FINAL EXAMS REVIEWERS | S11EN2 Prepared by Kenneth Opoc

And Hannah Rivera

EN2 Reading and Writing Skills

WRITING | human communication; represents Types of Graphic Organizers

language; uses signs and symbols
Languages in Writing
• Academic Language | technical; follows certain
standards
• Creative Language | style-based; no exact standard
followed
Types of Academic Writing Text
• Concept Paper | type of text that discusses a
concept and its “whatness”
o Academic | may come in the form of a
research proposal before becoming a full-
blown research paper
o Professional | may come in the form of a
project proposal
PROJECT PROPOSAL | expression to carry out/execute
a plan; request for financial assistance to implement a
project; may be a detailed description of a series of
activities to solve a problem
• it is created to ensure that it gets the support it
needs when the project is implemented
a. Flowchart | shows sequence of events, steps in a
process, or causes and effect
b. Venn Diagram | similarities and differences
between concepts
c. Sungram | shows minor topics arising from major
topics; It shows a central concept with other
concepts emanating from it like the rays radiating
from the sun
d. Data Retrieval Chart | shows relationships that
help draw conclusions; modified t-chart
e. Data Storage Chart | t-chart that contains missing
elements to be occupied later on
f. Pyramid | shows hierarchy of concepts
g. Fire Triangle | shows the relationship between
three elements that are dependent of each other
h. List down/Checklist | to note down important
items in bulleted form
i. Ishikawa Diagram | aka Fishbone Diagram; shows
causes and effects
j. Data Commentary | the academic written
comment on visual presentation
o Main purposes | present results, interpret
results, discuss significance and implication
of the result

Elements of a Project Proposal Structure of a Data Commentary

• Clear | easily understood 1. Location Element and Summary Statements | e.g.

• Accurate | exact Table 4 shows the points of entry of computer
• Objective | goal-oriented viruses
• Accessible | layout is complete 2. Highlighting Statements and Generalizations |
the more that is has shock value, the more that
• Concise | brief
people get engaged
Basic Parts of a Project Proposal o spot trends; common
o show irregularities; different, extremes
1. Project Title | appealing header/title o emphasize important findings
2. Rationale | reason to pursue an action 3. Discussion of Implications, Problems, Exceptions,
3. Objective | goal and Recommendation
4. Project Proponents | people involved o consists of further discussion
5. Description of Project o what could be other probable causes of the
6. Target Beneficiaries/Audience problem?
7. Venue o “Given the data, so what now?”
8. Project Duration o what you see in the future
9. Project Flow
10. Budget Proposal HEDGING DEVICES | use of safe language; weak, soft,
or strong language; euphemisms; academic writing
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS | systematic illustration of uses soft language
ideas from a text; a more interesting way of providing
Weak Soft Strong
an overview of a text
I think there’s I think you You are ugly!
something should see a
Pre-steps
wrong with your dermatologist.
face today.
1. Read; get as much information as you can
I think you’re I think you’re not You’re not good
2. Analyze relationships between ideas better suited for suited for this enough for this
3. Identify elements that you want to use; colors, a different job. job. job.
shapes, figures

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@icanyoukenneth | @argonautt__
 FINAL EXAMS REVIEWERS | S11EN2 Prepared by Kenneth Opoc
And Hannah Rivera

ESSAY | contains an in-depth knowledge of a topic II. Body

• topic sentence
• Skill | critically discuss and evaluate ideas • main topics
• Structure | intro, body, conclusion • factual evidence
I. Introduction 10% | provide background info; • counterclaims and refutations
identifies the position of the writer; contains • reference for support
the thesis statement (main idea) III. Conclusion
II. Body 80% | topic sentences + supporting • thesis statement
details; support to the thesis statement; • argument restatement
contains paragraphs the link together; helps • concluding sentence
build a strong point
o Topic Sentence | the main idea of a
paragraph
III. Conclusion 10% | summary; does not contain REACTION PAPER | a response/reaction to some sort
new ideas or examples; includes crucial link to of stimuli
the topic sentence; state again the thesis
statement • may be a question, current event, or a form of
media
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY | aka Persuasive Essay; • a judgement, analysis, or evaluation of the issues
meant to convince readers; goal: make people believe about the material
• has citations and references
Characteristics
• should contain powerful language
• has a clear thesis on an issue • 3rd person point of view
• uses sound reasoning • includes evidence, reaction, and evaluation
• uses powerful language
Tips in Writing a Reaction Paper
• presents detailed and relevant references
• presents alternatives and counterarguments • Reading
• uses clear organization o read and study the material
• provides a clear conclusion o annotate the material as you read
• uses effective and error-free sentence structure o ask questions as you read
• Writing
Elements of an Argumentative Essay o free write
o determine your angle
• Argument | states a claim and supports it with
o organize paper
reasons and evidence
• Post-writing
• Counterargument | stands in opposition to your
o revise
argument; your opponent’s argument; explains
why you are wrong
• Refutation | disproving an opposing argument;
how a writer successfully convinces the audience CRITIQUE PAPER | a genre of academic writing that
briefly summarizes and critically evaluates a work or
Forms of an Argumentative Essay
concept; written by a professional
a. Editorial | opinions of the editors of organizations
• Evaluates work like creative works, researches,
b. Opposite Editorials (Op-Ed) | written by outside media
contributors o Reaction Paper | similar to a critique paper,
c. Letters to the Editor | response letter from readers but it can be written by anyone
to express opinions from previously published
articles
d. Propaganda | uses emotional appeal and often
biased, false, or misleading information; persuade WRITER’S BLOCK | aka “Page fright”; fear of the blank
people to think or act in a certain way sheet, “writing without the muse” (inspiration); the
e. Reviews | evaluate items and activities inability to get things started
f. Advertisements | paid announcements that try to
convince people to buy or do something Tips to Avoid Writer’s Block

