1# Introduction To Human Reliability - Edit

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RELIABILITY
Human Reliability
rahmanarief-2010
Rahmanarief@gmail.com 2
The Occurances of Errors
Design errors
these types of errors are the result of inadequate design. For example the placement of
controls and displays so far apart that an operator is unable to use them in an effective
manner.
Operator errors
these errors are the result of operator mistakes and the conditions that lead to operator
errors include lack of proper procedures ,complex tax ,poor training and operator
carelessness.
Assembly errors
these errors occur during product assembly due to humans.
Inspection errors
these errors occur because of less than 100% accuracy of inspectors.
Maintenance errors
the errors occur in the field due to oversights by the maintenance personnel.
Installations errors
these errors occur due to various reasons including using the wrong installation related
Human Reliability
blueprints or instructions.
Handling errors
these errors basically occur because of inadequate storage or transportation facilities.
Human error occurrence classification
 Decision error
occur when the wrong decision is made after considering the situation.
 Action error
are the result of no action ,incorrect action ,or the performance of correct action on
the wrong object when required.
 Transmission error
occur when information that must be passed or to others is not send ,sent incorrectly
,or sent to the wrong destination.
 Checking error
occur when system require checks,the incorrect checks are made ,checks are omitted
,or correct checks are made on the wrong object.
 Diagnostic errors
are the result of misinterpreting the actual situation when an abnormal event occurs.
Human Reliability
 Retrieval errors
occur when required information either from an individual,an individual memory,or
from any other reference source is not received or the incorrect information is
recieved.
Causes for the occurrence of human errors
 Poor motivation of involved personnel

 Poor training or skill of concerned personnel
 Poor equipment design
 Inadequate or poorly written equipment operating
and maintenance procedures
 Poor job environment: poor lighting ,high/low
temperature ,high noise level ,crowded work
space, ,etc
 Inadequate work tools.
Human Reliability
 Complex tasks
 Poor work layout
Several Way for the occurrence of human error
 Way I:
Failure to perform a required function
(ex.: breaking system error)
 Way II:
Taken wrong decision in responding to a difficulty
(ex.: hit the power pedal instead of the break pedal )
 Way III:
Failure to realize a hazardous condition
(ex.: failure to see the road sign while fogging situation)
 Way IV:
Performing a task that should not have been executed
(ex.: texting while driving)
Human Reliability
 Way V:
Poor timing and poor response to a contingency
(ex: maximum break during the sudden reaction)
Factors that influence on human performance
 Reaction to stress
 Time at work
 Fatigue
 Group interaction and identification
 Social pressure
 Repetitive work
 Supervisor’s expectations
 Morale
 Social interaction
Human Reliability
 Crew efficiency
 Idle time
Occupational Stressors
 Stress plays an important role in the reliability of

an individual performing a certain task
1) Occupational change-related stressors
2) Occupational frustration-related stressors
3) Workload-related stressors
4) Miscellaneous stressors
Human Reliability
Human performance effectiveness versus stress curve
Human Reliability
Stress factors and operator stress characteristics
o Dissatisfied with the current job.

o Faced with serious financial problems.
o Working with individuals having unpredictable
temperaments.
o Low chance of promotion from current position.
o facing a possible work layoff.
o Current job below ability and experience.
o Conducting tasks under extremely tight time schedules.
o Having health problems.
o Excessive demands of superior.
o Inadequate expertise to conduct the tasks required in
the current job.
Human Reliability
o Often tasks work home to meet deadlines.

o Having difficulties with spouse/children.
The operator stress characteristics include:
 Short decision making time

 Several displays difficult to discriminate.
 Requirement to perform steps at high speed
 Poor feedback for the determination of accuracy of
actions taken.
 Requirement for prolonged monitoring.
 Very long sequence of steps required to perform a task.
 Requirement to make decisions on the basis of data
obtain from various different sources.
Requirement to operate at high speed more than one
Human Reliability

control simultaneously.
Means to collecting human error data
Experimental studies.
Expert judgments.
Self made error reports.
Human data recorder.
Automatic data recorder.
Published literature.
Human Reliability
Taxonomy of Human Error
MISTAKES SLIPS
Knowledge- Rule-Based
Based
Interpretation Plan
Stimulus Action
Evidence Situation Intention of Execution
Assessment Action
LAPSES &
Human Reliability
MODE ERRORS
Memory
Mistakes
Mistakes – failure to come up with appropriate solution.

Takes place at level of perception, memory, or cognition
• Knowledge-based Mistakes – wrong solution because

individual did not accurately assess the situation.
• Caused by poor heuristics/biases, insufficient info, info
overload
• Rule-based Mistakes – invoking wrong rule for given
situation
Human Reliability
• Often made with confidence

Slips
SLIPS – Right intention incorrectly executed (oops!)
• Capture errors – similar situation elicits action, which may
be wrong in “this” situation. Likely to result when:
• Intended action is similar to routine behavior
• Hitting enter key when software asks, “sure you want to exit
without saving?”
• Either stimulus or response is related to incorrect response
• Hit “3” instead of “#” on phone to hear next message, because
“3” is what I hit to hear the first message
Human Reliability
• Response is relatively automated, not monitored by consciousness

