Indo-Parthian Kingdom

The Indo-Parthian Kingdom was a Parthian

kingdom founded by Gondophares, and active from Indo-Parthian Kingdom
19 CE to c. 226 CE. At their zenith, they ruled an area
19 CE–226 CE
covering parts of eastern Iran, various parts of
Afghanistan and the northwest regions of the Indian South-Asia

YUEZHI
subcontinent (most of modern Pakistan and parts of 40 CE

northwestern India). The rulers may have been

members of the House of Suren, and the kingdom has
even been called the "Suren Kingdom" by some YAUDHEYAS

authors.[2] MALAVAS
MITRAS
WESTERN
SAMATATAS
SATRAPS
The kingdom was founded in 19 when the governor MAHAMEGA-

VAHANA
of Drangiana (Sakastan) Gondophares declared SATAVAHANAS

independence from the Parthian Empire. He would MAPS

-500

CHUTUS
later make expeditions to the east, conquering territory
-150

CHERAS 120

350

CHOLAS
from the Indo-Scythians and Indo-Greeks, thus PANDYAS
500

600

transforming his kingdom into an empire.[a][4] The

800

AY 1000

1175

1250

domains of the Indo-Parthians were greatly reduced 1400

1500

following the invasions of the Kushans in the second Indo-Parthian Kingdom at its maximum extent,
half of the 1st. century. They managed to retain control circa 40 CE, and neighbouring South Asian
of Sakastan, until its conquest by the Sasanian Empire polities.[1]
in c. 224/5.[5] In Baluchistan, the Paratarajas, a local
Indo-Parthian dynasty, fell into the orbit of the
Capital Taxila

Sasanian Empire circa 262 CE.[6] Kabul

The Indo-Parthians are noted for the construction of Common languages Aramaic

the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi (UNESCO Greek

World Heritage Site) in Mardan, Pakistan. Pali (Kharoshthi script)

Sanskrit, Prakrit
(Brahmi script)
Parthian
Contents Religion Buddhism

Hinduism

Gondophares I and his successors Zoroastrianism

Rulers of Turan and Sakastan (160-230
AD) Government Monarchy
King  
Archaeology and sources
• 19–46 Gondophares I (first)
Religion of the Indo-Parthians
• ?–226 Farn-Sasan (last)
Representation of Indo-Parthian devotees
Historical era Antiquity
Buddhist sculptures
Stone palettes • Gondophares I 19 CE
• Disestablished 226 CE
Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
Main Indo-Parthian rulers
See also
Notes Preceded by Succeeded by
References Parthian Empire Paratarajas
Sources Indo-Greek Kushan
External links Kingdom Empire
Indo-Scythians Sasanian
Empire
Northern
Gondophares I and his successors Satraps

Gondophares I originally seems to have been a ruler of Seistan in what is

today eastern Iran, probably a vassal or relative of the Apracarajas. He may
have replaced previous Parthian governors of Seistan, such as
Tanlismaidates.[7]

Around 20–10 BC,[8] he made conquests in the former Indo-Scythian

kingdom, perhaps after the death of the important ruler Azes. Gondophares
became the ruler of areas comprising Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and
Portrait of Gondophares, the Kabul valley, but it does not seem as though he held territory beyond
founder of the Indo- eastern Punjab.[9] Gondophares called himself "King of Kings", a Parthian
Parthian kingdom. He title that in his case correctly reflects that the Indo-Parthian empire was only a
wears a headband, loose framework: a number of smaller dynasts certainly maintained their
earrings, a necklace, and positions during the Indo-Parthian period, likely in exchange for their
a cross-over jacket with recognition of Gondophares and his successors. These smaller dynasts
round decorations. included the Apracarajas themselves, and Indo-Scythian satraps such as
Zeionises and Rajuvula, as well as anonymous Scythians who struck
imitations of Azes coins. The Ksaharatas also held sway in Gujarat, perhaps
just outside Gondophares' dominions.