Organizing One’s Argument • Positive self-talk

• Listing achievements
I. Title/Introduction • Interview
• hook • Brainstorm
• background info • Divide large tasks
• argument • Concede its existence
• Read for a break

2
@icanyoukenneth | @argonautt__
 FINAL EXAMS REVIEWERS | S11EN2 Prepared by Kenneth Opoc
And Hannah Rivera

• Establish a routine • Spotlight Audience Benefits | focus your

• Show up for work statements on the audience, not the sender
• Cope with the badness • Develop a “You” View | emphasize second-person
• Reinvent your space pronouns (you/your) instead of first-person
• Go back to the start pronouns (we, us)
• Conversational Language | “I’m happy to” instead
MORNING PAGES | a dumping site of the writer; a tool of “The undersigned takes pleasure in…”
where the writer disposes ideas that get in the way of • Positive Language | “We can fill your order once we
writing receive and exact model number” instead of “We
cannot fill your order until we receive an exact
BUSINESS MESSAGE | shared between people within model number”
and outside an organization; emails, business • Courteous Language | “Will you please complete
proposals this research by June 1” instead of “You must
complete this research by June 1”
Elements of a Business Message
• Inclusive Language | “Have you called a
• Purposeful | you need to have a clear reason salesperson?” instead of “Have you called a
• Economical | clear and brief salesman?”
• Audience-oriented | how it will be perceived • Plain Language | avoid federalese, bureaucratese,
and inflated language
• Process-oriented | there are stages
• Familiar words | avoid long, difficult, and
WRITING A BUSINESS MESSAGE unfamiliar words; use short, simple, and common
words whenever possible
I. Pre-writing
o analyzing III. Choosing a channel & medium
o anticipating • Medium | verbal or non-verbal
o adapting • Channel | instruments through which you deliver
II. Writing/Composing the message; face-to-face, telephone call, voice
o researching mail, fax, e-mail, group meeting, memo, etc.
o organizing • Media Richness Theory | everything is possible, but
o composing not all will be equally effective
III. Revising • Urgency of feedback | assesses the effectiveness of
o revising channel based on the speed of getting a feedback
o proofreading from your intended recipient
o evaluating • Cost | judges the effectiveness of a channel based
on the amount of money that the sender will have
PHASE 1: PRE-WRITING
to spend in order to send the message
Stages in Pre-writing • Formality | effectiveness of a channel based on
how serious you want your intended recipient to
I. Defining/Testing Purpose consider your message
• Realistic
• Timely PHASE 2: WRITING
• Acceptable I. Researching | finding information on the topic
• Appropriate a. Formal Research
b. Informal Research
II. Analyzing Audience II. Organizing | arranging information logically
a. Primary Audience | direct recipients III. Composing | transforming into effective sentences
b. Secondary Audience | indirect recipients; a. Structure | simple, compound, complex,
those most likely affected by the message compound-complex
b. Voices | active or passive
Consider
c. Errors
• Primary audience | decision makers/opinion i. Sentence Fragments
holders ii. Fused Sentences | “Two candidates
• Size and composition | number of people applied; only one was hired” instead of
addressed; how message is written/addressed “Two candidates applied only one was
• Understanding level | what the audience knows hired.”
and does not know iii. Comma Splice | “Many were qualified. He
• Probable reaction | positive, negative, or neutral was hired” instead of “Many were qualified,
• Good relationships | bits and pieces of the actual Jeff was hired”
message is considered iv. Misplaced Modifiers
v. Dangling Modifiers
How to Establish Good Relationships

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@icanyoukenneth | @argonautt__
 FINAL EXAMS REVIEWERS | S11EN2 Prepared by Kenneth Opoc
And Hannah Rivera

vi. Faulty Parallelism | “We are very

concerned with the quality, location, and
transportation costs of raw materials.”
instead of “We are very concerned with the
quality of raw materials, where they are
located, and how much it costs to
transport them.”

PHASE 3: REVISING

I. Grammar | proper use of words as they relate with

other words
II. Mechanics | how words are formed; writing
conventions
o Spelling
o Capitalization
III. Design | physical appearance of the whole
business message; readability

PARTS OF A LETTER

1. Letter Head
2. Date line (DD/MM/YYYY)
3. Inside Address
o Name
o Position
o Department
o Organization
4. Salutation ex. Dear Mr./Ms.
5. Greeting ex. Good Day!
6. Body
7. Complimentary Close
8. Signature and Designation
o Name
o Position
o Organization

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@icanyoukenneth | @argonautt__