ¢áy ~ܲyhsˇ çÓ˚&!Ó˚–
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !ܲÓ˚*˛õ •ˆÏÓ üyöÓ §%ˆÏáÓ˚ ï˛yÄ ~ܲ ühflÏ Ü˛yÓ˚î–
S~ܲyd üyöÓÓyò ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y çyöˆÏï˛ Óy Ó%é˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° §¡õ)î≈ ò#öòÎ˚y°
Ó˚ã˛öy xyüyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–V

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@ˇÃ•îˆÏÎyàƒ üï˛!ê˛ •°ñ ç#!Óï˛ xÓfliyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ §Ü˛ˆÏ° öy çyöˆÏ°Ä ü,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
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•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ï˛áö ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛Ä ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y §üyˆÏç ˆÓ¢# ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
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˛õ![˛ï˛ ò#öòÎ˚y° í˛z˛õyôƒyÎ˚–
Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ fl∫Î˚LjϧÓܲ §ˆÏAâÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çö§ˆÏAâÓ˚ §Ó≈û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
§û˛y˛õ!ï˛– 25 ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z Îyey˛õˆÏÌ !ï˛!ö ˆÎ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏåȈÏåÈöñ §Çàë˛öˆÏܲ
ˆÎ û˛yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏåÈö ï˛áöܲyÓ˚ çöȧA⠈̈Ïܲ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó,•_ü
Ó˚yç˜ö!ï˛Ü˛ ò° !ÓˆÏç!˛õÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü•z ï˛y ≤Ãüy!îï˛–
ï˛ƒyàñ §yôöyñ §ï˛ï˛yñ xö%¢y§ö xyÓ˚ °«˛ °«˛ xyò¢≈!ö‹T ܲyÎ≈ܲï≈˛yÓ˚
üyôƒˆÏü xyç §yÓ˚y !ӈϟª ò#öòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ӃƖ
!öåÈܲ Ó˚yçˆÏöï˛y öÎ˚ñ !ï˛!ö !åȈϰö Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ò)ï˛– §Çfl,Ò!ï˛
åÈyí˛¸y Ó˚yçö#!ï˛ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ üï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !Ó˛õòçöܲ– ˆÎ !Ó˛õò xyüÓ˚y àï˛
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ üˆÏü≈ üˆÏü≈ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ– ˆÎ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ ¢)öƒ Ó˚yçö#!ï˛
çö§ˆÏAâÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ¢ƒyüy≤çyòˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ˆ§•z !•Ç§y•z ò#öòÎ˚y°ˆÏܲ
xܲyˆÏ° Ìy!üˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y ÌyüyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ö– ¢%ô%
û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈•z öÎ˚ñ §ü@ˇÃ !ÓŸª Óï≈˛üyˆÏö ˆ§•z !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚yñ ü)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ çöƒ ï,˛!£Ïï˛–
!ÓŸªÜ˛!ÓÓ˚ û˛y£ÏyÎ˚ Úˆ§•z Óy!Ó˚ ï˛#Ì≈Óy!Ó˚ Îy ï,˛Æ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ˆÏÓ˚Û–
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