After the death of Gondophares I, the empire started to fragment.

The name or title Gondophares was adapted by Sarpedones, who
become Gondophares II and was possibly son of the first
Gondophares. Even though he claimed to be the main ruler,
Sarpedones’ rule was shaky and he issued a fragmented coinage in
Sind, eastern Punjab and Arachosia in southern Afghanistan. The
most important successor was Abdagases, Gondophares’ nephew,
who ruled in Punjab and possibly in the homeland of Seistan. After
a short reign, Sarpedones seems to have been succeeded by Ancient Buddhist monastery Takht-i-
Orthagnes, who became Gondophares III Gadana. Orthagnes Bahi (a UNESCO World Heritage
ruled mostly in Seistan and Arachosia, with Abdagases further east, Site) constructed by the Indo-
during the first decades AD, and was briefly succeeded by his son Parthians.
Ubouzanes Coin (https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231141/htt
p://www.grifterrec.com/coins/par_rel/print/i_ubouzanes.jpg). After
20 AD, a king named Sases, a nephew of the Apracaraja ruler Aspavarma, took over Abdagases’ territories
and became Gondophares IV Sases. According to Senior, this is the Gondophares referred to in the Takht-
i-Bahi inscription.[10]

There were other minor kings: Sanabares was an ephemeral usurper in Seistan, who called himself Great
King of Kings, and there was also a second Abdagases Coin (https://web.archive.org/web/2004041100204
0/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/par_rel/print/i_abdagases.jpg), a ruler named Agata in Sind, another ruler
called Satavastres Coin (https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231145/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/par
_rel/print/i_satavastres.jpg), and an anonymous prince who claimed to be brother of the king Arsaces, in
that case an actual member of the ruling dynasty in Parthia.
But the Indo-Parthians never regained the position of Gondophares I, and from the middle of the 1st
century AD the Kushans under Kujula Kadphises began absorbing the northern Indian part of the
kingdom.[11]

Rulers of Turan and Sakastan (160-230 AD)

The Indo-Parthians managed to retain control of Turan and

Sakastan, which they ruled until the fall of the Parthian Empire at
the hands of the Sasanian Empire circa 230 CE.[11] Pahares I (160-
230 AD) was a ruler of Turan following the partition of the remains
of the Indo-Parthian kingdom.[12] The kingdom of Sakastan was
ruled by a second king with the name Sanabares II (160-175
AD).[13] The Kingdoms of Turan and Sakastan ended when they Coinage of Pahares I, Indo-Parthian
submitted to the Sasanian ruler Ardeshir I circa 230 CE.[13] These king of Turan (Circa 160-230 CE).
events were recorded by Al-Tabari, describing the arrival of envoys Bearded bust left, wearing Parthian-
style tiara. Crude figure of Nike
to Ardeshir at Gor:[13]
walking right.

“Then he [Ardashir] marched back from the Sawad to

Istakhr, from there irst to Sagistan, then to Gurgan,
then to Abrasahr, Merv, Balkh, and Khwarizm to the
farthest boundaries of the provinces of Kohrasan,
whereupon he returned to Merv. Ater he had killed
many people and sent their heads to the Fire temple of
Anahedh he returned from Merv to Pars and settled in
Gor. Then envoys of the king of the Kushan, of the
kings of Turan and Mokran came to him with
declarations of their submission."

— Al-Tabari[13][14]

Archaeology and sources

The city of Taxila is thought to have been a capital of the Indo-
Parthians. Large strata were excavated by Sir John Marshall with a
quantity of Parthian-style artifacts. The nearby temple of Jandial is
usually interpreted as a Zoroastrian fire temple from the period of
the Indo-Parthians.