• Re-starting your car while the engine is already running
Lapses & Mode Errors
• Lapses – failure to carry out an action
• Error of Omission (working memory)
• Examples: Forgetting to close gas cap, failure to put safety on
before cleaning gun, failure to remove objects from surgical
patient
• Mode Errors – Making the right response, but while in
the wrong mode of operation
• Examples: leave keyboard in shift mode while trying to type a
numeral, driving in wrong gear, going wrong direction because
display was north-up when thought it was nose-up
Human Reliability
Classification of Human Errors:
1. By time of Occurrence
Type Description Effect

1 (A) Human actions before the Miscalibrations,
accident during normal operation misalignments
2 (B) Human actions that cause the Initiating events
initiating event. (These are often
errors of commission)
3 (C1) Human actions during the Non successful response
accident, following the correct within the time window,
procedures errors of omission and
commission
4 (C2) Human actions during the Non response or errors of
accident that, due to the commission
inadequate recognition of the
Human Reliability
situation, make it worse

5 (C3) Human actions during the Non-recovery
accident, trying to recover the
situation; for example repairs to
equipment
17
2. By output of human failure
 ERRORS OF OMISSION – Omits entite task.

– Omits a step in a task.
 ERRORS OF COMMISSION – Selection error  Selects wrong control.

 Misposition of controls.
– Errors of Sequence  Issue wrong command on information.
– Timing Errors  Too Early.

 Too Late.
Human Reliability
– Qualitative Errors  Too Little.

 Too Much.
Training Course on PSA

Islamabad, Pakistan, April 14-
20, 2003
3. By type of reasons
• Slips, deviations in manual actions (when you know
what you should have done)
• Lapses of memory
• Mistakes, errors of knowledge (decision, diagnosis)
where you do not know certainly what you should do
• Violations (circumventions), where the intention
was to do something good by ‘bending the barriers’.
(compare to sabotages, malevolent acts where the
intention was bad)
Human Reliability
19
4. By basis for human performance
• Routine: Usual human actions explicitly included in

documents
• Cognoscitive: Human actuations that require a
cognitive process of understanding and decision
making, previous to do an action.
• Skill based (learnt skills)
• Rule based (stored or written rules, procedures etc.)

Human Reliability
• Knowledge based (decision making, thinking)
20
Operator Interaction Process
Human Reliability
21
Human reliability is the combination
of three basic steps
Human Reliability
Human Performance Reliability Function
Shooman’s Model
Where :
E(t) is the time t dependent error rate.
Rhp(t) is the human performance reliability at time t.
Human Reliability
Thus, it can be used to calculate human performance reliability for any time to
human error statistical distribution including gamma, exponential, Weibull,
and log-normal.
Example: Human Performance Reliability Function
 A transportation system operator’s times to error

are Weibull distributed
 where
t is time ; β is the shape parameter ; θ is the scale parameter.

 The operator’s reliability for a 10-hour mission; if β=1
and θ = 600 hours.
Human Reliability
Mean Time to Human Error (MTTHE)
 MTTHE is the general expression for mean time to

human error. More specifically, it can be used to
compute mean time to human error for any time to
human error statistical distribution (e.g.,
exponential, Weibull, and gamma).
Human Reliability
Example : MTTHE
 A transportation system operator’s times to human error are exponentially

distributed, thus his or her error rate is 0.005 error/hour. Calculate the
operator’s mean time to human error.
 E(t) = 0.005 error/hour
 Thus, the operator’s mean time
to human error is 200 hours.
Human Reliability
The human error probabilities (HEPs)
 The human error probabilities associated with

each error type, typically stated as an error rate per
demand
 HEP is a probability value between zero and unity,
and a typical range for human error, from very
likely to fail to highly unikely, is between 1.0 and
10-5
 HEP = No. of errors observed
Human Reliability
No. of opportunities for error
Personnel Reliability Index Method
9 Job Factors
Where:
UEB is the number of uncommonly
effective behaviors.
UIB is the number of uncommonly
ineffective behaviors.
It is to be noted that the value of R
varies between zero and one.
Human Reliability
Group Presentation:
HRA Complete Tools + Distribution
 THERP
 CREAM
 HEART
 SHERPA
 Statistical Density Function, E(t) :
 Discrete
 Continue
Human Reliability
Thank U...Q&A Session
Human Reliability

1# Introduction To Human Reliability - Edit

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1# Introduction To Human Reliability - Edit

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN RELIABILITY

 Poor motivation of involved personnel

 Stress plays an important role in the reliability of

o Dissatisfied with the current job.

o Often tasks work home to meet deadlines.

 Short decision making time

Mistakes – failure to come up with appropriate solution.

• Knowledge-based Mistakes – wrong solution because

• Often made with confidence

• Response is relatively automated, not monitored by consciousness

Type Description Effect

situation, make it worse

 ERRORS OF OMISSION – Omits entite task.

 ERRORS OF COMMISSION – Selection error  Selects wrong control.

– Timing Errors  Too Early.

– Qualitative Errors  Too Little.

Training Course on PSA

• Routine: Usual human actions explicitly included in

• Rule based (stored or written rules, procedures etc.)

• Knowledge based (decision making, thinking)

 A transportation system operator’s times to error

t is time ; β is the shape parameter ; θ is the scale parameter.

 MTTHE is the general expression for mean time to

 A transportation system operator’s times to human error are exponentially

 The human error probabilities associated with

No. of opportunities for error

You might also like