Dynamic Behavior of Structures

Hawkar Ali Haji

M.Sc. Structural Engineering
University of Raparin – Civil Engineering Department
Outline:
- Static vs Dynamic

- Dynamic Forces and Responses

- Basic Concepts and Terminologies in Dynamics

- Dynamic Force Resisting Systems

- Guidelines for Dynamic Force Resistance Design and common mistakes in practice
Static vs Dynamic
Inertia Force F=ma
Common Types of Dynamic forces on Structures

- Earthquake and Wind forces (buildings, bridges, Dams)

- Vehicles vibration on bridges

- People walking on pedestrian bridges

- Human activity on floors

- Vibratory machines on floors

- Blast
Floor vibration induced by human activities
Bridge vibration induced by vehicles, wind or earthquakes
Blast shock on buildings
Earthquake Force vs Wind Force
Basic Concepts and Terminologies in Dynamics

Three main dynamic Characteristics of structures:

𝐸𝐼
1. Stiffness (K); 𝑲 ∝
𝐿
When: (E) is elastic modulus, (I) is moment of inertia, (L) is length of the element

2. Mass (M)

3. Damping (D)
Basic Terminologies:

Vibration:
it is defined as the oscillation of any system about its zero axes which is equilibrium position.

Free vibration:
This occurs when a sudden load excites a system and the system is left to vibrate with its
fundamental frequency.

Forced vibration:
When a system is forced continuously with a particular frequency, the system oscillates with the
same frequency of the applied exciter.
Natural frequency:
is the vibration of a structure when it is caused to a sudden impact.

Resonance:
each system has its natural frequency, while the applied load oscillates the system with
the same or close to its fundamental frequency, resonance occurs. This leads
to severe damage to the system and must be avoided.

Natural Period (Tn):

is the time taken by it to undergo one complete cycle of oscillation.
 Preferred Dynamic Parameters for Engineers

K (Stiffness)
E
I
L (Length)
M (Mass)
D (Damping)

Natural Natural
Frequency Period
Natural Frequency of Building Directions
Resonance, Natural Frequency and Natural Period

Assume:
2 cycles per 1 second

Natural frequency = ?

Natural Period = ?

See this video…

Dynamic Force Resisting Systems

- Shear Walls
- Braces
- Base Isolation
- Viscous Fluid Damper
- Tuned Mass Damper
What happened to Millennium bridge in London?
Guidelines for Dynamic Force Resistance Design and common mistakes in practice

- Unsymmetrical in Plan and Elevation

- Stiffness Irregularities / Soft Story
- Weight (Mass) Irregularity
- Pounding
- Captive Column
- Strong Column & Weak Beam Concept
- Weak Link
Thank You