Some ancient writings describe the presence of the Indo-Parthians

in the area, such as the story of Saint Thomas the Apostle, who was
recruited as a carpenter to serve at the court of king "Gudnaphar" The Hellenistic temple with Ionic
(thought to be Gondophares) in India. The Acts of Thomas columns at Jandial, Taxila, is usually
describes in chapter 17 Thomas' visit to king Gudnaphar in interpreted as a Zoroastrian fire
northern India; chapters 2 and 3 depict him as embarking on a sea temple from the period of the Indo-
voyage to India, thus connecting Thomas to the west coast of India. Parthians.

As Senior points out,[15] this Gudnaphar has usually been

identified with the first Gondophares, who has thus been dated after the advent of Christianity, but there is
no evidence for this assumption, and Senior's research shows that Gondophares I could be dated even
before 1 AD. If the account is even historical, Saint Thomas may have encountered one of the later kings
who bore the same title.

The Greek philosopher Apollonius of Tyana is related by

Philostratus in Life of Apollonius Tyana to have visited India, and
specifically the city of Taxila around 46 AD. He describes
constructions of the Greek type,[16]
probably referring to Sirkap,
and explains that the Indo-Parthian king of Taxila, named Phraotes,
received a Greek education at the court of his father and spoke
Greek fluently:

"Tell me, O King, how you acquired such a command

of the Greek tongue, and whence you derived all your
philosophical attainments in this place?"[17]
[...]-"My father, after a Greek education, brought me to
the sages at an age somewhat too early perhaps, for I
was only twelve at the time, but they brought me up
like their own son; for any that they admit knowing the
Greek tongue they are especially fond of, because
they consider that in virtue of the similarity of his Portrait on Gondophares on one of
disposition he already belongs to themselves."[18] his coins.

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea is a surviving 1st century guide

to the routes commonly being used for navigating the Arabian Sea. It describes the presence of Parthian
kings fighting with each other in the area of Sindh, a region traditionally known at that time as "Scythia"
due to the previous rule of the Indo-Scythians there:

"This river (Indus) has seven mouths, very shallow and marshy, so that they are not
navigable, except the one in the middle; at which by the shore, is the market-town,
Barbaricum. Before it there lies a small island, and inland behind it is the metropolis of
Scythia, Minnagara; it is subject to Parthian princes who are constantly driving each other
out." Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chap 38[19]

An inscription from Takht-i-Bahi bears two dates, one in the regnal year 26 of the Maharaja Guduvhara
(again thought to be a Gondophares), and the year 103 of an unknown era.[20]

Religion of the Indo-Parthians

We do not know the religion of the House of Suren although we

Devotees at Zoroastrian fire-altar.
know they were in religious conflict with the Zoroastrian Arsacid
Dynasty.[21] Unlike the Indo-Greeks or Indo-Scythians, there are
no explicit records of Indo-Parthian rulers supporting Buddhism,
such as religious dedications, inscriptions, or even legendary
accounts. Also, although Indo-Parthian coins generally closely
follow Greek numismatics, they never display the Buddhist triratna
symbol (apart from the later Sases), nor do they ever use depictions
of the elephant or the bull, possible religious symbols which were
profusely used by their predecessors. They are thought to have
retained Zoroastrianism, being of Iranian extraction themselves.
This Iranian mythological system was inherited from them by the
later Kushans who ruled from the Peshawar-Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
region of Pakistan.
Coins of the Hindu deity Shiva have also been found issued in the reign of Gondophares I.[22][23][24]

Representation of Indo-Parthian devotees

On their coins and in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Parthians are

depicted with short crossover jackets and large baggy trousers,
possibly supplemented by chap-like over-trousers.[25] Their jackets
are adorned with rows of decorative rings or medals. Their hair is
usually bushy and contained with a headband, a practise largely
adopted by the Parthians from the 1st century AD.[26]

Individuals in Indo-Parthian attire are sometimes shown as actors in

Buddhist devotional scenes. It is usually considered that most of the
excavations that were done at Sirkap near Taxila by John Marshall
relate to Indo-Parthian layers, although more recent scholarship
Indo-Parthian King
sometimes relates them to the Indo-Greeks instead.[27] These
archaeological researches provided a quantity of Hellenistic
artifacts combined with elements of Buddhist worship (stupas).
Some other temples, such as nearby Jandial may have been used as a Zoroastrian fire temple.

