INSIDE AN ATOM

1) Answer the following questions :-

a) What is the difference in the atomic models of Thomson and Rutherford ?

Ans :- The difference in the atomic models of Thomson and Rutherford can be stated as follows…

Thomson’s Atomic Model Rutherford’s Atomic Model

As per this theory, electrons are negatively
charged particles embedded in a gel of
positive charge
Concept of nucleus was absent
As per this theory, the negatively charged
electrons are not stationary, and they revolve
around a positively charged nucleus.
There is reference to a positively charged
nucleus

b) What is meant by Valency of an element and Valence electrons ?

Ans :- Valency : The capacity of an element to combine with other elements is known as it
Valency.
Valence electrons : The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom of an element are called
Valence electrons.

c) What is meant by Atomic Mass Number ? Explain how the Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
Number of Carbon are 6 and 12 respectively.

Ans :- The total number of Protons and Neutrons present in the nucleus of the atom is called the
Atomic Mass Number. It is denoted by the symbol “ A ”
The Atomic no. of Carbon is 6.
This means the no. of Protons in Carbon is 6
and also the no. of Electrons in Carbon is 6
Also in Carbon, the no. of Neutrons is 6

Atomic Mass Number = No. of Protons + No. of Neutrons = 6 + 6 = 12

Hence, the Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Number of Carbon are 6 and 12 respectively.

a) What is meant by Sub-atomic particles ? Give brief information of the 3 Sub-atomic

particles with reference to Electrical charge, Mass and Location.

Ans :- An atom is the smallest particle of an element. It is made up of 3 constituents …

 Atom

Nuclear Part Extra Nuclear Part

Protons Neutrons Electrons

Atoms are made up of 3 Sub-atomic particles which are … (i) Protons

(ii) Neutrons
(iii) Electrons.

The Protons are positively charged particles, and are located in the nucleus of the atom.
The mass of a Proton is approximately 1 Dalton.
The Neutrons are neutral particles, and are located in the nucleus of the atom. The mass of
a Neutron is also approximately 1 Dalton, which is almost equal to the mass of the Proton.
The Electrons are negatively charged particles, and revolve in circular orbits around the
nucleus of the atom. The mass of an electron in 1800 times less than that of a Hydrogen
atom. Therefore, the mass of an electron can be treated as negligible.

2) Give Scientific Reasons :-

a) All the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.

Ans :- The nucleus of an atom contains Protons and Neutrons, while the Electrons revolve around
the nucleus. The mass of an Electron very less, and is therefore negligible as compared to
the mass of a Proton or a Neutron. Due to this, the mass of an atom is mainly dependent
on the mass of Protons and Neutrons. Hence, it is said that all the mass of an atom is
concentrated in the nucleus.

b) An atom is electrically neutral.

Ans :- An atom is made up of negatively charged Electrons, positively charged Protons, and
neutral Neutrons. The number of Protons in an atom is equal to the number to Electrons.
This means that the number of positively charged particles and the number of negatively
 charged particles in an atom are equal. Since these opposite charges are balanced in an
electron, an atom is electrically neutral.

c) Atomic Mass Number is a whole number.

Ans :- The total number of Protons and Neutrons present in the nucleus is known as the Atomic
Mass Number of an element. The number of Protons and Neutrons are whole numbers, and
hence, the Atomic Mass Number is a whole number.

d) Atoms are stable though negatively charged electrons are revolving around it.

Ans :- The entire mass of an atom is concentrated in the centre of an atom. The positively
charged Protons are present inside the nucleus. The negatively charged electrons revolve
around the nucleus. The total number of positive charge is equal to the total number of
negative charge in an atom. Since the opposite charges are balanced, an atom is stable.

3) Define the following terms :-

a) Atom

Ans :- An atom is the smallest particle of an element.

b) Isotope

Ans :- Atoms of the same element, having the same Atomic Number, but different Atomic Mass
Number are called as Isotopes.

c) Atomic Number

Ans :- The number of Protons or the number of Electrons in an atom is called the Atomic
Number. It is denoted by the symbol “ Z ”

d) Atomic Mass Number

Ans :- The total number of Protons and Neutrons present in the nucleus of the atom is called the
Atomic Mass Number. It is denoted by the symbol “ A ”
4) Draw a neat and labeled diagram :-

a) Rutherford’s Scattering Experiment

b) Thomson’s Atomic Model

c) Diagrammatic sketch of electronic configuration of Magnesium (Atomic No. 12)

Atomic No. of Mg = 12
Electronic configuration of Mg
is written as
(2, 8, 2)

d) Diagrammatic sketch of electronic configuration of Argon (Atomic No. 18)

Atomic No. of Ar = 18
Electronic configuration of Ar
is written as
(2, 8, 8)

5) Fill in the blanks :-

a) Electrons, Protons and Neutrons are the types of Sub-atomic particles in an atom.
b) An Electron carries a negative charge.
c) The electron shell K is the nearest to the Nucleus.
d) The electronic configuration of Magnesium is 2 , 8 , 2. From this it is understood that the
valence shell of Magnesium is M-shell.
e) The Valency of Hydrogen is 1 as per the molecular formula H2O. Therefore, the Valency of
Fe turns out to be 3 as per the formula Fe2O3.
6) Match the pairs :-
a) Proton - Positively charged
b) Electron - Negatively charged
c) Neutron - Neutral

7) Deduce from the datum provided :-

Datum To deduce
23Na 11 Neutron no. = 12
14 Na 6 Mass no. = 14
37 Cl 17 Proton no. = 17