Buddhist sculptures

The statues found at Sirkap in the late Scythian to Parthian level (level 2, 1–60 AD) suggest an already
developed state of Gandharan art at the time or even before Parthian rule. A multiplicity of statues, ranging
from Hellenistic gods, to various Gandharan lay devotees, are combined with what are thought as some of
the early representations of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas. Today, it is still unclear when the Greco-
Buddhist art of Gandhara exactly emerged, but the findings in Sirkap do indicate that this art was already
highly developed before the advent of the Kushans.

Stone palettes

Numerous stone palettes found in Gandhara are considered as good representatives of Indo-Parthian art.
These palettes combine Greek and Persian influences, together with a frontality in representations which is
considered as characteristic of Parthian art. Such palettes have only been found in archaeological layers
corresponding to Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian rule, and are essentially unknown the
preceding Mauryan layers or the succeeding Kushan layers.[28]

Very often these palettes represent people in Greek dress in mythological scenes, but a few of them
represent people in Parthian dress (head-bands over bushy hair, crossed-over jacket on a bare chest,
jewelry, belt, baggy trousers). A palette from the Naprstek Museum in Prague shows an Indo-Parthian king
seated crossed-legged on a large sofa, surrounded by two attendants also in Parthian dress. They are shown
drinking and serving wine.


Indo-Parthian man Indo-Parthian Indo-Parthian

hunting. revelers. couple.

Silk Road transmission of Buddhism

Some pockets of Parthian rule remained in the East, even after the
takeover by the Sassanids in 226. From the 2nd century several
Central-Asian Buddhist missionaries appeared in the Chinese
capital cities of Loyang and sometimes Nanjing, where they
particularly distinguished themselves by their translation work. The
first known translators of Buddhist texts into Chinese are actually
Parthian missionaries, distinguished in Chinese by their Parthian
surname "An", for "Anshi", "country of the Arsacids". Gandhara Buddhist reliquary with
content, including Indo-Parthian
An Shih Kao, was a Parthian prince, who made the first coins. 1st century AD.
known translations of Hinayana Buddhist texts into
Chinese (148–170).
An Hsuan, was a Parthian merchant who became a monk in China 181 AD.
Tan-ti (c. 254), a Parthian monk.
An Fajin (281–306), a monk of Parthian origins.

Main Indo-Parthian rulers

Gondophares I (c. 19 – 46) Coin (https://web.archive.org/
web/20051001231146/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/pa
r_rel/print/i_gondopharesI.jpg)
Gondophares II Sarpedones (first years AD – c. 20
AD)Coin (https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231140/
http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/par_rel/print/i_sarpedone
s.jpg) Coins of the Indo-Parthian king
Abdagases I (first years AD – mid-1st century AD) Coin Abdagases, in which his clothing is
(https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231147/http://ww clearly apparent. He wears baggy
w.grifterrec.com/coins/indoparthian/i_ipr_abdagases_o.j trousers, rather typical of Parthian
pg) clothing.
Gondophares III Gudana, previously Orthagnes (c. 20
AD – 30 AD)
Gondophares IV Sases, (mid-1st century AD)
Ubouzanes, (late-1st century AD)
Pacores (late 1st century AD) Coin (https://web.archive.org/web/20051001231149/http://ww
w.grifterrec.com/coins/indoparthian/i_ipr_pakores_o5.jpg)
See also
Indo-Greek Kingdom
Indo-Sasanians
Indo-Scythians
Kushan Empire
Coins of the Indo-Parthian king
Yuezhi
Abdagases, in which his clothing is
Pahlavas
clearly apparent. He wears baggy
Kambojas trousers and a crossover jacket.

Notes
a. "As a result, the Indo-Greek kingdom emerged to the south, but it did not exist long and was
soon replaced by the Indo-Parthian kingdom."[3]

References
1. Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia (https://dsal.uchicago.edu/r
eference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=058). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
p. 21, 145, map XIV.1 (f). ISBN 0226742210.
2. Gazerani 2015, p. 26.
3. Ellerbrock 2021, p. 117.
4. Rezakhani 2017, p. 35.
5. Olbrycht 2016, p. 25.
6. "New light on the Paratarajas" Pankaj Tandon p.29-35 (http://people.bu.edu/ptandon/Paratar
ajas.pdf)
7. Rezakhani 2017, p. 56.
8. The chronology of the Gondopharid kings has long been uncertain, predominantly based on
coins. This reconstruction is based on "Indo-Scythian Coins and History IV" by Robert
Senior, CNG 2006, as the four volumes of Senior's work provide an almost complete
catalogue of the coinage of the period. Senior's chronology is based on the existence of only
one king Azes, a theory that was vindicated when it was shown that a coin of the so-called
Azes II was overstruck with a type attributed to Azes I (see Senior, "The final nail in the coffin
of Azes II", Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society 197, 2008).
9. Rosenfield, p129
10. A votive inscription of the 26th year of Guduvhara or Gondophares, is reported to have been
found on a stone at Takht-i-Bahi, northeast of Peshawar with a date in the year 103 of an
unspecified era reckoning. This era is likely to have been the Malva or Vikrama era, founded
in 57 BCE, this would give a date of 20 CE for this king's ascension (see Hindu calendar).
The stone was formerly in the museum at Lahore. The point is especially important for those
Christians who consider that a germ of history is embedded in the Acts of Thomas.
11. Gazerani 2015, pp. 26–27.
12. Mitchiner, Michael (1975). Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian Coinage (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=a4EaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA779). Hawkins Publications. p. 779. ISBN 978-0-
904173-12-3.
13. Mitchiner, Michael (1978). The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650 (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=zuQLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA348). Hawkins Publications. ISBN 978-0-
904173-16-1. "Pakores was succeeded in the office of Great King by Sanabares (c. AD 135-
160). The much reduced Indo-Parthian realm then split into its two geographical
constituents. These now became the Kingdom of Turan whose king was named Pahares
and the Kingdom of Sakastan ruled by a second king bearing the name Sanabares (c. AD
160-175). These two kingdoms, Turan and Sakastan, were to persist until the first Sasanian
Emperor, Ardeshir I, about AD 230. Both then became vassal kingdoms within the Sasanian
Empire. Tabari recorded the submission made by the King of Turan which transpired when
Ardeshir was at Gor: then envoys of the king of the Kushan, of the kings of Turan and
Mokran came to him with declarations of their submission."
14. Bracey, Robert (1 January 2012). The Mint Cities of the Kushan Empire (https://www.acade
mia.edu/2078818/The_Mint_Cities_of_the_Kushan_Empire). BAR International Series
2402. p. 124.
15. see Senior, "The final nail in the coffin of Azes II".
16. Description of the Hellenistic urbanism of Taxila:

"Taxila, they tell us, is about as big as Nineveh, and was fortified fairly well after the
manner of Greek cities" (Life of Apollonius Tyana, II 20) (https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/ap
ollonius/life/va_2_16.html#§20)
"I have already described the way in which the city is walled, but they say that it was
divided up into narrow streets in the same irregular manner as in Athens, and that the
houses were built in such a way that if you look at them from outside they had only one
story, while if you went into one of them, you at once found subterranean chambers
extending as far below the level of the earth as did the chambers above." (Life of
Apollonius Tyana, II 23) (https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_21.html#§23)
17. (Life of Apollonius Tyana, II 29) (https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_26.html#§
29)
18. (Life of Apollonius Tyana, II 31) (https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/apollonius/life/va_2_31.html#§
31)
19. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chap 38 (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.ht
ml)
20. Rosenfield, p130.
21. Gazerani 2015, p. 111.
22. Gondophares I Indological researches in India: selected works of Prof. K.D. Bajpai[1] (https://
books.google.com/books?id=MOJtAAAAMAAJ&q=indo+parthian+shiva+coin&dq=indo+part
hian+shiva+coin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNhLHfkePfAhXPknAKHZBfDyw4ChDoAQg
nMAA)
23. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Volume 46 Pg. 274
[2]
(https://books.google.com/books?id=TPMXAQAAMAAJ&q=indo+parthian+shiva+coin&dq=i
ndo+parthian+shiva+coin&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNhLHfkePfAhXPknAKHZBfDyw4C
hDoAQgsMAE)
24. "Gondopharescoins" (http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/0001_0099/
gondopharescoins/gondopharescoins.html).
25. Described in "Rome's enemies, Parthians and Sassanid Persians", ISBN 0-85045-688-6
26. "Parthians, from about the 1st century AD, seem to have preferred to show off their carefully
tonsured hair, usually only wearing a fillet of thick ribbon; before then, the Scythian cap or
bashlyk was worn more frequently". In "Parthians and Sassanid Parthians" Peter Willcox
ISBN 0-85045-688-6, p12
27. Pierfrancesco Gallieri, in "Crossroads of Asia": "The parallels are so striking that it is not
excluded that the objects discovered in Taxila and dated to between the 1st century BCE
and the 1st century CE were in reality produced earlier, maybe by artisans who had followed
the Greeks kings during their retreat from Bactria to India" p211 (in French in the original)
28. "Let us remind that in Sirkap, stone palettes were found at all excavated levels. On the
contrary, neither Bhir-Mound, the Maurya city preceding Sirkap on the Taxila site, nor
Sirsukh, the Kushan city succeeding her, did deliver any stone palettes during their
excavations", in "Les palettes du Gandhara", p89. "The terminal point after which such
palettes are not manufactured anymore is probably located during the Kushan period. In
effect, neither Mathura nor Taxila (although the Sirsukh had only been little excavated), nor
Begram, nor Surkh Kotal, neither the great Kushan archaeological sites of Soviet Central
Asia or Afghanistan have yielded such objects. Only four palettes have been found in
Kushan-period archaeological sites. They come from secondary sites, such as Garav Kala
and Ajvadz in Soviet Tajikistan and Jhukar, in the Indus Valley, and Dalverzin Tepe. They
are rather roughly made." In "Les Palettes du Gandhara", Henri-Paul Francfort, p91. (in
French in the original)

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Schmitt, R. (1995). "DRANGIANA". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5 (http://www.iranica
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Ellerbrock, Uwe (2021). The Parthians: The Forgotten Empire. Routledge.
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n20)–411. ISBN 9783406093975. "The history of ancient iran."
Gazerani, Saghi (2015). The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran's National History: On the
Margins of Historiography (https://books.google.com/books?id=92zsCgAAQBAJ&q=false).
BRILL. pp. 1–250. ISBN 9789004282964.
Bivar, A. D. H. (2002). "GONDOPHARES". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 2 (http://ww
w.iranicaonline.org/articles/gondophares). pp. 135–136.
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of
the House of Sāsān". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael;
Daryaee, Touraj (eds.). The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and
Expansion. Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781785702082.
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity (http
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pp. 1–256. ISBN 9781474400305.

External links
Coins of the Indo-Parthians (https://web.archive.org/web/20050206140303/http://www.grifterr
ec.com/coins/indoparthian/indoparthian.html)
History of Greco-India (https://sites.google.com/site/grecoindian/Home/history-of-greco-indi
a)

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